Born: May 3, 1943

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

Education: Harvard University (A.B.)

University of London (M.Sc.)

University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.)

Spouse: Ying Wang

Children: 2

2

Alan Curtis

Alan Curtis (Lynn A. Curtis) is Founding President and CEO of the Milton S.

Eisenhower Foundation in Washington, DC. Created in 1981, the Foundation is the

private sector continuation of the 1967-1968 National Advisory Commission on Civil

Disorders (the Kerner Riot Commission, after the protests in Detroit, Newark, Los

Angeles and many other cities) and the 1968-1969 National Commission on the Causes

and Prevention of Violence (the National Violence Commission, after the assassinations

of Dr. Martin Luther King and Senator Robert F. Kennedy). (See

www.eisenhowerfoundation.org.)

An appointee in the administrations of President Jimmy Carter and President Lyndon

Johnson, Curtis is a social scientist, public policy advisor, evaluator, designer of inner

city ventures that develop human capital, advocate, author and speaker.

The Eisenhower Foundation‟s mission is to identify, finance, replicate, evaluate,

communicate and advocate for multiple solution initiatives for the inner city, the truly

disadvantaged and racial minority youth at highest risk.

Curtis‟ program and policy priorities are reducing inequality, poverty, racial injustice,

fear and crime – while improving inner city education, job training, employment and trust

between the community and police.

Curtis is one of the founders of the “what works” movement for “evidence based” public

policy. Consistent with the advocacy of mentors and community leaders like Pablo

Eisenberg, former director of the Center for Community Change, and the late Father

Geno Baroni, former Department of Housing and Urban Development Assistant

Secretary for Neighborhoods during the Carter Administration, Curtis is a proponent of

neighborhood based human investment policy that “bubbles up” from the grassroots

rather than “trickles down” from private and public bureaucracies.

Advocating that “the problem is not lack of knowledge, but lack of national will,” Curtis

has carried out the Foundation‟s mission through hundreds of technical assistance

undertakings and inner city programs – replicated and evaluated by the Eisenhower

Foundation. The Foundation has provided technical assistance, replicated programs or

done both in 37 states, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom.

Curtis has communicated his vision through extensive publications, media appearances,

public speaking and Congressional testimony.

Early Years Alan Curtis was born Lynn Alan Curtis on May 3, 1943 in Milwaukee, WI. He published

as Lynn A. Curtis until 2004, when he began publishing as Alan Curtis. His father was a

postal clerk and his mother a housewife. He graduated from Pulaski High School in

Milwaukee, where he was president of the student council, editor of the newspaper,

captain of the tennis team and co-valedictorian.1

3

Education and Mentors

Curtis received an A.B. in Economics from Harvard University, an M.Sc. in Economics

from the University of London and a Ph.D. in Criminology and Urban Policy from the

University of Pennsylvania.2 His mentor at the University of Pennsylvania was Professor

Marvin E. Wolfgang, who was acknowledged in 1994 by the British Journal of

Criminology as “the most influential criminologist in the English-speaking world.”3

Curtis was mentored, as well, by the late federal Third Circuit Court of Appeals Judge

and Harvard scholar A. Leon Higginbotham.

The National Violence Commission

In 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King and Senator Robert F. Kennedy were assassinated.

President Lyndon Johnson formed the bipartisan National Commission on the Causes and

Prevention of Violence. Dr. Milton S. Eisenhower, then President Emeritus of Johns

Hopkins University, was named Chairman of the Commission; Judge Higginbotham was

named Vice Chair; Washington Attorney Lloyd Cutler was named Executive Director;

and Professor Wolfgang was named Co-Director of Research. Wolfgang asked Curtis to

take time off from graduate school to serve as Assistant Director of the Crimes of

Violence Task Force of the Violence Commission. The 3 volume report of the Task

Force was authored by Washington DC Attorney, Donald J. Mulvihill, Princeton

Professor of Sociology Melvin M. Tumin and Curtis. The Task Force Report was

published by the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1969.4

The findings of the National Violence Commission were extensively reported, often by

John Herbers of the New York Times. At a news conference, Eisenhower told reporters

the Crimes of Violence report by Mulvihill, Tumin and Curtis was “by all odds the most

important” of the Task Force volumes released by the Commission. Eisenhower pointed

to the Crimes of Violence report as including, in Herbers words, “the most detailed

national study of homicide, assault, rape and robbery” to date, based on 10,000 cases of

the offenses from 17 American cities.4A

Crimes of Violence warned of a “city of the

future” in which some citizens lived in guarded compounds and traveled to work in

“sanitized corridors” connecting safe areas. One of the most cited conclusions of the

Task Force was:5

To be a young, poor male; to be

undereducated and without means of escape

from an oppressive urban environment; to

want what the society claims is available

(but mostly to others); to see around oneself

illegitimate and often violent methods being

used to achieve material success; and to

observe others using these means with

impunity – all this is to be burdened with an

enormous set of influences that pull many

toward crime and delinquency. To be also a

Negro, Mexican or Puerto Rican American

4

and subject to discrimination and

segregation adds considerably to the pull of

these other criminogenic forces.

Criminal Violence: The National Investigation

Curtis was the director and author of the 17 city study of criminal homicide, aggravated

assault, forcible rape and robbery reported by Herbers in the New York Times. Wolfgang

had pioneered such a study, on criminal homicide in Philadelphia, in which patterns like

victim-offender race, “victim precipitation” (provocation by the victim), offender motive,

weapon used and interpersonal relationships were analyzed. Other criminologists later

undertook police report-based single city studies of aggravated assault, forcible rape and

robbery. In this, the first national study of homicide, assault, rape and robbery, Curtis

covered the same patterns as in the single city studies – but now for a national aggregate.

He provided the first national findings that showed race of victim by race of offender.6

He added a spatial analysis of major violent crime in Boston, San Francisco, Chicago,

Philadelphia and Atlanta which tested the “concentric zone” hypothesis of University of

Chicago criminologists. In an assessment in the British Journal of Criminology, the

reviewer said, “One major contribution of the study is finally to lay to rest the Chicago

School of Criminology zonal gradient hypothesis; in fact most reported urban criminal

violence can be related geographically to poverty areas.”7

After the National Violence Commission concluded its work, Curtis completed his Ph.D.

at the University of Pennsylvania. He embarked on a career designed to better integrate

the worlds of programmatic action and scientific evidence.

Curtis became Research Associate at the private sector Bureau of Social Science

Research Inc. think tank in Washington, D.C. There, he revised his Ph.D. dissertation

into 2 books, published by DC Heath/Lexington Books. Criminal Violence: National

Patterns and Behavior was the complete analysis of his 17 city National Violence

Commission survey.8 Violence, Race and Culture was an initial integration of

criminological studies on subcultures of poverty and violence with ethnomethodological

studies of American inner cities.9

In his Forward to Criminal Violence, Wolfgang reflected on Curtis‟ work on the National

Violence Commission, “I was aware of [Curtis‟] varied backgrounds of training in the

United States and England, and aware that he had enormous energy and devotion to

scholarship, but I was unprepared for the extent of Curtis‟ prodigious work and his

continued insight and capacity to develop new areas of research.”10

One review of Criminal Violence, in the journal Social Forces, concluded, “Curtis‟ work

covers a great variety of crimes of violence…and gives details in an unprecedentedly

comprehensive style. His statistical analyses are solid and sound; they reach beyond the

work done by the National Violence Commission and offer descriptive material that

scholars will find useful in future research and policy planning.”11

5

Based on Criminal Violence and follow up research, Curtis was one of the professionals

interviewed on the three hour NBC News “Violence in America” prime time special

narrated by Edwin Newman in 1977.12

Integrating With the Feminist Movement

The chapter titled “Victim Precipitation” received the most attention in Criminal

Violence. Presented by Curtis at the First International Symposium on Victimology in

Jerusalem in 1973 and included in the Aldine Criminal Justice Annual as one of the

leading articles in criminology for 1974, the chapter concluded that the national levels of

victim precipitation in criminal homicide, aggravated assault and robbery were roughly

compatible with levels found in the earlier single city studies, like Wolfgang‟s

examination of criminal homicide in Philadelphia.13

However, nationally, Curtis concluded in Criminal Violence that only 4% of all reported

forcible rapes in his 17 city sample could be considered victim precipitated. By

comparison, the most cited previous single city study of forcible rape, by Wolfgang‟s

student Menachim Amir, found fully 19% of rapes in Philadelphia were victim

precipitated. (For comparability, Curtis used the same definition as Amir. Victim

precipitated forcible rape was defined as a situation ending in forced intercourse where

the victim first agreed to sexual relations, or clearly invited them verbally and through

gestures, but then retracted before the act.)14

With these findings in mind, Curtis collaborated with feminists on criminal justice system

reform in the early 1970s. The most widely read feminist book on forcible rape was

Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller. Curtis provided Brownmiller with data from

the National Violence Commission and the 17 city survey in Criminal Violence.

Brownmiller cited these findings and Curtis is Against Our Will.15

Building on Curtis‟

findings of low levels of victim precipitation in forcible rape, Brownmiller and other

feminists advocated for a new, non-sexist, understanding of rape and for greatly

improved treatment of rape victims in the criminal justice system.16

Curtis‟ findings on

low levels of victim precipitated forcible rape remain highly relevant today – for

example, when applied to new student movements against sexual coercion and abuse on

college campuses.17

Curtis‟ collaborations with feminists led to the Victim Response to Sexual Assault

Project, which he directed with funding from the National Institute of Mental Health at

the Bureau of Social Science Research Inc. The project interviewed both women who

had been raped and women who had faced an assault but escaped rape. In the final report

of the Project, Sociologist Jennie McIntyre and Curtis concluded that women could

increase the chances of avoiding rape by acting in a confident way that projected control

of the environment. But they also concluded that assertive, rape-avoiding, behavior also

increased the chances of physical injury.18

Seeking Inner City Policy Consensus and Debating Naysayers

6

With funding from the National Institute of Mental Health, Curtis also directed the

National Alternatives Inner City Futures Project at the private sector Bureau of Social

Science Research, Inc. in Washington, D.C. This was a Delphi investigation in which a

wide political spectrum of policy leaders and experts were asked to construct their

policies for the future of the inner city. Using multivariate factor analysis, Curtis then

was able to identify potential bipartisan inner city policy coalitions on inner city policy –

coalitions that today no longer exit in Congress.19

As set forth in his 1975 book, Violence, Race and Culture, Curtis‟ policies on the inner

city and high risk racial minority youth were premised on the findings of the National

Violence Commission and Harvard sociologist Lee Rainwater. Race and class barriers

(what Rainwater called “white cupidity”) disproportionately blocked minorities to

education, employment and housing opportunities. Racial minorities adapted as best they

could to the often punishing world they faced. The goal of policy was to remove the

barriers – not to blame the victim by claiming that minorities carried values and

behaviors which prevented them from achieving in the larger American society.20

During the 1970s, political scientists Edward Banfield and James Q. Wilson disagreed

with the Rainwater and National Violence Commission – and Curtis responded. For

example, Curtis criticized assertions by Banfield that the “single problem” in the inner

city was the absence of “value to work, sacrifice, self improvement, or service to family,

friends or community.” Curtis argued that “good outcomes depend on opportunity,

opportunity begins with good education and good education increases the likelihood of

decent jobs and a brighter future for inner city children.” Today, this critique continues

to apply to academics who blame inner city conditions on “poverty subculture.” Curtis

has argued that policy based on the theories of academics like Banfield and Wilson is not

evidence-based, further blocks opportunity and often leads to minority youth being

funneled into the racially biased prison-industrial complex.21

Creating and Implementing President Carter’s National Urban Policy

In 1977, Curtis was given the opportunity to apply his

evidence based perspectives to federal policy and

programming. During the National Violence

Commission, he had become acquainted with one of the

Commissioners, attorney and former Ambassador to

Luxembourg Patricia Roberts Harris. President Jimmy

Carter appointed Harris Secretary of Housing and Urban

Development

(HUD). Harris appointed Curtis Urban Policy Advisor on

her

personal staff. He wrote some of her speeches.

