Broschure III

28

Comenius Project 2010 - 2012:

„Innovative science for a cleaner world—Making Europeans respon-

sible citizens“

- Norway and the environment“ -

A multilateral partnership between

Carl Robert Jakobsoni nimeline Gümnaasium in Viljandi (Estonia)

Stryn ungdomsskule in Stryn (Norway)

29

Landslide

Debris flows

Happen several times each year

Caused by snowmelt or heavy rain

Mud flow

Caused by heavy rains and snowmelt

Also triggered by human activities causing changes in the ground

Accidents in our region

Here in Sogn and Fjordane 150 were caused by mud and rock slides

Ingredients for the ultimate

landslide You need:

A steep hill

A lot of soil (moraine soil)

Rapid change in temperature

Heavy rains

Damages caused by landslides

Destroyed houses

Damaged roads

Damaged farming fields

Loss of human lives

Different kinds

of landslides

In Norway we have 4 different kinds of landslides:

Clay slides (earth flows),

quick clay slides, debris

flow, mud flow

Clay slides

aggravated by human ac-tivities, snowmelt and heavy rains

Clay slides occur several times a year

Quick clay slides

Caused by human activities and/or erosion

Occur every fifth year

30

Avalanches

slab. These are usually formed

when falling snow is deposited by the wind on a lee slope, or when loose ground snow is transported elsewhere

When there is a failure in a weak layer a

Avalanches

An avalanche involves a large amount of ice, snow and rock falling quickly down the side of a mountain. This occurs mostly when it has been cold and snowing and the temperatures rise. The snow will then get heavier and finally it has to give in to the forces of nature.

Two kinds of avalanches: loose snow avalanches and slab avalanches

Loose snow avalanches

The biggest chance of loose snow avalanches we get just after heavy snowing

If it is triggered by a skier or a snowboarder it will start just underneath the skier

Because of that it is more dangerous for the people further down the mountainside than for the skier

These avalanches seldom lead to great damages or human losses, but it is mostly caused by people skiing off piste

The danger is highest when the slope has an angle of 30 – 50 degrees

Slab avalanches

Slab avalanches account for around 90% of avalanche-related fatalities

Occur when there is a strong, cohesive layer of snow known as a

31

Water

Sunndøla

In 1993 there was a large avelanche into the river Sunndøla. The snow that got into the river made a dam of snow and ice in only two hours.On the other side of the dam there was at the

same time no water.

The pressure from the dam was so hard that suddenly all the water, ice and rocks flew through the avelanche and ended on the fields and destroyed the road

Nordlandsbana

Also the railroadstracks in Northen Norway

have been damaged of these landslides.

Heavy rain makes the ground under the roads landslip and destroys roads.

During the Winters cold weather and ice in the ground increase the danger for roads to crack and roads may landslip.

Water

Water may lead to:

Floods in the spring

Roads may landslide.

Flood in the Spring

Flooded river

If we get a lot of snow during the winter and the spring turns out to be very warm, a lot of snow will melt at the same time. This raises the water levels the rivers and leads to flood.

Flood means that there is not enough passage for the water to flow freely,which causes the water to rise above riverbanks.

Roads

Flood may lead to large damage on land, houses and roads.

Too much water in a river may lead to landslide.

Mud and rocks can tear down houses and destroy roads.

32



sible citizens“

- Air contest“ -




Julius-Stursberg-Gymnasium in Neukirchen-Vluyn (Germany)

33

Air pollution Air pollution by Lisabet Wendland, Florian by Lisabet Wendland, Florian Wittig Wittig and Evelyn Kimmerle and Evelyn Kimmerle ImagineImagine::

a cruise ship emits the same amount a cruise ship emits the same amount of harmful substances as 5 billion of harmful substances as 5 billion cars on the same routecars on the same route

One hour at a port produces as One hour at a port produces as much fine dust as 150.000 cars on a much fine dust as 150.000 cars on a highway highway route at a route at a speed of speed of 130km/h130km/h

Whole fleet Whole fleet of AIDA (8 of AIDA (8 ships) cau-ships) cau-ses the sa-ses the sa-me amount of emissions as 40 billi-me amount of emissions as 40 billi-on German carson German cars

Effects of cruise shipsEffects of cruise ships air pollution all over the worldair pollution all over the world 50.000 people die (every year)50.000 people die (every year) ice and glaciers melt ice and glaciers melt

the sea is overfertilized the sea is overfertilized

the ground is polluted the ground is polluted ( (

NABU NABU –– Dino-Dino-saurier saurier PricePrice This year the price went to AIDA and TUI – crui-ses representative for all cruiser ships.

