Brain Structures• Hindbrain

– Functions essential to maintaining life• Medulla, pons, cerebellum

• Midbrain– Connects hindbrain to forebrain

• Reticular formation

• Forebrain– Higher functioning (thinking, decisions,

dreaming)• Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, amygdala

http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/09/episode-72-video-memorize-the-parts-of-the-brain/

• Corpus Callosum: Connects the right and left brains to allow integration of information between the brain hemispheres

• Association Areas: Interpreting, integrating, and acting on info processed by other parts of the brain

• Thalamus: Relay system to the cerebral cortex for most of the senses (not smell) and pain

• Hypothalamus: Controls body temperature, food intake, drink, sex drive

• Pituitary Gland: Stimulates or inhibits the release of hormones

• Amygdala: Aggression and fear

• Hippocampus: Memory (esp. moving from short term to long term), spatial navigation

• Medulla: Involuntary actions, heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing

• Reticular Formation: Screens incoming sensory information, habituation, and controls arousal (being awake / alert / paying attention)

• Pons: Waking and sleeping, dreams • Cerebellum: Balance, coordination, fine motor

movement, learned motor skills • Nucleus Accumbens: Reward, laughter, pleasure,

addiction, fear

Discussion

• In order to save your life, one part of your brain must be removed. Which part are you willing to live without and why?

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

• Frontal Lobe– Thinking, reasoning, emotions, judgment,

decision-making, complex mental tasks, voluntary movement (motor cortex), and speech production (Broca’s Area)

• Parietal Lobe– Interprets information from the pressure senses

(somatosensory cortex: pressure, pain, touch, temperature), recognizing objects

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

• Temporal Lobe– Some kinds of memory, hearing, speaking,

remembering, language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area), some emotional control (includes hippocampus)

• Occipital Lobe– Vision, visual perception, reading ability

Left Hemisphere specialization

Right Hemisphere specialization

Frontal lobe

Frontal lobe

Occipital lobe

Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Parietal lobe

Temporal lobe

Temporal lobe

Cerebral Cortex

Music, art, spatial skills, expression of emotion, recognition of: faces,

patterns, and melodies, and analyzing by combining wholes; motor cortex

controls left side of body

Speaking, reading, writing, analyzing step-by-step;

motor cortex controls right side of body

Somatosensory cortex interprets senses of right side of body

Somatosensory cortex interprets

senses of left side of body

interprets left visual

field

interprets right visual

field

Language comprehension

Parietal lobe

Parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

Frontal lobe

Occipital lobe

Occipital lobe

Temporal lobe

Temporal lobe

Brain Damage

• Localization of function: parts are specialized– Ex: face blindness video

• Neuroplasticity: brain can grow and change

• Coma vs. “Brain dead”– Reticular formation vs. cerebral cortex

MRI fMRI

Looking Inside the Brain

Sex of a Brain

• Females: lateralization, perceptual speed & reasoning, language & emotion centers

• Males: spatial skills, relationship between body parts, hypothalamus

Endocrine System: Hormones• Chemical

messages sent throughout large areas of the body

• Control coordinated functions, e.g., growth, digestion, reproduction

Neuron

(incoming messages start electrical process of action potential)

Dendrites

Cell body

Nucleus

Axon

Myelin sheath

Axon terminal

Receptors

Vesicle

(outgoing chemical messages go to other neurons, muscles, glands)

Synapse / Synaptic Gap

Neurotransmitters

Synaptic knobs / Terminal buttons

Neuron Communication• Action potential animation

– Neurons are negatively charged in a resting state– With enough excitatory messages, sodium

channels open which lets in positively charged sodium ions and positively charges the neuron

– With enough charge (depolarization), the action potential (message) begins and travels down the axon, opening sodium channels along the way

– Sodium channels close behind the action potential and potassium ions leave the cell

– Inside of cell is restored to the resting state

Neuron Communication• Neurotransmitter release animation

– When the action potential (electrical message) reaches the terminal button, the vesicles release neurotransmitters (chemical messages) into the synaptic gap

– Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the receiving cell, causing its sodium channels to open and begin another action potential

– The neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic gap or brought back into the terminal button, ending its action

Your Body as a Neuron

• Your body: Arms (dendrites), head (cell body), face (nucleus), torso (axon), fatty layer around torso (myelin sheath), legs (axon terminal), feet (synaptic knobs), neurotransmitters shoot out of the bottom

Normal Neurotransmitter Action

• Action potential triggers release of neurotransmitter (NT)

• NT spreads message to next neuron

• NT is either broken down in the synapse by enzymes or pumped back into the neuron (reuptake), ending its action

Nervous System Demonstration

• Count your heartbeats for 10 seconds

Stress • Mental and physical condition that occurs

when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment

– Good vs. bad stress

• Stress Reaction:

– (Physical) ANS is aroused = HR, BP, hormones, respiration, muscle tension; stomach, constricts blood vessels

• Short-term vs. long-term stresses

Death of a spouse 100 Son or daughter leaving home 29Divorce 73 Trouble with in-laws 29Marital Separation 65 Outstanding Personal achievements 28Jail term 63 Spouse begins or stops work 26Death of a close family member 63 Begin or end school 26Personal injury or illness 53 Change in living conditions 25Marriage 50 Revision of personal habits 24Fired at work 47 Trouble with boss 23Marital reconciliation 45 Change in work hours or conditions 20Change in health of family member 45 Change in residence 20Retirement 44 Change in school 20Pregnancy 40 Change in recreation 19Sex difficulties 39 Change in religious activities 19Gain of a new family member 39 Change in social activities 18Business readjustments 39 Loan less than 50,000 17Change in financial state 38 Change in sleeping habits 16Death of a close friend 37 Change in no. of family get- togethers 15Change to different line of work 36 Change in eating habits 15Change in # of arguments w spouse 35 Vacation 13Mortgage over $ 50,000 31 Holidays 12Foreclosure of mortgage 30 Minor violation of laws 11Change in responsibilities at work 29

Very little: 0-150 Mild: 150-199 Moderate: 200-299 High: 300 or more

-moderate or high = major risk of accident or illness

General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.)

• Alarm Reaction:– Increased hormones (adrenaline, noradren., & cortisol)

• Stage of Resistance:– Bodily adjustments stabilize

– Symptoms of alarm reaction disappear but still using resources

• Stage of Exhaustion:– Continuous stress leads to draining of the body’s

resources and depletion of stress hormones

– Poor immune function, cardiovascular health, mood regulation, memory, decision-making

Stress & Disorders – An Analogy• Sockets become

overloaded when you plug in too many appliances– Different sockets can

handle different amounts of energy

– Each appliance uses different amounts of energy

– Outcome:

• Nervous system is overloaded when you have too much stress– Different nervous sys.

can handle different amounts of stress

– Each type of event creates different amounts of stress

– Outcome:heart, digest, cancer, diabetes, schizophrenia, bipolar

– Solution?

Dealing with Stress

• Imagine you are having a horrible day. You feel overwhelming negative emotions. Your stress level is extremely high. What are three things you might do to feel better?

Dealing with Stress

• Emotion-focused coping: change emotions

• Problem-focused coping: change situation

• Control: children 6-14 yrs, Thailand & U.S.– went to a doctor's office to get a shot

• ran away, screamed vs. thought it was good for me

– had an accident and was physically hurt• Clean the wound vs. try to relax

– a peer said unkind things• Corrected them vs. thought about favorite things

Dealing with Stress

• Feeling in control, exercise, positive beliefs, social support, relaxation, using your skills, helping other people, trusting others

• Meditation: focus attention, block out distractions– Video: Meditation changes brain– Can change brain waves, heart rate, oxygen

consumption, sweat gland activity– Increases emotional control, positive emotions,

hopefulness

Questions about Drugs

• Write down your questions about drugs