President Carter decided to create a national urban policy, as the National Violence

Commission had recommended. A Cabinet level interagency Urban and Regional Policy

Group was formed,

With President Jimmy Carter

7

with Harris in the lead. Curtis was named the first

Executive

Director of the Urban and Regional Policy Group and

drafted the first iteration of a national urban policy. Besides Harris, members of the

original interagency committee included the Secretaries of Commerce; Health, Education

and Welfare; Labor; Transportation and the Treasury. The Departments often had

competing priorities and constituencies. For example, there were debates on “bubble up”

neighborhood based policy focused on poor racial minorities in big cities versus “trickle

down” “development” policies for larger as well as smaller cities, supported by banking

and corporate interests. In a Chicago Sun Times interview, Curtis pointed to considerable

bureaucratic infighting. However, through the leadership of Stuart Eizenstat, the

President‟s Domestic Policy Advisor, and Harris, the Carter National Urban Policy was

finalized and announced in 1978. No other President has created such a policy.22

Curtis then was appointed to carry out part of the Carter urban policy – as Executive

Director of the interagency Urban Initiatives Anti-Crime Program in public housing.

Harris had asked Curtis to represent the Administration in hearings on crime in public

housing organized by Congressman Claude Pepper (D, FL), Chairman of the House

Select Committee on Aging.23

Pepper later wrote the Department of Housing and Urban

Development: “Mr. Curtis made a fine, extremely comprehensive statement which

addressed both HUD‟s activities in this critical area, as well as the Department‟s positive

attitude toward my legislation which attempts to expand security programs in public

housing. I was delighted to have HUD‟s testimony on this critical subject, testimony

which was extremely useful as the House considered my successful amendment to the

Housing Authorization bill.”24

Pepper used Curtis‟ testimony as the basis

for the Public Housing Security

Demonstration Act of 1978. Curtis was

asked by the Carter Administration to

assemble and co-target

discretionary funds from the Department

of

Housing and Urban Development, Labor,

Justice, Health and Human Services and

Interior. In the Introduction to Curtis‟ first annual report on the initiative, the Secretary

of the Department of

Housing and Urban Development

observed:25

The Program is Congressionally mandated

by the Public Housing Security Act of 1978

and also is a component of the National

Urban Policy. As a result of the Act, and

without a cent of newly appropriated funds,

HUD Secretary Patricia Harris

Announcing the Urban Initiatives Program

Congressman Pepper Is At the Left

8

the $41 million Program has co-directed the

resources of the Federal agencies at 39 of

the neediest public housing sites in the

country. As evidence of federal/local and

public/private partnerships, over $8 million

of the total impact comes from local

contributors…The Urban Initiatives Anti-

Crime Program is a model of partnership

and cooperation for the 1980s.

In an interview with the National League of Cities, Curtis emphasized the program‟s

comprehensive, multiple solutions. He said that the youth job training funding co-

targeted by the Department of Labor was reinforced by the evidence that youth

employment could reduce crime. There was a priority on neighborhood organizing by

tenants and training of police to be more sensitive to the needs of residents.26

President Carter lost the 1980 election, and the Urban Initiatives Anti-Crime Program

was terminated by the next Administration. A comprehensive, sophisticated, multiyear,

national evaluation of all sites was not possible. However, one of Curtis‟ sites, in

Charlotte, NC, sponsored an evaluation on its own. Assault, robbery and burglary

reported to police declined dramatically in the part of the Census tract that hosted the

program – while crime in the remainder of the Census tract and in the city as a whole

rose. Outcomes were more positive when Charlotte residents were actively involved in

the program than when they were not involved. From the early 1980s to the late 1980s,

only 3 of the 48 high risk youth who were employed were arrested for serious crimes.27

Keeping the Flame Alive: The Kerner Commission and the Violence Commission

Curtis left government after the Carter Administration to become the Founding President

and CEO of the Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation (the Eisenhower Foundation) in 1981.

The Foundation is the private sector continuation of both the 1967-1968 bipartisan

Kerner Riot Commission (the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, after

big city protests in Detroit, Newark, Los Angeles and scores of other cities across the

nation) and the bipartisan 1968-1969 National Violence Commission (the National

Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, as discussed above).28

The Kerner Riot Commission. The Kerner Riot Commission

famously concluded, “Our nation is moving toward two

societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal.” The

Commission said it was “time to make good the promises of

American democracy to all citizens – urban and rural, white,

black, Spanish surname, American Indians, and every minority

group.” The panel viewed the federal government as the only

institution with the authority and resources to create change “at

a scale equal to the dimensions of the problem.” The “most

persistent and serious grievances” were unemployment and

underemployment. Inadequate education, segregation and a

racially biased criminal justice system also were pressing

9

grievances. The Commission therefore called for well funded and sustained federal

investments – “new initiatives and experiments” for employment, jobs and job training,

improved education, adequate housing, livable income support, vigorous civil rights

enforcement and police reform. In addition, “Important segments of the media failed to

report adequately on the causes of civil disorders and on the underlying problems of race

relations.” The Kerner Commission concluded that, nationally, new attitudes, new

understanding and, above all, “new will” would be necessary to carry out its

recommendations.29

The National Violence Commission. The Kerner

Commission report was issued in March, 1968. In April

1968 Dr. King was assassinated, and in June 1968

Senator Kennedy was assassinated. The National

Violence Commission then was formed. In its final report

the following year, the Violence Commission, as the

Kerner Commission, underscored the lack of

employment, job training and education opportunities in

inner city neighborhoods – set within a larger American

economy that prized material success and within a

tradition of violence that the media transmitted

particularly well. The Commission recommended new

investments in jobs, training and education of $20B per

year in 1968 dollars. The Violence Commission shared

the Kerner Commission‟s moral vision that highest claim

on America‟s conscience was a long run “reordering of national priorities.” A majority of

the members of the Violence Commission, including both Republicans and Democrats,

recommended confiscation of most handguns, restrictions on new handgun ownership to

those who could demonstrate reasonable need, and identification of rifle and shotgun

owners. When in human history other great civilizations have fallen, concluded the

Violence Commission, “it was less often from external assault than from internal

decay…The greatness and durability of most civilizations has been finally determined by

how they have responded to these challenges from within. Ours will be no exception.”30

Trustees. Founding and other early Eisenhower

Foundation Trustees included: A. Leon

Higginbotham, Vice Chairman of the National

Violence Commission, and Federal and Third

Circuit Court of Appeals Judge and Professor of

Law at the University of Pennsylvania

and later at Harvard; Fred R. Harris, Member of

the Kerner Riot Commission and United States

Senator; Nicholas deB Katzenbach, Chairman of

the President‟s Commission on Law Enforcement

and Administration of Justice and Attorney

General of the United States; David Ginsburg, Executive Director of the Kerner Riot With Judge Higginbotham

10

Commission and Counselor to the President

during the Johnson Administration; Milton S. Eisenhower, Chairman of the National

Violence Commission and President Emeritus of Johns Hopkins University; Patricia

Roberts Harris, Member of the National Violence Commission and Secretary of Housing

and Urban Development; Edward W. Brooke, Member of the Kerner Riot Commission

and United States Senator; Marvin E. Wolfgang, Co-Director of Research on the National

Violence Commission and Professor of Criminology at the University of Pennsylvania;

Henry G. Cisneros, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and Mayor of San

Antonio; Lloyd N. Cutler, Executive Director of the National Violence Commission and

Counselor to Presidents Carter and Clinton; Elmer B. Staats, Comptroller General of the

United States; James W. Rouse, President of the Rouse Corporation and Founder of the

Enterprise Foundation; and Frank Stanton, President of CBS, Inc, and Chairman of the

American Red Cross.3

In 2016, Trustees included Dr. Charles Austin,

Foundation Chairman and formerly the first

African American former Police Chief and City

Manager of Columbia SC; Professor James Comer,

Founder of the Child Study Center at Yale

University; Mr. Pablo Eisenberg, former Executive

Director of the Center for Community Change in

Washington D.C.; Mr. Jeff Faux, Founder of the

Economic Policy Institute in Washington D.C; Ms.

Marilyn Melkonian, Founder of the Telesis

Corporation in Washington D.C. and former Deputy Assistant Secretary

for Housing at HUD during the Carter

Administration; Dr.

Dora Nevares, Professor of Law at Inter-American

University, San Juan PR; Dr. Joseph Duffey, former Director of the United States

Information Agency and of the National Endowment for the Humanities; Mr. Thomas

Frazier, former Police Commissioner of Baltimore MD; Dr. Andrew Hahn, Professor at

the Heller Graduate School for Social Policy and Management at Brandeis University;

Mr. John Knott, Chief Executive Officer of the Noisette Company in Charleston SC;

Professor Richard Lerner, Founder of the Institute of Applied Research in Youth

Development at Tufts University; Dr. Robert McChesney, Professor of Communications

at the University of Illinois; Ms. Loretta Metoxen, Tribal Historian of the Oneida Nation

in Wisconsin; Mr. Darrel Stephens, Executive Director of the Major Cities Police Chief

Association and Mr. Roger Wilkins, Clarence J. Robinson Professor Emeritus of History

and American Culture at George Mason University.32

Mission. Mindful of the findings and recommendations of the 2 Presidential

Commissions, Curtis and other Founding Eisenhower Foundation Trustees defined a

mission of identifying, financing, replicating, evaluating, communicating, advocating for

and scaling up politically feasible multiple solution programs – wraparound and evidence

based strategies that work for the inner city and high risk racial minority youth.