AIDA BellaAIDA Bella 315 billion €

252 meters long

1025 cabins

30,2 meters wide

In comparison:

What do you think ? What do you think ?

On the same route a cruise ship emits as much carbon dioxide as ....

10 cars 10 cars 100 cars 5 billion

cars

cle

an u

p c

ruis

e s

hip

s )

34

Power of air—Skysails by Inken Mais, Leon Schneemann, Jana Keesen by Inken Mais, Leon Schneemann, Jana Keesen

About skysails

Skysails is a combination of:

A control pod

A rope

A kite

A launch– and recovery system

Capacity of up to 2000 kW

The environ-mentally friendli-

est, cheapest and most powerful source on the oceans

Material

The kite is about 400 m

2

The launch– and re-covery sys-tem weighs about 30 tons

Special plastic

Contents

Facts

A German company ac-tive in envi-ronmental protection

About Sky-sails material

Possible ap-plications re-duction of emissions

Saving of fuels

Advantages and disadvantages

Costs

Innovation labels

Future plans

Facts and figures

Navigation causes 3 % of the CO2 - emissions of the world

11 % of the total pollution come from

shipping

Reduction of emissions

A German company actie in envi-ronmental protec-

tion

The company was founded in 2001

SkySails GmbH is the market and technology leader in this area

80 employers

The SkySails—technology is patent-ed worldwide

35

Power of air—Skysails by Inken Mais, Leon Schneemann, Jana Keesen by Inken Mais, Leon Schneemann, Jana Keesen

Disadvantages

Not very useful for ships travelling on smaller waters

Cost: 1 billion € for installation, in one year 5 - 10 % of selling price for

servicing

Very heavy

Possible applications

Possible for more than 60% of regis-tered ships

Very use-ful for ocean trawler

Reduction of emissions

Skysails reduces the CO2-, sufur– and nitorogen - emissions

In one year up to 100

billion tons of CO2

Saving of fuels

The latest system saves up to 10 tons oil per ship daily

Advantages

Strongest, low-priced, environmen-tally friendly energy source

Easy to operate

Additional drive

Cheap

36



sible citizens“

- Sun contest“ -




Julius-Stursberg-Gymnasium in Neukirchen-Vluyn (Germany)

37

Solar energy in Norway

from the sun. But they could only use it in

the summer, be-

cause in the win-

ter we have little

sun here.

Nowadays flu cabins are so modern and technologically equipped that a sola panel will not suffice.

Passive Houses

A passive house does not need so much

energy as a

normal house;

it only needs

25% energy.

Here is a passive house and this is a nor-

mal house. You can see the normal

house use much more energy than a pas-

sive house. You can also see the different

on the colors….

Passive measures are: extra isolation,

extra density, good windows, sev-

eral layers of glass, exploit the sun

energy and heat recovery.

The passive house technology is

developed in Germany.

- Interesting technology for Norwe-

gians because of the cold winters

and the high demands on energy.

The solar energy that hits Norwegian landmarks every year are almost 1,3 times more than the use of energy in the whole world in a year.

The problem is that we don’t get exploited more than some fraction of the energy. That’s why the solar energy can’t make all the energy for a house, but it can come as an addition. Especially to cabins. The sun will keep shining and make ener-gy for millions of years after us, so we can say that solar energy is renewable ener-gy.

The reason why we don’t use more solar energy in Nor-way is that we only have sun in the summer, and then it will be very expen-sive. In addi-tion, water-power energy is much cheaper for us.

In Norway we mostly use waterpower

(which is renewable energy) and oil

(which is not renewable energy ) as

energy sources.

Around the ski center in Stryn, we

have a lot of mountain cabins. Some

of those cabins used solar energy

when they had warm up their water,

or get energy. Then they had a panel

on their cabins that took up the energy

38


power to a USB port where you can plug

in their mobile phone or media player.

The surface of the bikini is covered with

25.4 x 101.6 mm flexible solar cells from

Power Film Solar. Photon bombardment

sends electrons down to a 5V DC-

terminator and on to the USB port. The

power output will be comparable to what

one gets from the USB port on a laptop.

One can actually take a swim with the bi-

kini because it does not store power, but it

is not recommended to bathe while re-

charging. The solar-bikini must be com-

pletely dry after a dip before charging can

begin again, otherwise it will not work cor-

rectly.

Andrew Schneider came up with the idea

during a brainstorming seminar for the In-

teractive Telecom-

munications Pro-

gram at the Univer-

sity of New York.

