I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A L

Revolutionary Engineering

imagine | perform | accelerate | sustain

Building Energy ModelingPassive Design, Thermal Comfort, Daylighting, Lighting, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy…

…Energy Modeling & Performance Validation

September 17, 2014

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Modeling and Data Collection

Why we Model the way we do…Lessons LearnedCurrent High Performance Office Design ExampleCurrent LBNL Lab Design ExampleNZE Case Study: Packard Foundation

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Convey the value of architecture and mechanical systems

beyond energy into… first cost… true operational costs…further into the comfort and wellness aspects.

However our audience is rapidly changing developer and investor driven

Now, developers are demanding all things in $

Institutional work focused on carbon neutrality

Why do we model?

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Feedback of How a Building is Used,How a Controls System Functions

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Lessons Learned

Building Heating Energy Use Underpredicted

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

2010

v3

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

May-09 Sep-09 Jan-10 May-10 Sep-10 Jan-11 May-11 Sep-11 Jan-12

Th

erm

s

Heating Measured vs PredictedMills GSB, Natural Gas

Actual Modeled

250%More

Heating Required

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

390%More

Heating Required

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Oct-08 Feb-09 Jun-09 Oct-09 Feb-10 Jun-10 Oct-10 Feb-11 Jun-11 Oct-11 Feb-12

Th

erm

s

Heating Measured vs PredictedPortola Valley Center, Natural Gas

Actual Modeled

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

180%More

Heating Required

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

May-09 Sep-09 Jan-10 May-10 Sep-10 Jan-11 May-11 Sep-11 Jan-12 May-12

Th

erm

s

Heating Measured vs PredictedBrower Center, Natural Gas

Actual Modeled

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Modeled Design with Higher

Infiltration

with Lower

Internal Loads

with Higher

Thermostat

setpoints

Measured

Buildings (x2~x3)

He

ati

ng

En

erg

y U

se,

kB

tu/

sf

Engineering Experience

higher T-stat

Lower internal loads

Infiltration

Modeled Heating

Modeled vs Metered Heating Use in Buildings

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Conceptual Design: Defining the Range of Energy and Loads

How can we use an energy model to inform What If Design Scenarios?

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Model – Conceptual Loads

The thermal energy model is based on a typical floor with a typical zone representing each major façade.

Thermal implications, solar peak loads from these models represent the typical load per floor area on each façade.

These loads were used to anticipate the cooling design loads in conjunction with additional space use assumptions and thermal loads for estimating the annual energy use intensity.

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Model – Conceptual Loads

South Side – vertical fins with single overhang and horizontal shading.

North Side – not shown, no shading elements included.

East and West sides – vertical fins with horizontal shading elements.

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Zone Cooling Load for Distribution Sizing

40

46

54

75

97 38

38

38

38

204

0 50 100 150 200 250

Variable Air VolumeReheat

Radiant Panels / Matts,Ceiling

In-Slab Radiant, Ceiling& Floor

In-Slab Radiant, Ceiling

In-Slab Radiant, Floors

DisplacementVentilation

Cooling Capacity, Watts/m2

Radiant Cooling

Conditioned Ventilation Air

Recirculated Air

Recommended Cooling

Capacity of 50 W/m2

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Package 1: Improved Glazing & Envelope Only

Target Load

Envelope improvements

include improved glazing

to reduce direct solar

transmission from 0.38

SHGC to 0.25 and overall

wall & glazing insulated

performance x2.

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Package 2: Reduced Internal Plug Loads Only

Target Load

Plug loads per area are

reduced by 50% through

high efficiency computers,

laptops, monitors and

other equipment.

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Package 3: Improved Glazing & Reduced Internal Plug Loads

Target Load

Plug loads per area are

reduced by 50% through

high efficiency computers,

laptops, monitors and

other equipment.

Glazing improved in solar

transmission from 0.38

SHGC to 0.25 SHGC.

Envelope insulation values

are kept fixed.

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Annual Energy Use Estimate

Estimated at 30 to 34% cost savings for 10 to 12 pts for LEED v3 EA credit 1.Energy costs estimated at $0.20/kWh and $1.0/therm (est. equivalent for price of fuel) for initial estimates.

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

0

0

0

118

1185

2046

4985

206

185

33

2

0

0

0 2000 4000 6000

<8 F

-8 F

-6 F

-4 F

-2 F

-80%

+/-90%

+80%

+2 F

+4 F

+6 F

+8 F

>8 F

Thermal Autonomy

220 hrs too Hot

3%

7237 hrs Comfort

82%

1303 Hrs too

Cold

8760 hrs/yr Occupied

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ho

ur

of

the

Da

y

Thermal Comfort Autonomy: 12M Glazing

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ho

ur

of

the

Da

y

Thermal Comfort Autonomy: CLEX Glazing

0

0

7

125

1228

2289

4893

185

33

0

0

0

0

0 2000 4000 6000

<8 F

-8 F

-6 F

-4 F

-2 F

-80%

+/-90%

+80%

+2 F

+4 F

+6 F

+8 F

>8 F

Thermal Autonomy

33 hrs too Hot

0%

7367 hrs Comfort

84%

1360 Hrs too

Cold

16%

8760 hrs/yr Occupied

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

HVAC Distribution Options – Total Mechanical First Cost Estimate

$313.2/m²

$700/m² $700/m²

$432.7/m²

$540.3/m²

$0

$2

$4

$6

$8

$10

$12

$14

$16

$18

$20

INDUSTRY STANDARD(VAV Reheat)