Eisenhower Foundation Chairman, Dr. Charles P. Austin, Sr.

11

Framing Solutions Before They Become Fashionable

In the Eisenhower Foundation‟s early programs and policy reports, in the 1980s and

1990s, Curtis articulated principles and themes that, decades later, have become widely

accepted. For example:

Beginning with a 1985 National Violence Commission update,

Curtis called for “[inner city] solutions that are supported by

scientific research.” In a 1990 report, he argued that “higher

standards of evaluation are needed.” Today, “evidence based”

policy is actively pursued in the public and private sectors.33

Through 1991 Congressional testimony titled “Doing What

Works” and through a 1993 Kerner Riot Commission update,

Curtis advocated that policy should expand on what works and

discontinue what doesn‟t work. In his 2008 Inaugural Address,

President Obama stressed his Administration would “build on what

works.”34

In 1985 and 1990 reports, and influenced by Father Geno Baroni,

Assistant Secretary for Neighborhoods at the Department of

Housing and Urban Development during the Carter

Administration, Curtis called for “bubble up” inner city policy

implemented by local, indigenous nonprofit organizations. Today

there is a substantial constituency of practitioners and policy

makers who articulate “bubble up” grassroots based policy rather

than “trickle down” policy imposed by large public and private

institutions.35

Beginning in 1985 and continuing with 1990 and 1997 reports,

Curtis argued against siloed interventions and for interrelated,

wraparound, self-reinforcing “multiple solutions to multiple

problems” targeted at specific inner city neighborhoods. Today,

such policy is, among other descriptors, called “place based.” It is

illustrated by Department of Education Promise Neighborhoods –

and related initiatives at HUD, the Department of Justice and other

agencies.36

Building on the original National Violence Commissions reports

and carrying into all updates of the Violence and Kerner

Commissions, Curtis called for community-based, problem

oriented policing that was more sensitive to racial minorities and

argued against expansion of the racially biased prison-industrial

complex. Today, after scores of highly publicized killings by

police of minorities, especially youth, there is widespread concern

over police insensitivity to racial minorities – and a growing

movement to reduce the prison population.37

12

Organizing Inner City Neighborhoods: Ford Foundation Support

Funded by the Ford Foundation, IBM and many national and local matching partners,

Curtis applied the lessons learned from his Carter Administration Urban Initiatives Anti-

Crime public housing program by launching a national ten site neighborhood based

youth development and crime prevention demonstration program in the early and mid-

1980s.

Curtis subgranted indigenous nonprofit organizations modest resources – typically

$50,000 to $70,000 total over 36 months. The priority was on community organizing.

Some sites did much more. The most successful venture was Around the Corner to the

World in the Adams-Morgan neighborhood of Washington DC. The program evolved

from Jubilee Housing, a cornerstone nonprofit enterprise created by the late developer

James Rouse (a former Eisenhower Foundation Trustee) and his Enterprise Foundation.

Curtis raised substantial additional funding from the Department of Health and Human

Services, enabling start up of a weatherization business that created jobs for unemployed

young adults. Although a Rutgers University evaluation was not able to create control or

comparison groups, the crime involvement of the participants dropped sharply, while a

very different pattern developed in Adams Morgan and Washington, DC as a whole.38

For all 10 of the Ford Foundation funded sites nationally, some of the practical street

level lessons were that:39

Inner city indigenous nonprofit organizations can be

effective leaders in prevention and youth development.

Technical assistance to the nonprofits increases the odds for

success.

It is folly to expect success without adequate resources.

Political rhetoric like “volunteerism,” “self-sufficiency”

and “empowerment” often are smokescreens for failure to

commit sufficient resources.

More prevention partnerships and trust need to be

generated among inner city nonprofit organizations,

community residents, youth and police.

Applying these lessons and securing new funding from the Department of Health and

Human Services and other sources, Curtis continued to replicate neighborhood based

prevention in other locations. Eisenhower Foundation staff provided technical assistance

to enhance the institutional capacity of local nonprofit organizations.40

Creating Inner City Youth Safe Havens and Police Ministations

13

Built on the practical experiences of these early

demonstrations, a new Eisenhower Foundation model emerged

in the late 1980s and early 1990s – the Youth Safe Haven-

Police Ministation Program. Curtis merged two concepts. The

first evolved from the Carnegie Corporation‟s landmark 1992

report, A Matter of Time, which showed how inner city youth

were at highest risk after school, from 3:00 pm to 8:00 pm.

Hence the need for safe haven programs run by nonprofit

organizations after school for primary school children and

middle school youth.41

The other concept was the “koban” – the Japanese notion of a

neighborhood police ministation. There are thousands of kobans across Japan. Arguably

they are among the leading reasons for Japan‟s

historically low crime rates.42

With funding from Japanese corporations, the Japanese

Keidanren (an organization of major Japanese

corporations), and the Center for Global Partnership,

Curtis led several delegations of American police chiefs,

other senior American police officials and American inner

city community leaders to Japan to observe

kobans. Upon return home, he funded delegates to

implement a synthesis of Carnegie inspired safe havens

and Japanese-inspired kobans. The resulting Safe Haven-Ministations are run and led

by American indigenous inner city nonprofit organizations. The nonprofits provide space

after school for children and middle school youth. The young people are mentored by

civilians who also provide homework assistance, computer learning, youth development

guidance, sports and cultural activities, and advocacy in support of participants. The

advocacy includes meetings with parents, teachers and, if

necessary, the criminal justice system. Importantly, at the

same time, police come to the safe haven and mentor to

children and youth. Police also undertake problem

solving, community based policing in the immediate

neighborhood.43

For the first generation of Safe Haven-Ministation

implementation back home in America, Curtis matched

Japanese funding with resources from the United States

Department of Justice. Over the 1990s, the initial Safe

Haven-Ministations were implemented in, among other places, Boston, Chicago,

Philadelphia and San Juan. Serious crime reported to the FBI declined from between 22

percent and 27 percent in the neighborhoods where the program was located in these

cities. The declines were significantly greater than declines in other nearby, comparable

neighborhoods and in their host cities as a whole. The aggregated findings for the 4 cities

were statistically significant.44

Kobans in Japan

14

In his book Crime and Punishment in America, which was a

finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, University of California, Irvine,

criminologist and Eisenhower Foundation Trustee Elliott Currie

observed:45

Each [Safe Haven-Ministation] site mixed community policing

with a variety of youth development initiatives. The San Juan

program, for example, operated in Caimito, an extremely poor

neighborhood with high unemployment and school dropout rates.

A well-established Puerto Rican nonprofit organization, Centro

Sister Isolina Ferre, established a “campus” in Caimito that joined

a neighborhood police koban with classrooms, small businesses,

and

recreation facilities. There were computer and office skills

training classes, day care, alternative schools for dropouts, health

screenings and immunization for neighborhood children, and an

after-school “safe haven” program for six-to-twelve-year olds.

Centro also hired “streetwise” young people to work as youth

advocates (or “intercesores”), mediating among neighborhood

youth, the schools, and the justice system. These advocates

worked closely with the koban-based police, who would contact

them when local youths were detained. In pursuit of what the

[Eisenhower] foundation calls “community equity policing,”

the youth advocates and neighborhood residents worked as

genuine partners with the police; community leaders even helped

to select and train the koban-based officers. Estimating the impact

of local programs like these on crime rates in intrinsically difficult,

but a careful evaluation found that serious crimes fell significantly

over 4 years of the program in Centro‟s target neighborhood –

considerably more so than in the city as a whole.

The San Juan Safe Haven-Ministation was

residential and had three floors. A koban officer

lived with his family on the top floor. The next

floor housed day-to-day koban activity. The

bottom floor was the computer center for

instruction with youth. At first, Caimito residents

were

distrustful of police. Then a cow died in the

street. The police took it upon themselves to

dispose of the cow. The community appreciated

it. Relations began to improve. San Juan became a model site and hosted a national

technical assistance conference attended by American site directors, American police and

Technical Assistance Conference

At the San Juan Koban

15

Japanese police. Eventually, senior staff from Centro were asked by the San Juan Police

to teach a course at the police academy.46

In another of the initial Safe Haven-Ministations funded by Curtis, in Boston at the

Dorchester Youth Collaborative, youth were covered nationally by NBC and invited to a

crime prevention rally in Washington, DC. Speaking on stage with President Bill Clinton

and Attorney General Janet Reno, Eddie Katunda, one of the Safe Haven-ministation

youth said, “I‟d like to introduce community police officer Harold White and Tony

Platt…Back in the day, I used to hate the police…Harold and Tony have changed all

that.”47

Beyond Boston, San Juan, Chicago and Philadelphia, other cities with evidence based

Safe Haven-Ministation success include Columbia SC, Canton OH, Jackson MS,

Baltimore MD and Dover, NH.48

Funders have included the Department of Justice, the

Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Department of Education, and the

Ford, Casey and Kellogg foundations.

For example, under the leadership of Columbia SC‟s

first African American Police Chief, Dr. Charles

Austin, who had been a member of one of the Curtis

delegations to Japan and presently is the Foundation‟s

Chairman, Columbia kobans were replicated city wide.

They included a residential Safe Haven-Ministation

where 2 young African-American police officers lived.

The success of Columbia was featured in a national

story on ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings.

ABC reported “Serious crime has dropped by about a

third with the koban program. The crime rate in the rest

of Columbia stayed the same.”49

In New Hampshire, the success in Dover led to the first

attempt to launch a state wide system of Safe Haven-Ministations, with

replications in 3 other locations.50

The Canton OH program integrated the safe haven concept with the Full Service

Community Schools concept. With Department of Education funding, Curtis has

replicated Full Service Community Schools in Iowa, Maryland, Pennsylvania and

Washington State. The replications were guided by the late Joy Dryfoos, the Eisenhower

Foundation Trustee who founded the Full Service Community School movement.51

Curtis believes there is great potential for replicating such integrated Safe Haven-Full

Service Community School ventures, as part of targeted multiple solutions.

The Safe Haven-Ministation has been identified as a

best practice model in a technical assistance guide

released by the Department of Housing and Urban

Development.52

Koban Police and Youth

in Columbia SC

16

Besides the ABC coverage, stories on the Safe Haven-Ministation Programs have

appeared on CBS, BBC and many local network television outlets. Stories have

appeared, as well, in the New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal,

Guardian, Economist, Ashai Evening News (Japan), Newsweek.53

(See the Bibliography,

for local television and newspaper stories.)

