The Brain

Order of the Brain

Evolutionary ViewPrimitive central core, limbic layer, cerebrumNeurobiological ViewForebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

The Brain

Weighs about 3 lbs.

Greyish, pinkish, spongy

Grey Matter

White Matter

Studying the Brain

How do you know what something does?You destroy it!!!!Natural or intentionalLesionsProblems with intentional???Stereotaxic surgery

Measuring Brain Function

EEGPET scan- (glucose)CAT Scan (computerized axial tomography)MRI (magnetic resonance imagery) (fMRI)

The Basics

Type of cells?NeuronsWhat’s so special?They don’t grow much after childhoodStem cells

The Spinal CordRuns along center of backProtected by 24 vertebraeBetween them are discsBase of brain down to the waistCoccyx (tail bone)Transfers data, runs reflexes

Spinal Cord

Filled with fluid (cerebral spinal fluid or CSF)Produced in brain ventriclesSpinal tapEpidural dripEncephalitis/meningitis

Meningitis

Spinal Cord Damage

Paraplegic vs. quadraplegic

Matters where the damage is done

Further up, worse off it is.

BRAIN STEM

Approve or disapprove?

Should they have let her die if only the life sustaining portions of the brain were still functioning?

Yes (A) or no (B)?Senteo QuestionTo set the properties right click and select Senteo Question Object->Properties...

The Cerebellum

Muscle tone, balance, posture, coordination

like a walnut

controls the SAME SIDE!!!

The Cranial Nerves

12 pairs

2 connect to cerebrum

10 to the medulla

actions from the shoulders up

kind of obvious

AMYGDALA

AMYGDALA

A

The Cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

higher level thinking

two hemispheres

great longitudinal fissure

4 lobes

each has specific function

FRONTAL LOBE

Primary motor cortex- controls mvts. Of the body.

Not equally distributed

prefrontal cortex- memory, intelligence, personality, concentration

apraxias- dressing; copying

FRONTAL LOBE

Broca’s Area- Language production

Broca’s aphasia- can’t make (produce) words

TEMPORAL LOBE

Primary Auditory Cortex- hearing, balance and meaning

Wernicke’s Area- language and speech

Wernicke’s Aphasia- words are meaningless

PARIETAL LOBE

Sensory Cortex- sense of touch

pairs sensations with memory, gives meaning.

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Visual Cortex- vision

seeing and interpreting

THE HEMISPHERES

Controls the opposite side

EXCEPT for cerebellum

females use both sides more

The Hemispheres

Asymmetrical

LEFT: controls right side functions

language production, logic, sequences, analytical

The Hemispheres

RIGHT: emotional content, spatial abilities, facial recognition, music, artistic

VISION: A SPECIAL CASE...

Controls the opposite FIELD of vision*********

left field, right brain

right field, left brain

communication b/w sides

Split Brain Operations

Two hemispheres do different things!

Only one side can speak!!!

Problems?

HAT BAND

Split Brain Operations

Baseball in R visual field

can name,

Baseball in L visual field

CAN’T NAME,

Endocrine System

GlandsHormonesInteracts with the nervous systemSome are mysterioushttp://www.hormone.org/Endo101/gland_diagram.cfm

Endocrine system

http://www.hormone.org/Endo101/page2.cfm#CP_JUMP_821

What do you think?

Is keeping a disabled child permanently small for the convenience of his/her caretakers the right thing?

YES (A) or NO (B) Senteo QuestionTo set the properties right click and select Senteo Question Object->Properties...

What do you think?

Is giving a short child hormones to grow the right thing?

YES (A) or NO (B) Senteo QuestionTo set the properties right click and select Senteo Question Object->Properties...

Pituitary Gland

The master glandGrape-sizedRegulate all other glands in the bodyTold what to do by hypothalamus

Pituitary Glandhttp://www.hormone.org/Endo101/page2.cfm#CP_JUMP_821

puberty growth spurt, stimulating thyroid ACTH- learning, memory, and cortisolLH, FSH, oxytocin, vasopressin

Thyroid

On the neckThyroxineGrowth and metabolismHyperthyroidHypothyroidgoiter

Grave’s Disease

Parathyroid

Sits on the thyroid

Regulates blood chemicals

Pineal Gland

Not quite sure

Grain of rice

Info from eye

Adapt to surroundings???

Sleep? MELATONIN

Adrenal Glands

On top of the kidneys

Epinepherine and norepinepherine

STRESS!!!! Fight or flight!

Steroids

Pancreas

InsulinHelps metabolize blood sugar (glucose)DiabetesHypoglycemiahyperglycemia

GONADS

Males- TESTES

testosterone

aggressiveness

Females- OVARIES

estrogens

Brain Damage

Stroke- temporary loss of blood flow

Concussions- bruising of the brain

Cerebral palsy- lack of oxygen

Tumors/cancer

Other Brain IssuesAlzheimer’s Disease-plaques?

Huntington’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease

Tourette’s Syndrome

Multiple Sclerosis