He fooled around

with making a bikini

that was able to

keep a beer cold on

the beach, and the

more he thought of

the idea, the more certain he became that

he could do it with solar panels.

Unfortunately it turned out that the proto-

type was not able to generate enough en-

ergy to keep a beer cold, but Schneider

found that a bikini could hold an MP3

player going. After some adjustments, the

solar bikini is now ready for a limited sale

Schneider has not given up the idea of

cooling beer by using solar beach clothes,

and develops and presents prototypes for

what he calls the iDrink - solar shorts for

men with enough surface area to gener-

ate enough energy to keep the beer cold.

Passive houses in Germany

Why build a passive house?

Because you can get lower energy– and

heat expenses, you help to a better global

environment.

Advantages with a passive house is:

Better quality, better comfort, lower run-

ning costs, socially beneficial, known

technology and solutions, energy security

and increase in value.

The solar-bikini

The solar-bikini has 40 thin and flexible in-

ter connected solar panels that generate

39


Solar energy to clean water We can use solar energy to clean water This would be useful in dry areas with dirty water It will only clean the water physically, chemically you will need other solutions to purify the water. Manual Dirty water in a bowl, inside also another smaller bowl Cover with plastic, and a heavy object in the middle above the inner bowl The water evaporates up to the plastic Dirt will stay in the biggest bowl, while the clean water drops into the smallest bowl

40

Solar energy in Estonia Johanna Martin, Laura Schwede

It is used for:

Generating power

Heating water

Heating buildings

Advantages

No harmful substances released into the environment—sustainable

Saves money

Does not need maintenance

Long warranty period

Lasts for a long time

Disadvantages

Solar energy can be produce only when the sun is shining

During the night, your expensive so-lar equipment will be useless. How-ever, the use of solar battery chargers can help to reduce the ef-fects of this disadvantages.

As the price of solar panels is de-creasing, we are likely to see an in-crease in the use of solar cells to generate electricity.

History of solar energy

7th century B.C. Magnifying glass was used to con-centrate sun rays to make a fire and burn ants. Greeks and Romans also used it for religious purposes.

The French physicist Alexandre Ed-mond Becquerel discovered the photoelectric effect in 1839 during an experiment with electrolytic cells.

Soviet researchers made the first solar panel (Alfjorovi as their leader) in the 1970 and that was how the first modern solar panels were born.

Solar energy

Energy that comes from solar radiation.

Solar energy is released as a re-sult of thermonu-clear reactions on the sun.

How is it produced?

Direct solar radiation passes through a special cover of a collector and falls on the dark artificial material or metal surface

where the radiation mergers and trans-forms into the required heat.

Solar panel

Solar heating systems (solar panels) are also used to pro-duce heat.

41

Solar energy in Estonia Johanna Martin, Laura Schwede

Experiment

We built a test equipment (solar panel) using a sponge and black pa-per.

We cut a small furrow in the sponge, placed the thermometer in there and

fixed it with a tape.

We measured the temperature for a week.

We compared the air temperature to our self - made solar panel after every hour.

Results

The weather was a little bit cloudy that day, therefore the temperature of the solar panel was irregular when compared with the air temper-ature.

The temperature of the solar panel doesn’t depend on the air tempera-ture.

It is important that the angle of sun-beams is perpendicular to the solar panel.

The largest solar energy producers

Germany is known an the country producing the biggest amount of so-lar energy.

About 50% of all the world’s solar power plants are located in Germa-ny

Solar energy in Estonia

The productivity level of he solar panels in the Estonia and Germany is the same throughout a year.

There is less solar energy in Esto-nia, but it can be compensated y the lower average air temperature that in its turn increases the efficiency of solar panels.

From March to October solar panels produce 90% of the total annual amount of energy.

The use of solar energy

Nowadays in Estonia solar radiation energy is mostly used to heat household water during the summer months.

Solar panels are used to get warm water in the Vändra hospi-tal and the Keila SOS - or-

phanage.

Very soon solar energy will be used in the camping and tourist home-steads, which use hot water quite much.

A plan to build a solar park in south - eastern Estonia was initiated in 2009.

Time Air temperature Solar panel temperature

9.00 4 ○ 19 ○

10.00 6 ○ 31 ○

11.00 7 ○ 30 ○

12.00 9 ○ 27 ○

13.00 8 ○ 13 ○

14.00 9 ○ 14 ○

15.00 12 ○ 24 ○

16.00 11 ○ 20 ○

17.00 12 ○ 35 ○

18.00 11 ○ 31 ○

19.00 11 ○ 20 ○

20.00 9 ○ 12 ○

Documents

Broschure III