Perhaps best illustrated by the police killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO in 2014

and the 2015 protests in West Baltimore over police treatment of Freddie Gray, the racial

tension that now exists between minority youth and police in America is motivating

Curtis to seek more extensive scaling up of Safe Havens-Ministations in many more

cities. The model promises to simultaneously reduce crime, reduce citizen fear, improve

the lives of children and youth, and improve community-police trust. Curtis frames the

Safe Haven-Ministation model as a more successful alternative to past hard line, “zero

tolerance,” “stop and frisk” and “broken windows” strategies of policing that have led to

the police killings and present racial tension.54

Creating Quantum Opportunities

Curtis found that, while popular with minority youth

from about ages 7 to 12, Safe Haven-Ministations

were of less interest to high risk minority high school

youth, who had different developmental needs and

who more often were in conflict with police. Curtis

therefore established another

Eisenhower Foundation model, the Quantum

Opportunities

Program. Eisenhower Quantum is a refined, revised

and reinvented version of an earlier Quantum – which had experienced initial success but

then was not successful in

scaling up replications.55

With Department of Justice and private sector resources, Curtis funded local, indigenous

nonprofit organizations to invest in cohorts of the highest risk racial minority youth in the

highest risk high schools in the highest risk inner city neighborhoods. The investments

were after school, on weekends and in summers over all 4 years of high school.

Quantum interventions consist of intense mentoring with and advocacy for the youth,

tutoring and homework assistance, life skills training, college preparation, youth

leadership training and modest stipends. In a randomized control evaluation of Quantum

Opportunities for African American and Latino youth in Albuquerque NM, Baltimore

MD, Boston MA, Milwaukee WI and New Bedford MA from 2010 to 2014, Quantum

participants in all the locations combined had higher grades, much higher graduation rates

and much higher college acceptance rates.56

See Figures 1 and 2.

Police Mentoring in Providence RI

Congressman Elijah Cummings

Opens Baltimore Quantum

17

18

Figure 1

Quantum’s Success: Grade Improvement

Source: Curtis, Alan and Tawana Bandy. The

Quantum Opportunities Program: A Randomized

Control Evaluation. Washington DC: The Eisenhower

Foundation, 2015. See also

http://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?I

D=426.

2.33

1.76 Mean GPA At Graduation

19

Figure 2

Quantum’s Success: Graduation and College Acceptance Rates

Source: Source: Curtis, Alan and Tawana Bandy. The Quantum Opportunities Program: A

Randomized Control Evaluation. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 2015. See also

http://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=426.

Because of the high statistical significance of these Eisenhower Quantum outcomes,

outside peer reviewers designated Quantum a national Department of Justice exemplary

evidence based model with the highest possible rating, as posted in a write up on the

official Justice Crime Solutions website:

http://www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=426.

The National Mentoring Resource Center, funded by the Department of Justice, also

designated Quantum a national model:

http://www.nationalmentoringresourcecenter.org/index.php/what-works-in-

mentoring/reviews-of-mentoring-programs.html. In its peer reviewed commentary, the

National Mentoring Resource Center observed:57

[The Eisenhower Foundation Quantum evaluation

report] is a treasure-trove for practitioners, full of all

kinds of useful; tips, such as the perception across

sites that the program‟s emphasis on graduation, not

grade improvement, as the primary goal really

Graduation Rate College Acceptance Rate

26%

38%

49%

76% Percent

20

helped youth feel more comfortable in the program.

Apparently, working slowly toward the long-term

graduation goal, with long-term support, felt like a

better starting point that emphasizing immediate

academic improvements. That makes sense, yet it‟s

the type of subtle distinction in program design that

probably would have gone completely unmentioned

had this evaluation not included qualitative data.

One can hope that future efforts funded by both

private philanthropies and public agencies like

OJJDP [the Office of Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention at the Department of

Justice] will include similarly detailed and useful

information on program replications and

implementation in their evaluation reports.

In addition, Quantum was featured in an ABC

Boston interview with the program director and in

other media stories.58

The nonprofit national Child

Trends organization joined the Department of

Justice and the National Mentoring Resource Center

in designating Quantum

national model:

http://www.childtrends.org/?programs=quantum-

opportunities-programs-eisenhower-foundation.

As a result of these evidence based peer reviewed model program designations, and more

designation that are anticipated from other institutions, Curtis is seeking to scale up

Quantum and develop a plan for national sustainability. Curtis believes that Quantum is

needed at Michael Brown‟s Normandy High School in Ferguson MO and in thousands of

other high risk inner city high schools across the nation.

Eisenhower Quantum has emerged at a time when

serious urban school system controversies continue

over administrative organization, charter schools,

testing, teacher training, teacher union power and

many related issues. The

failed No Child Left Behind Act has been replaced

by the untested Every Student Succeeds Act, which

already has garnered considered criticism.59

Quantum avoids many of the institutional debates – because Quantum is community

nonprofit based, not school based. In the just completed evaluation, above, Quantum

succeeded

even in underperforming high schools. Hence Curtis

believes expansion of Quantum can reach students who otherwise might drop out.

Boston Quantum Director Greg Hill on ABC

Quantum Youth in New Bedford

MA

21

Quantum can achieve this goal regardless of the state of national education debates and

the competence of local high schools. Quantum is an alternative evidence based model.

As part of multiple solutions, Curtis has replicated inner city job training programs that

can work in concert with Quantum Opportunities. Some Eisenhower Foundation funded

ventures, like Project Prepare, run by the nonprofit Youth Guidance organization in

Chicago, have offered job training to youth still in high school – with successful

outcomes in terms of improving job preparedness, reducing the risk of dropping out and

securing employment after graduation. Other programs, especially Department of Labor

funded Eisenhower Foundation replications of the Argus Learning for Living model

created in the South Bronx by the late Elizabeth Sturz (who was an Eisenhower

Foundation Trustee), include many Quantum components – but work with youth and

young adults who have dropped out of high school. The Eisenhower Foundation has

successfully replicated Argus in Des Moines IA and Washington DC. The Foundation

also has collaborated with the San Francisco based Delancey Street Foundation to

replicate proven principles of ex-offender job training in Virginia and South Carolina.60

As part of the Eisenhower Foundation‟s multiple solutions to multiple problems

framework, Curtis is planning future Quantum replications for youth in high school

combined with Argus replications at the same location for youth who have dropped out.

In a 1995 New York Times contribution, “Welfare Reform That Can Work,” Curtis

criticized the “welfare reform” legislation that was being debated at the time and called

for alternative education and job training reforms, based in part on Quantum and Argus,

as much more likely to solve long run problems.61

Along these lines, Mark Shriver, son of

the late Sergeant Shriver, who was the first director of President John Kennedy‟s anti-

poverty program, observed in an op ed on Eisenhower Foundation initiatives that the

“Wall Street Journal has endorsed model programs like Argus in the Bronx, yet these

programs are also consistent with Mobilization for Youth, a „war-on-poverty‟ initiative of

the 1960s.”62

Updating the Presidential Commissions and Communicating the Findings

As the Eisenhower Foundation has completed inner city program replications and

evaluations, Curtis has authored or coauthored reports designed to communicate what has

worked – and to learn from what has not worked.

Youth Investment and Community Reconstruction. An

early publication was Youth Investment and Community

Reconstruction, the Foundation‟s 10th

anniversary report on

the 10 site inner city Ford Foundation funded youth

development and crime prevention program in the early

1980s. The report was reviewed on-line by the Department

of Justice of National Justice Criminal Reference Service:63

22

This report summarizes the results

and lessons of the Eisenhower

Foundation's demonstrations during

the last decade; describes the

resulting next generation of private-

sector ventures; and proposes new,

politically feasible national policies

for the inner city that build on the

Foundation's practical experience in

daily street-level implementation.

The Eisenhower Foundation has

worked since the early 1980's to

implement the agendas of the

President's National Advisory

Commission on Civil Disorders and

the National Commission on the

Causes and Prevention of Violence.

In so doing, it has focused on

reducing urban violence and drug

abuse through youth empowerment,

community revitalization, and

grassroots action. In 1982 the

Foundation launched a neighborhood

self-help crime prevention program

in 10 inner cities, based on the

aforementioned principles. Through

trial and error over the last decade,

the Foundation has learned as much

from failure as success. As a result,

there are now some answers to

formerly intractable questions. Issues

examined in this report are the

effectiveness of specific anticrime

and antidrug strategies such as

neighborhood watch in the inner city,

the relative roles of minority

23

nonprofit community organizations

and the police, the relative roles of

private organizations and public

agencies, and the uses and limitation

of volunteers in inner cities. Also

addressed is whether a policy should

invest simultaneously in both

individual high-risk youth and the

neighborhoods where they live…The

central conclusion of this report is

that community-based organizations

can create effective strategies to

reduce crime and drug abuse in inner

cities, so long as comprehensive

programs are carefully designed and

adequately funded.

The report was covered as an exclusive in the Washington Post by columnist David

Broder. Through syndication, the Broder column appeared in many newspapers across

the nation. Internationally, the report was covered by the Economist.64

Youth Investment and Police Mentoring, the report written on the first round of successful

Safe Haven-Ministation replications and evaluations, above, led to coverage on ABC

World News Tonight with Peter Jennings, on BBC, in the Washington Post, in the

Economist, and in Time and Newsweek magazines.65

(See the Bibliography for much

more regional and local coverage.)

As the Foundation has replicated evidence based model programs, it

has enhanced the institutional capacity of the local indigenous

nonprofit organizations that implemented the replications. With

funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Annie E. Casey

Foundation and DeWitt Wallace-Reader‟s Digest Fund, Curtis

published a report in 2000 on Lessons From the Street: Capacity

Building and Replication. The report summarized capacity building

technical assistance to local nonprofit organizations – including

assistance with organizational management, financial management,

staff development, board development, evaluation, replication, fund

raising and media. A Chronicle of Philanthropy story highlighted

how the Foundation found that capacity building technical assistance works best when a

local nonprofit organization is not too small (and still struggling) and not too large (and

therefore often resistant to change).66

The Foundation‟s replications and reports on successful evidence-based inner city

programs have been incorporated into broader policy updates of the Kerner Riot

Commission and National Violence Commission.

24

Kerner Riot Commission Updates. Curtis authored, co-authored, edited or co-edited

the Foundation‟s 25, 30 and 40 year updates of the Kerner Riot Commission. He

collaborated with the Foundation‟s former Chairman, former Senator Fred R. Harris, who

is the remaining surviving member of the Kerner Commission.