OPTION C.1(Radiant Ceiling Panels

w/Overhead DOAS)

OPTION C.2(Radiant Ceiling Mats w/Overhead

DOAS)

OPTION D(Radiant Slab w/Overhead DOAS)

OPTION E(Radiant Slab w/Underfloor DOAS)

Millio

ns (

$U

SD

)

Does not meet LEED Platinum

$29/sf

$65/sf $65/sf

$40/sf

$50/sf

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

HVAC Distribution Options - Total Cost of Ownership

25 Year Period

$40,373,106M

$38,074,871M $38,074,871M

$28,379,488M

$32,043,078M

$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$30

$35

$40

$45

INDUSTRY STANDARD(VAV Reheat)

OPTION C.1(Radiant Ceiling Panels

w/Overhead DOAS)

OPTION C.2(Radiant Ceiling Matsw/Overhead DOAS)

OPTION D(Radiant Slab w/Overhead

DOAS)

OPTION E(Radiant Slab w/Underfloor

DOAS)

Millio

ns (

$U

SD

)

Does not meet LEED Platinum

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Ventilation & Productivity

Conventional Design

AdvancedVAV Design

1.5% Increase

2.4% Increase

Radiant DOASDesign

Lawrence Berkeley National LabImpacts of Building Ventilation on Health and Performance Ventilation Rates and Sick Building Syndrome

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

HVAC Distribution Options - Total Cost of Ownership25 Year Period

Accounting for Increased Productivity

$40,373,106M

$13,074,871M $13,074,871M

$3,379,488M$2,043,078M

$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$30

$35

$40

$45

INDUSTRY STANDARD(VAV Reheat)

OPTION C.1(Radiant Ceiling Panels

w/Overhead DOAS)

OPTION C.2(Radiant Ceiling Matsw/Overhead DOAS)

OPTION D(Radiant Slab

w/Overhead DOAS)

OPTION E(Radiant Slab

w/Underfloor DOAS)

Millio

ns (

$U

SD

)

Increased productiv

ity of 0.5%

Increased productiv

ity of 0.6%

Increased productivity

of 0.5%

Increased productivity

of 0.5%

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

LBNL Bevatron Review

Berkeley, CA

LBNL Energy & Sustainability TargetsConcept Design Energy Analysis

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Sustainability Targets

Energy Target30% better than ASHRAE 90.1-2010 (or latest T24) before on-site generation

LightingExterior and Interior Lighting controls with mandatory measures in T24-2013

RenewablesRenewable generation must be designed to generate at least 7.5% of the estimated project energy consumption

Green BuildingLEED Gold (v2009) minimum and where applicable the prerequisites for Lab 21

Solar-ready Building should be solar-ready

* From LBNL’s Sustainability Standards for New Construction

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Cooling,

11%

Heating,

36%

Fan/Pump,

16%

Lighting, 8%

Plug/Equip,

29%

Typical Lab Space Energy Use

Energy - Typical Lab Space

• Typical of lab dominated buildings (80% Lab / 20% Office)

• Ventilation and plug loads dominate energy use

• Heating is a mixture of reheat and outside air conditioning for ventilation

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Comparison - Summary

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

LBNL Campus

Average -

Measured

ASHRAE 90.1-

2010 Baseline:

60% Lab / 40%

Office

30% Better

than ASHRAE

Target

Net Zero Lab:

40% Lab / 60%

Office

kB

tu/s

f-y

r

Energy Use Intensity Comparison

Gas

Electric

Fan/Pumps

DHW

Cooling

Heating

Lighting

Equip/Plugs

30%

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Baseline

90.1-2007

Proposed

kB

tu/s

f-y

r

Pumps & Aux.

Vent. Fans

Heat Reject.

Space Cool

Hot Water

Space Heat

Ext. Usage

Area Lights

Misc. Equip.

Genetics/Chemistry Lab in San Diego, CA

• 30% Lab / 70% Office

• Optimized air change rates to maintain safety and maximize efficiency (~4 ACH average); also reflected in baseline

• Reduced plug loads; also reflected in baseline

• Low Temp and Medium Temp Chilled Water with Thermal Energy Storage

• Air source heat-pump for heating

• Dedicated outside air unit with chilled beams

• Air side heat recovery

Example – J. Craig Venter Net Zero Energy Lab

55% Better

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Net Zero Case Study: Packard Foundation

NZE in first year of operation

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

The David & Lucile Packard FoundationLos Altos, California

Size : 49,000 SFYear Completed – 2012LEED Platinum certified – 2012ILFI Certified Net Zero Energy – 2013AIA COTE Top 10 – 2014ASHRAE Award of Engineering Excellence - 2014CBE Livable Building Award – 2014

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Total Annual Energy Use

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Data

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Data

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Data

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Data : Less Cooling than Predicted

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Plug Load Annual Energy Consumption

58% reduction

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Data

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Data

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Energy Data

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Variable Primary Air – Active Chilled Beams

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

Rapid early modelingBased on experienceInformed by dataIncorporate robust financial analysis

Real world modelsAccurate predictionsIntegrated with control sequencesNo PhD required

Performance dataShow us the data! Monitoring challengesLack of performance

What do we need?

I N T E G R A LRevolutionary Engineering

I N T E G R A L

Revolutionary Engineering

imagine | perform | accelerate | sustain

Thank You!

Eric Soladay, PEesoladay@integralgroup.com