In 1993, the 25 year Kerner Riot Commission update was

featured as a cover story on CBS Sunday Morning with Charles

Kuralt. After interviewing Curtis and illustrating Eisenhower

programs like Safe Haven-Ministations and Argus, the Kuralt

lead reporter, Terence Smith, concluded, “The solutions exist, no

magic is required, other than the political will to finally do what

the Kerner Commission said should have been started 25 years

ago.” The 25 year update was covered, as well, in news stories

in the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times and

Independent; in columns by Anthony Lewis of the New York

Times and David Broder of the Washington Post, and in many

regional newspapers across the nation. (See the Bibliography.)67

As a follow up to the 25th

anniversary Kerner update, the national Family Service

America organization asked Curtis to author its annual State of the Families report on

what works and how to finance it. Released in 1995, the report was covered as a CBS

Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood cover story and drawn on by Curtis in

presentations around the nation.68

In 1998, the 30 year Kerner update by Harris and Curtis was presented in 2 volumes,

Locked in the Poorhouse and The Millennium Breach.69

Stories on the 30 year update

appeared on ABC, NBC, CNN, NPR, BBC – and in the Washington Post, Los Angeles

Times, Christian Science Monitor, Newsweek, Chronicle of Philanthropy, and many

American regional newspapers. (See the Bibliography.)70

The Millennium Breach was featured in a debate on the PBS News

Hour with Jim Lehrer. When reporter Elizabeth Farnsworth asked

about the policy that was needed, Curtis replied:71

What needs to be done is not talk about

liberal versus conservative but what doesn‟t

work versus what works. What doesn‟t

work is prison building, supply-side

economics, policies like that. They‟ve

failed. We need to stop doing what doesn‟t

work and invest in what does work: safe

havens after school where kids come for

help with their homework, as evaluated by

Columbia University; the James Comer Yale

University School Development Plan, where

25

teachers and parents take over inner city

schools; the Ford Foundation‟s Quantum

Opportunities program that mentors high

schoolers; community development

corporations like the New Community

Corporation in Newark, which creates jobs;

the South Shore Bank, which creates

banking for the inner city; and community-

based policing by minority officers. Those

are all proven, scientifically-evaluated

programs, and if we replicate what works at

a scale that‟s equal to the

dimensions of the problem, we can make an

impact.

One journal review of Locked in the Poorhouse observed:72

It is not surprising that this book should

appear to mark the thirtieth anniversary of

the Kerner Commission, for the

Report called for “compassionate,

massive, and sustained federal effort to

combat the nation‟s intertwined problems

of racism and poverty.” The new welfare

policy with its emphasis on “personal

responsibility” is anything but

compassionate. The content of this book is

not only a review of the years since Kerner,

but also a response to current policy.

The explanation set forth in Locked in the

Poorhouse for how and why poverty in the

United States not only continues, but in fact

has worsened, are diametrically opposed to

those of [Charles] Murray and others. The

conservatives argue that poverty persists

because the programs were flawed (not cost

effective, there was abuse within various

programs, and the programs were designed

to foster dependency) and because poor

people are flawed (lack necessary skills and

motivation to become un-poor). The liberals

argue that failure is due to lack of

governmental and societal commitment to

carry out effective programs long enough or

well enough to reach intended goals. They

26

argue that as a nation we must reorder our

priorities, “we must return to human

investment – in programs that do work.”

The book provides both a good history

leading to the Kerner Commission and a

good review of what has transpired in the

intervening years. It refers to many critical

studies and landmark decisions that have

over the past thirty years helped to shape

social policy. It also cites examples of

programs that have been very effective.

The PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer debate continued on the Kerner 30th

update, with

exchanges in the Wall Street Journal, Washington Times and Chronicle of Philanthropy,

among other media. For example, naysayers said overall unemployment in Detroit before

the 1967 riot there had been low, so unemployment could not have been a cause of the

unrest, as the Kerner Commission concluded. Yet Eisenhower Foundation Trustee Elliott

Currie pointed out that unemployment was over 30 percent among minority youth in the

riot area, and that underemployment was much higher. Curtis pointed out that naysayers

ignored the scientific evidence on what works in the Millennium Breach and Locked in

the Poorhouse and had nothing to say about how the 2 reports proposed financing what

works through reductions in corporate welfare.73

After the release of The Millennium

Breach and Locked in the Poorhouse in

1998, Curtis organized a series of

forums designed to build up to and

inform the Foundation‟s planned 40

year update of the Kerner Riot

Commission in

2008. An Eisenhower Foundation

forum, Schools, Jobs and Prisons, was

led by Harris and Curtis at the United

States Senate shortly after the release of

the volumes and included speakers such as Peter Edelman, Professor at Georgetown

University Law School, who had resigned in protest from the Department of Health and

Human Services after “welfare reform” had been passed; Dorothy Stoneman, Founder of

YouthBuild USA; and former Secretary of Labor Ray Marshall. A C-SPAN-covered

forum at the Century Foundation in New York, attended by Theodore Sorenson, speech

writer for President John F. Kennedy, focused on, among other issues, how federal

responses to September 11, 2001 could not be allowed as to impede replication of what

works in the inner city. There also was discussion of how progress in solving American

inner city dilemmas could simultaneously increase American soft power abroad. A C-

SPAN-covered Eisenhower Foundation forum in Washington, DC discussed how the

media could more responsibly cover what works and better address poverty, inequality

and race. A C-SPAN-covered Eisenhower Foundation forum in Washington, DC

With Senator Fred Harris

27

compared the success of “faith based” versus secular inner city programs. Participants

debated how the Kerner Commission‟s call for “new will” could be addressed, in part by

creating a new sense of public morality in America. A forum at the Sorbonne in Paris

compared American policy responses after the 1960s riots, and later riots in Miami and

Los Angeles, to policy responses after comparable riots in France and the United

Kingdom. A Bill Moyers Journal covered hearing at Wayne State University Law

School in Detroit asked citizens whether there had been constructive change in that city

since the riots of the 1960s. A Bill Moyers Journal covered hearing at the New Jersey

Historical Society in Newark asked the same question about positive change since the

1960s Newark riots.74

During this time, Curtis also completed a 40 year update of Michael Harrington‟s 1962

classic: The Other America: Poverty in the United States. The update was a critique of

American “welfare reform.” It rejected the “work first” framework that had been

legislated and provided evidence for a more cost-effective “training first” strategy used

by initiatives such as Argus.75

During the 1998-2008 period between Kerner updates, at a time when poverty had

increased 4 years in a row and there was widespread public debate over the federal

response to Hurricane Katrina, Washington Post columnist William Raspberry revisited

Locked in the Poorhouse. Raspberry interviewed Curtis, who re-iterated that America

knows what works to reduce inner city poverty and inequality but does not have the will

to replicate success at a scale equal to the dimensions of the problem. Raspberry

concluded, “[O]ne sure bet is that the politicians who propose that we sacrifice our

personal convenience and pay higher taxes in the long-term interest of society will be

turned out of office.”76

In 2008, Curtis and Harris released What Together We Can Do,

the 40 year update of the Kerner Commission, drawing on the

preceding forums and hearings, as well as on recommendations

from a national advisory panel. They saw the 2008 election of

the first African-American President as one of a number of

indicators of post-Kerner program progress. But they also

reported that the child poverty rate and income inequality had

increased since the 1968 Kerner report. With the failure of the

No Child Left Behind Act, large disparities remained between

the educational achievement of white high school students and

Latino and African-American high school students. African-

American employment continued to be roughly twice that of

whites over the 40 years since the Kerner report. The prison-industrial complex had

dramatically increased incarceration rates. In no small part because of racially biased

drug sentencing, African American men aged 25 to 29 were almost 7 times as likely to be

incarcerated as whites.77

The 40th

anniversary Kerner update recommended that:78

28

The nation‟s top strategic domestic priority should embrace win-win

employment, economic, and education reforms that simultaneously benefit the

anxious middle class, the neglected working class and the truly disadvantaged.

Demand side, Keynesian economic policy should lower unemployment;

communicate to the poor, working class middle class that they need to band

together; strengthen union organizing and link job

training to job creation.

A new Employment Training and Job Creation Act

should replace the outmoded and ineffective Workforce

Investment Act and the Temporary Assistance to Needy

Families program. Trained and retrained American

workers should be linked, as first priority, to jobs in

sectors that need to be developed in the national interest

–like health care, housing, school repair and

construction, mass transit, energy and green

technologies.

The failed No Child Left Behind Act should be

replaced by an Education Equity Act. The federal

government should begin to finance a system that

creates equity in dollar investment per pupil across all

school districts, as is done in most advanced

industrialized countries. The Act should build on

successful state equity models, like those in

Connecticut and North Carolina.

Safe Haven Investment Neighborhoods should be

funded across the nation. The Investment

Neighborhoods should include people in deepest

poverty, other impoverished citizens and working class

families. Drawing in part on the models like the

Harlem Children‟s Zone, Safe Haven Investment

Neighborhoods should replicate best practices –

programs already proven to work. In each Safe Haven

Investment Neighborhood, multiple and interdependent

solutions should target multiple problems.

A new Safe Haven Investment Corporation should

co-target federal with local public and private funding –

channeling that funding in no small part to grassroots

community-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations

with demonstrated institutional capacity located in each

Safe Haven Investment Neighborhood.

Senator Harris Interviewed

By Bill Moyers

29

The tax breaks given to the wealthiest Americans in

2001 and 2003 should be reversed. This could save

about $3.5 trillion over the next 10 years. Tax

loopholes that give American one of the lowest

effective corporate tax rates in the industrialized world

should be eliminated. At the same time, we need to

reduce taxes on the great majority of Americans.

To create national will, a new Fair Economic Deal

movement should articulate a narrative that unites the

middle class, the working class and the poor as partners

in the American story. The movement should be based

on the values of two Republican Presidents and two

Democratic Presidents – Abraham Lincoln, Theodore

Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt and John Kennedy.

Abraham Lincoln invested in public infrastructure and

crusaded against racial injustice. Theodore Roosevelt

called for regulation of corporate greed. Franklin

Roosevelt created an American social contract. John

Kennedy focused on “what together we can do” to serve

our country.

The PBS Bill Moyers Journal covered the 40 year Kerner

Commission update. Moyers sent a crew to cover

Foundation‟s hearings in Detroit and Newark (where some

of the worst riots of the 1960s occurred). After an extensive

interview with Harris, coverage of Curtis and other staff at

the Foundation and coverage of the Detroit and Newark

hearings, Moyers observed:79

We remember the Kerner Report for its

searing conclusion that "our nation is

moving toward two societies, one black, one

white separate and unequal." African-

Americans at the time were fast becoming

concentrated and isolated in metropolitan

ghettoes, and the Kerner Commission said

that by 1985, without new policies, our cities

would have black majorities ringed with

largely all-white suburbs.

30

The commissioners acknowledged that

government policies like urban-

gentrification, and the construction of huge

high-rise projects had helped to blight stable

black communities. So they offered some

specific and practical remedies – new jobs,

affordable housing, and new steps to

confront the destructive ghetto environment.

But following the civil rights movement of

the mid-sixties – the peaceful marches and

demonstrations, the Civil Rights Act of

1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 – the

riots triggered a mounting white backlash.

LBJ's escalation of the war in Vietnam

added fuel to the fires.

The Kerner Report was published on March

1, 1968. Hardly five weeks later – on the

fourth of April, forty years ago next week –

Martin Luther King was assassinated.

Flames again engulfed dozens of cities, and

the possibility of large-scale change perished

in the blood and ashes and racist toxins. The

president had told the Kerner

Commission: "Let your search be free…as

best you can, find the truth and express it

in your report." They did. But the truth

was not enough. The country lost the will

for it.

The 40 year Kerner Riot Commission update also was the focus

of an op-ed in the Washington Post by former Senator, Kerner

Commissioner and Eisenhower Foundation Trustee Edward

Brooke. Brooke, a Republican, reviewed progress, but cautioned

that “for America‟s poor – those who do not know what health

care is because for them it doesn‟t exist, those for whom prison is a more likely prospect

than college, those who have been abandoned to the worst of decaying, crime-ridden

urban centers because of the flight of middle-class blacks, whites and Hispanics – the

future may be as bleak as it was for their counterparts in the 1960s.”80

With the Media At

the Detroit Hearings

31

The 40 year update was covered, as well, in Newsweek, the Guardian, USA Today and in

newspapers in cities with high levels of poverty, inequality and racial tension – like the

Detroit News and the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel.81

As with earlier Commission updates, debates on the Kerner 40th

continued in the media.

For example, naysayers argued in USA Today that, unlike the Kerner focus on blocked

educational and economic opportunity and racism, the major problem among inner city

African Americans was “single parent homes.” In response, Eisenhower Foundation

Trustee Elliott Currie replied that the naysayers wrongly blamed the “heedless behavior

of black men.” Currie pointed out that

naysayers formerly had blamed the “welfare” system – but, by 2008, “welfare” had been

ended for over 10 years. Returning to the logic of the Kerner Commission, Currie

concluded that the real problems were:82

Jobless rates among black men that remain stratospheric even in

times of economic growth;

The retreat from an already minimal commitment to investment in

job creation and training; and

A stunning rise in incarceration of black men with no

corresponding effort to reintegrate them on their release into productive

roles in the community.

As with earlier updates, Curtis followed the Kerner 40 year report with presentations

around the nation, for example, at the Stanford Graduate School of Education, the

Economic Policy Institute in Washington DC, the City Club of Cleveland, the Institute of

Politics in New Hampshire and on media, like the documentary film, Deforce, on the

Detroit riots, which was broadcast on PBS and on the Documentary Channel in 2012.83

National Violence Commission Updates. Curtis edited the

Foundation‟s 15 year update of the National Violence Commission,

published by Yale University Press in 1985, and, with Elliott

Currie, co-authored the Foundation‟s 30 year update in 1999.84

The 1985 National Violence Commission update was covered by

the CBS Evening News with Dan Rather and presented in a forum at

the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, a forum at the John

F. Kennedy Library in Boston, and a forum at the United States

Senate at which Senator Edward M. Kennedy was keynote

speaker.85

The Senate forum was published in a special issue of the Annals of the

American Academy of Political and Social Science edited by Curtis86

and covered in a

story in Foundation News. The Foundation News story concluded:87

The policy message that emerged from the

[Senate forum] participants was clear, using

32

a public-private approach, efforts should be

made to combine employment, community

involvement and family to prevent crime;

move away from a federal policy of

increased incarceration; reverse the “trickle

down” policy of federal anti-crime programs

affecting neighborhoods to a “bubble-up”

process emanating from the local level; and

formulate a new cooperative role for police

as supporters, not strictly enforcers.

Titled To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquility, the

1999 update of the National Violence Commission was featured

in a debate on the PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer. Curtis

observed to reporter Ray Suarez:88

The original Violence Commission

predicted that we would have a city

of the

future in which the middle class

would

escape to the suburbs, drive to work

in

sanitized quarters, and work in

buildings

protected by high tech. That city of

the

future has come true. An editorial in

the Detroit Free Press said that

city was

Detroit.

Domestic tranquility is roughly the

same [in 1999 as in 1969] in spite of

the increase in prison building. On

the other hand, we haven‟t had an

increase in justice. We have 25

percent of all our young children,

living in poverty. We have the

greatest inequality in terms of wealth

and income and wages in the

[industrialized] world. One of every

three African-Americans is in prison,

on probation or on parole at any one

With Senator Edward Kennedy

33

time – and one out of every two in

cities.

That is a direct result of the racial

bias in our sentencing system and

our mandatory minimum sentences.

For example, crack-cocaine

sentences are longer, and crack

cocaine is used more by minorities.

Powder cocaine sentences are

shorter, and powder cocaine is used

more by whites. The result is that our

prison populations are

disproportionately filled with racial

minorities. Yet, at the same time,

prison building has become a kind of

economic development policy for

[white] communities which send

lobbyists to Washington.

In addition, the National Violence Commission updates were covered by news stories in

the Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Newsweek and USA Today, interviews of Curtis

on NPR, and editorials in the Detroit Free Press, Philadelphia Daily News and Chicago

Tribune, among other media.89

For example, the 1999 Detroit Free Press Editorial focused on the Violence

Commission‟s 1969 “city of the future” prediction of “suburban neighborhoods,

increasingly far-removed from the central city, with homes fortified by an array of

security devices; high-speed police-patrolled expressways becoming sterilized corridors

connecting safe areas [and] urban streets that will be unsafe in differing degrees…That

was in 1969. Sounds line any metropolitan area you know?”90

In 2012, after the massacre of 20 school children at Sandy Hook Elementary School in

Newtown, Connecticut, the Washington Post published commentary by Curtis that

reminded the nation of how, in 1969, a majority of National Violence Commission

members, including both Republicans and Democrats, recommended confiscation of most

handguns, restrictions on new handgun ownership to those who could demonstrate

reasonable need, and identification of rifle and shotgun owners. Given that America is

the only advanced industrialized nation in the world without effective firearms

regulations and given that America, not surprisingly, therefore leads the industrialized

world in firearms killings, Curtis believes a new grassroots coalition against firearms in

America should build on the recommendations of the National Violence Commission and

better integrate the advocacy of, among others, the Brady Campaign, Mayors Against

Illegal Guns, the Children‟s Defense Fund, racial minorities, women, outraged parents,

34

teachers, youthful voters, grandparents and voters who view firearms control as a key

policy against terrorist acts and mass killings.91

Congressional Testimony, Lectures, Speeches and Trusteeships

Curtis has testified before the House Committee

on Education and Labor; Senate Committee on

Banking; Housing and Urban Affairs; House

Committee on the Judiciary; Committee on

House Ways and Means Committee; House

Committee on Science and Technology; Black

Congressional Caucus; House Select Committee

on Narcotics Abuse and Control; and House

Select Committee on Aging.

Curtis has made presentations on the themes of the Presidential Commissions and the

evidence on what works at many leading universities – including Harvard (the Kennedy

School of Government and the School of Education), Oxford (All Souls College and the

Centre for Criminological Research), Cambridge (the Institute of Criminology and St.

Johns College), the Sorbonne (the Institute of American Studies), Stanford (the Graduate

School of Education ), Columbia (the National Center for Children in Poverty), and

Dartmouth.

Curtis has spoken at a wide range of forums and conferences, sponsored, for example, by:

the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the American Bar Association, the American

Correctional Association, the American Youth Policy Forum, Americans for Democratic

Action, the Center for Constitutional Rights, the Century Foundation, the Children‟s

Defense Fund, the City Club of Cleveland, the Coalition for Juvenile Justice, the

Conference of Minority Public Administrators, the Congressional Black Caucus

Foundation, the Council on Foundations, the Economic Policy Institute, Faith Action for

Community Equity, Family Service America, the First, Second and Third International

Symposia on Victimology (in Israel, Japan and Germany), the Head Start National

Research Conference, Independent Sector, the International City Management

Association, the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders

(England), Members of the British Parliament, the National Association of Community

Action Agencies, the National Association of Planning Councils, the National Center for

Children in Poverty, the National Civic League, the National Coalition of Title I Chapter

1 Parents, the National Conference of Editorial Writers, the National Congress for

Community Economic Development, the National Council of Churches, the National

Council of La Raza, the National Education Association, the National Labor College, the

National Neighborhood Coalition, the New Hampshire Institute of Politics, the Northern

Ireland Voluntary Trust (Belfast), the Quality Education for Minorities Network, the

Society of Professional Journalists, United Neighborhood Centers of America and the

Youth Build National Forum on Building Political Will.

35

Curtis has served as a Trustee or Officer of many organizations, including, for example,

the Congressional Human Rights Foundation, the American Academy of Political and

Social Science, Partners for Democratic Change, the National African American Male

Collaboration, the National Criminal Justice Commission, the Cultural Environmental

Movement, and the Real News Network International Founding Committee.

Through his Board Memberships on the

Congressional Human Rights Foundation

and Partners for Democratic Change, as well

as through initiatives of the Eisenhower

Foundation, Curtis has advocated for open

societies, democratic freedoms, human rights

and social justice in Northern Ireland,

Eastern Europe, South Africa, Tibet and

China.

Advocating for Human Rights

36

Footnotes

1. Behrendt, David F. “Pulaski Pupil Drives on Rationed Energy.” Milwaukee

Journal, May 27, 1961; Pabst, Georgia, “Grant Will Help Students Make Their

Way to College.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, November 20, 2010.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/MJS%20Article%20on%20Milwauke

e%20Quantum%20Grand%20Opening.pdf.

2. Ibid.

3. Kaufman, Michael T. “Marvin E. Wolfgang, 73, Dies; Leading Figure in

Criminology.” New York Times, April 18, 1998.

4. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Final Report:

To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquility. Washington DC:

Government Printing Office, December 1969; Mulvihill, Donald J. and Melvin M.

Tumin with Lynn A. Curtis, Crimes of Violence. Task Force Report on Individual

Acts of Violence, National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of

Violence. Three Volumes. Washington DC: Government Printing Office,

December 1969.

5. Herbers, John. “Panel Sees Crime Turning the Cities Into Armed Camps.” New

York Times, November 24, 1969; Mulvihill and Tumin with Curtis, Ibid.

6. Curtis, Lynn A. Criminal of Violence: National Patterns and Behavior. D.C.

Heath: Lexington Books. Lexington, MA: 1974.

7. Carr-Hill, R.A. “Review of Criminal Violence.” British Journal of Criminology,

Volume 16, Number 3, July 1976.

8. Curtis, Criminal Violence (1974), op. cit.

9. Curtis, Lynn A. Violence, Race and Culture. D.C. Heath: Lexington Books,

Lexington MA: 1975.

10. Curtis, Criminal Violence (1974), op. cit.

11. Roucek, Joseph S. “Review of Criminal Violence.” Social Forces, Volume 54,

Number 3, March 1976.

12. NBC News Reports. “Violence in America.” 8-11 PM, Wednesday, January 5,

1977.

13. Curtis, Lynn A. “Victim Precipitation,” In Halleck, S., et. al., Aldine Crime and

Justice Annual, 1974. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1975.

37

14. Curtis, Criminal Violence (1974), op. cit.

15. Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York

Ballantin Books, 1993. See especially pp. 184 and 354-355. First published:

New York: Random House, 1975.

16. Ibid.

17. See, for example, Bobdanich, Walt. “Reporting Rape and Wishing She Hadn‟t.”

New York Times, July 13, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/us/how-

one-college-handled-a-sexual-assault-complaint.html.

18. McIntyre, Jennie, Thelma Myint and Lynn A. Curtis. “Victim Response to

Sexual Assault: Alternative Outcomes. Washington DC: Bureau of Social

Science Research, Inc., December 1979.

19. Curtis, Lynn A. “The Politics of Consensus.” Social Policy, January/February,

1977.

20. Rainwater, Lee. Behind Ghetto Walls: Black Families in a Federal Slum.

Chicago: Aldine, 1970.

21. Curtis, Lynn A. “Book Review of The Unheavenly City.” Issues in Criminology,

Volume 6, Number 2, Summer 1971. Curtis, Lynn A. “The Conservative New

Criminology.” Society, March/April 1977.

22. Watson, Jerome. “Co-ordinated Urban Effort Tough Task For New Panel.”

Chicago Sun Times, May, 1977; Scruggs-Leftwich, Yvonne. Consensus and

Compromise: Creating the First National Urban Policy Under President Carter.

Lanham MD: University Press of America.

23. Curtis, Lynn A. “Violence Crime Against the Elderly.” Testimony Before the

House Select Committee on Aging. Washington DC, June 1978.

24. Letter from Congressman Claude Pepper to Jay Janis, Under Secretary,

Department of Housing and Urban Development. July 6, 1978.

25. Curtis, Lynn A. Interagency Urban Initiatives Anti-Crime Program. First Annual

Report to Congress. Washington DC: United States Department of Housing and

Urban Development, March 1980.

26. Curtis, Lynn A. (Interviewed by Jan Frohman.) “Anti-Crime Program Will Be

Broad in Scope.” Washington DC: Developments of Criminal Justice Monthly.

National League of Cities, July 9, 1979.

38

27. Hayes, John G. The Impact of Citizen Involvement in Preventing Crime in Public

Housing: A Report on the Interagency Urban Initiatives Anti-Crime Program.

Charlotte NC: Housing Authority of the City of Charlotte, January 1982.

28. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Final Report. Washington

DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1968; National Commission on the

Causes and Prevention of Violence (1969), op. cit.

29. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Ibid.

30. National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (1969), op. cit.

31. See http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/trustees.php.

32. Ibid.

33. Curtis, Lynn A., American Violence and Public Policy (Editor) New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1985. See page 206; Curtis, Lynn A. and Elliott Currie. Youth

Investment and Community Reconstruction: Street Lessons on Drugs and Crime

for the Nineties. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1990:

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/youth%20investment.pdf.

34. Curtis, Lynn A. “Doing What Works.” Testimony Before the House Committee

on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, U.S. House of

Representatives, Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, July 11, 1991;

Curtis Lynn A. Investing in Children and Youth: Reconstructing Our Cities: A

Twenty Five Year Update of the National Advisory Commission on Civil

Disorders. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1993:

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/doing%20what%20works_2.pdf. See

page 25; Obama, Barack, Inaugural Address, Washington DC, January 20, 2009.

35. Curtis (1985), op. cit; See page 218; Curtis and Currie (1990), op.cit.

36. Curtis (1985), op.cit.; Curtis and Currie (1990), op.cit. See page 65; Curtis, Lynn

A. Youth Investment and Police Mentoring. Washington DC. The Eisenhower

Foundation 1997: http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/YIPM_opt.pdf, see

page 11.

37. Mulvihill and Tumin with Curtis (1969), op. cit; Curtis (1985), op cit; Curtis,

Lynn A. and Elliott Currie. To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquility:

A Thirty Year Update of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention

of Violence. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/justice.pdf; Curtis (1993), op. cit;

Curtis, Lynn A. and Fred R. Harris. The Millennium Breach: Richer, Poorer and

Racially Apart: A Thirty Year Update of the National Advisory Commission on

Civil Disorders. Washington, DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/millennium.pdf; Curtis, Lynn A.

39

What Together We Can Do: A Forty Year Update of the National Advisory

Commission on Civil Disorders, Washington DC, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Kerner%2040%20Year%20Update,%

20Executive%20Summary.pdf.

38. Chavis, David M., R. Kopacsi and W. Tatum. A Retrospective Examination of

Around the Corner to the World. New Brunswick: Center for Community

Education, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 1989.

39. Curtis and Currie (1990), op.cit.

40. Curtis, Lynn A. Lessons From the Street: Capacity Building and Replication.

Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 2001.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/lessons.pdf

41. Carnegie Corporation. A Matter of Time: Risk and Opportunity in the Nonschool

House. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 1992.

42. Curtis (1997), op. cit.

43. Curtis (1997), op. cit.

44. Curtis (1997), op. cit.

45. Currie, Elliott. Crime and Punishment in America. New York: Henry Holt and

Company, 1998. See page 178.

46. Curtis (1997), op. cit.

47. Curtis (1997), op. cit. See page 45.

48. See: The Eisenhower Foundation. Youth Investment and Police Mentoring: The

Third Generation. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 2011.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Bluebook,%20Gen3.pdf;

Hillenbrand, Barry. “Kobans and Robbers.” Time.com, April 20, 2001; and

Curtis (1997), op. cit.

49. ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings. “Reducing Crime.” Washington

DC: ABC News, February 18, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/ABC.Feb18.pdf

50. Eisenhower Foundation (2011), op. cit.

51. Dryfoos, Joy. Adolescents at Risk. New York: Oxford University Press,

1990.Giroux, Wendy. "Tukwila's After-School Program Closes Gap", South

County Journal, Kent, Washington, February 24, 2001.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/SCJ2001Feb24_Tukwilasafterschool.

40

pdf. Meadows, Robyn "Clearing the Way for Learning", Lancaster New Era,

Lancaster, PA, June 26, 2006.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Lancaster_FSCS.pdf. Hawkins,

Megan "A Summer School Less Ordinary in D.M.", The Des Moines Register,

Des Moines, IA, July 19, 2006.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/DesMonines071906.pdf.

52. Center for Visionary Leadership. A Guide to Best Practices. Washington DC:

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1998.

53. CBS Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood. Cover Story: “A Dream Deferred,”

March 26, 1995. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/CBS_Mar26.pdf;

BBC Radio 5 Live, “Nick Bryant in Washington, March 30, April 1 and April 3,

1998. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/BBCmar30.pdf; Janofsky,

Michael. “In Japan-Style Booths, Police are Stationed at Center of Action. “New

York Times, July 31, 1995.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/NYTImesInJapanStyleBoothsJuly95.

pdf; Reid, T.R. and Lena Sun. “DC Police Import Japanese Method.”

Washington Post, December 22, 1994.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WashPostDCPoliceImport_Dec22.pdf

; Peirce, Neal R. “Kobans and Safe Havens – the Formula We‟ve Been Waiting

For?” Washington Post, February 22, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WashingtonPost_Feb22.pdf;

Reubenfein, Elizabeth. “U.S. Police Walk Different Beat in Japan.” Asian Wall

Street Journal, January 13-14, 1989.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WallStJ.AsianUSPoliceWalkDiffJan8

9.pdf; Allan, Rob. “A Fighting Chance”. Guardian, August 7, 1997.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/GuardianAFightingChanceAug7.pdf;

Economist, “Fighting Crime Japanese-Style.” August 7-13, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/economistAug7.pdf; Pellegrine,

Denise. “U.S. Cops Here to Scan Japanese Police Tactics,” Ashai Evening News,

November 8, 1988; Nakajima, Kenichiro. “Koban.” Mianchi Shimbun, February

19, 1994; Hillenbrand, Barry. “Kobans and Robbers.” Time.com, April 20, 2001.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/KobansandRobbers_TIME_April20-

2001.pdf; Cose, Ellis. “Cracks in the Thin Blue Line.” Newsweek, April 10,

2000. Also see the selected stories list, below, for regional newspapers and

television stories.

54. New York Times Editorial Board. “The Death of Michael Brown: Racial History

Behind the Ferguson Protests, August 12, 2014; Robinson, Eugene. “Freddie

Gray Never Had a Chance.” Washington Post, May 1, 2015; Curtis and Currie

(1999), op.cit.; and Harcourt, Bernard E. Illusion of Order: The False Promise of

Broken Windows Policing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.

55. Curtis, Lynn A. and Tawana Bandy. The Quantum Opportunities Program: A

Randomized Control Evaluation. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation

2015.

41

56. Ibid.

57. See: http://www.nationalmentoringresourcecenter.org/index.php/what-works-in-

mentoring/reviews-of-mentoring-programs.html.

58. See: https://www.youtube.com/embed/xj5cO9FelWo; Daley, Lauren. "Making a

Quantum Leap; At-Risk Students Soar in NorthStar Program," South Coast

Today, New Bedford, MA, April 10, 2012,

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/NewBedford_04102012.pdf;

Briseno, Elaine D. “West Mesa Sees a Rise in Its Graduation Rates,”

Albuquerque Journal, Albuquerque, NM, June 15, 2013,

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/pdfs/AlbuquerqueJournal.pdf, Hernandez,

Graciela. “Program Opens Up the Future Toward College,” Milwaukee Journal-

Sentinel, Milwaukee, WI, August 29, 2013,

http://www.jsonline.com/news/opinion/program-opens-up-the-future-toward-

college-b9983810z1-221717271.html.

59. Kirp, David L. “Left Behind No Longer.” New York Times, December 1, 2015.

60. Curtis (1993), op cit. See pages 103-104. McNamee, Tom. “Project Prepare

Hailed as Career Boost for Kids,” Chicago Sun-Times, November 14, 1990;

Allen, Larue. An Evaluation of the Argus Learning for Living Program. Final

Report on HHS Grant 0090PD1403. Washington DC: Eisenhower Foundation,

1990; Eisenhower Foundation. Replication of the South Bronx Argus Learning

for Living Center. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/argus.pdf; Johnson, Patti, “Teen Mom

Praises Project,” Des Moines Register, July 24, 1996; Curtis and Bandy (2015),

op. cit; Drake, Emily Boer and Steven LaFrance. Findings on Youth Employment

Training Best Practices. San Francisco: LaFrance Associates, September 2006,

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/YET%20Best%20Practices.pdf;

Drake, Emily Boer and Steven LaFrance, Findings on Best Practices of

Community Re-Entry Programs for Previously Incarcerated Persons. LaFrance

Associates: San Francisco: May 2007.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Ex-

Offender%20Best%20Practices.pdf; Eller, Donnelle. “$250,000 Grant a Boost for

Green Jobs Training,” Des Moines Register, Des Moines, IA, January 7, 2011,

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/desmoinesregister_jan2011.pdf;

Reynolds, David. “Gemeinschaft Home Graduates Excited and Anxious,”

Harrisonburg Daily-News Record. January 20, 2007.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Gemeinschaft_graduation_012007.pd

f

61. Curtis, Lynn A. “Welfare Reform That Can Work.” New York Times, November,

20, 1995.

42

62. Shriver, Mark R. “We Know What Works.” Baltimore Sun, March 16, 1991.

63. Curtis, Lynn A. and Elliott Currie. “Youth Investment and Community

Reconstruction: Street Lessons on Crime and Drugs in The Nineties.”

Eisenhower Foundation: Washington DC, 1990;

https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=129174.

64. Curtis and Currie (1990), op. cit.; Broder, David S. “Program, Not Prisons,”

Washington Post, November 14, 1990.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WashPostProgramsNotPrisons.pdf;

Economist, “Crime in America,” December 22, 1990.

65. Curtis (1997), op. cit; ABC World News Tonight (1998), op. cit; BBC (1998), op.

cit; Peirce (1998), op. cit; Economist (1999), op. cit; and Hillenbrand (2001), op.

cit; and Cose (2000), op. cit. Also see the list of media stories on the Foundation,

below, for much more regional and local coverage.

66. Curtis, Lynn A. Lessons from the Street: Capacity Building and Replication,

Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 2000.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/lessons.pdf; Curtis, Lynn A.

“Lessons from the Street: Capacity Building and Replication,” Journal of

Nonprofit Management, Volume 9, Number 2, February 2000.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/JrnlNonprfitMngmnt_LessonsfrmStre

et.pdf; Greene, Stephen G. “Getting the Basics Right,” Chronicle of

Philanthropy, May 3, 2001.

67. CBS Sunday Morning with Charles Kuralt. Cover Story: “Kerner Commission

Update.” February 28, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/cbssmFeb2893.pdf; New York Times,

“Report Faults U.S. In Handling Riots: Group Urges New Methods to Stop Cycle

of Uprisings,” March 1, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/NYTimesReportFaultsUSMar93.pdf;

Vobejda, Barbara. “Little Progress is Seen on Urban Ills Since 1968,”

Washington Post, February 28, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/washingtonFeb28.pdf; Ostrow, Ron.

“New Report Echoes „Two Societies‟ Warning of 1968 Kerner Commission,” Los

Angeles Times, February 28, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/latimesFeb2893.pdf; Osborne, David.

“America‟s Black-White Divide Has Got Worse,” Independent, March 1, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Indep_AmericaBlack-

WhiteDivideDec1.pdf; Stanfield, Rochelle. “Building Two Way Streets in the

Cities,” National Journal, March 6, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/njMar693.pdf; Lewis, Anthony. “The

Two Societies,” New York Times, March 1, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/NYTimesTheTwoSocietiesMar98.pdf

; Broder, David S. “Still Two Societies,” Washington Post, March 3, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/washingtonpostMar3.pdf; and CBS

43

Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood. Cover Story: “A Dream Deferred,”

March 20, 1993. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/CBS_Mar26.pdf.

68. Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Family Employment and Reconstruction Policy Based

on What Works. Milwaukee: Family Service America, Inc., 1995. CBS Sunday

Morning with Charles Osgood. "A Dream Deferred," Washington, DC, March 26,

1995. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/CBS_Mar26.pdf.

69. Harris, Fred R. and Lynn A. Curtis. Locked in the Poorhouse: Cities, Race and

Poverty in the United States. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998; Curtis

Lynn A. and Fred R. Harris. The Millennium Breach: Richer, Poorer and

Racially Apart. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/millennium.pdf.

70. ABC World News Tonight with Peter Jennings. “Racial Divide,” March 2, 1998;

NBC Nightly News with Jack Ford. “The Kerner Commission 30 Years Later,”

March 1, 1998. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/NBCmar1.pdf; CNN

Network World News. “Kerner Commission Update,” March 1, 1998; National

Public Radio: Locked in the Poorhouse Interview by Kojo Nnamdi with Fred

Harris and Lynn Curtis, March 18, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/lockedmar10.pdf; BBC Radio 5 Live.

Nick Bryant in Washington, March 30, April 1 and April 2, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/BBCmar30.pdf; Fletcher, Michael A.

“Kerner Prophecy on Race Relations Came True, Report Says,” Washington Post,

March 1, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WashPostKernerProphecyMar1.pdf;

Rubin, Alissa. “Racial Divide Widens, Study Says,” Los Angeles Times, March 1,

1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/LATimesRacialDivideWidensMar1.p

df; Newsweek. “Two Societies,” February 23, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/newsweekfeb2398updated.pdf; and

the Chronicle of Philanthropy. Marchetti, Domenica. “Charities Must Work to

Build on Successes in Fight Against Poverty, Report Says.”

71. PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer. “A Nation Divided?” A Debate on the

Eisenhower Foundation‟s Thirty Year Update of the Kerner Riot Commission,”

March 2, 1998. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/a_nation_divided.pdf.

72. Ivory, Patricia W. “Locked in the Poorhouse: Cities, Race and Poverty in the

United States.” Families in Society, Volume 81, Number 1, January 2000.

73. Currie, Elliott. “Inequality and Violence in Our Cities.” Wall Street Journal,

March 23, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/wallstreetMar2398.pdf; Curtis, Lynn

A. “Kerner Update Used Scientific Evidence,” Chronicle of Philanthropy, April

9, 1998.

44

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/ChronPhilanthropyKnUpdtApr98.pdf;

and Curtis, Lynn A. “Supply-Side Policies of the 1980s Opened Up a Class

Breach,” Washington Times, April 27, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WashTimesSupplysidepollicies.pdf.

74. Eisenhower Foundation. “A Senate Forum: Schools, Jobs and Prisons:

Commemorating the Release of Locked in the Poorhouse,” Washington DC:

Eisenhower Foundation, March 8, 1999; Eisenhower Foundation. “The State of

the Debate,” Forum at the Century Foundation on Patriotism, Democracy and

Common Sense. New York, February 15, 2005. See

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/century_curtis.pdf; Eisenhower

Foundation, “National Media Forum on Poverty, Inequality and Race: Forty

Years After the Kerner Commission,” Washington DC, December 12, 2006.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/media_forum.php; Eisenhower Foundation.

Forum on Public Morality. Washington DC, October 24-25, 2005.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/baroni_forum.php; Eisenhower

Foundation. Poverty, Inequality and Race: Forty Years After the Kerner

Commission and Twenty Five Years After the Scarman Report. Paris, June 6,

2007. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/news.php; Eisenhower Foundation.

Poverty, Race, Inequality and Crime in Detroit Since the 1960s: A Hearing for

the Citizens of Detroit. Detroit, Wayne State University, November 17, 2007.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/detroit_forum.php; Eisenhower

Foundation. Poverty, Race, Inequality and Crime in Newark Since the 1960s. A

Hearing for the Citizens of Newark. Newark, December 1, 2007.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/newark_forum.php.

75. Curtis, Lynn A. The Other American and the Failure of Welfare Reform.

Washington DC: Eisenhower Foundation, 2002.

76. Raspberry, William. “Two Storms, Ample Warning,” Washington Post,

September 6, 2005.

77. Curtis, Alan. What Together We Can Do: A Forty Year Update of the National

Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Washington DC: The Eisenhower

Foundation, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Kerner%2040%20Year%20Update,%

20Executive%20Summary.pdf.

78. Ibid.

79. PBS Bill Moyers Journal. “Forty Years After the Kerner Commission,” March

28, 2008. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/03282008/profile.html.

80. Brooke, Edward W. “King and Kerner: An Unfinished Agenda,” Washington

Post, April 3, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/King%20and%20Kerner.pdf

45

81. Cose, Ellis. “It Was Always Headed Here,” Newsweek, March 31, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/ellis_cose.pdf; Pilkington, Ed.

“Katine: It Starts with a Village, Guardian, March 13, 2008;

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/ed_pilkington.pdf; Bello, Marisol.

“Programs for Urban Blacks Lauded,” USA Today, February 28, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/marisol_bello.pdf; Nichols, Darren.

“Kerner Commission: Not Enough Progress Made on Poverty: Detroit News,

February 28, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/darren_nichols.pdf; Pabst, Georgia.

“Milwaukee Reflects Grim Statistics,” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, February 29,

2008. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Milwaukee_Reflects_February_29_2

008.pdf; Lerner, Richard. “Still Separate and Unequal 40 Years After Kerner,”

Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, February 29, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Still_Separate_February_29_2008.pdf

.

82. Currie, Elliott. “Economic, Social and Family Factors Craft Inner City Hurdles,”

USA Today, March 6, 2008; Currie, Elliott. “40 Years After the Kerner Report,”

Washington Times, March 13, 2008.

83. See:

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Kerner%2040%20Year%20Update,%

20Executive%20Summary.pdf;

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Kerner%2040%20Year%20Update,%

20Executive%20Summary.pdf;

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/video/curtis_cleveland.html;

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/video/curtis_stanselm.html; Detroit

Documentary Productions and Daniel Falconer Director, Deforce, A Documentary

on Detroit. Detroit, 2010.

84. Curtis (1985), op. cit.; Curtis and Currie (1999), op. cit.

85. CBS Evening News with Dan Rather. Crime and Punishment: An Update of the

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence,” March 5-6,

1985; Eisenhower Foundation, Eisenhower Foundation Kennedy School Forum

on American Violence and Public Policy. Cambridge: Harvard University,

March 5, 1985. http://www.iop.harvard.edu/content/violence-revisited; Curtis,

Lynn A., Special Editor, “Policies to Prevent Crime: Neighborhood, Family and

Employment Strategies,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and

Social Science. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Volume 404, Number

1987.

46

86. Curtis, (1987), Ibid.

87. Hallahan, Kathleen M. “Why So Violent?” Foundation News, May/June, 1986.

88. PBS News Hour with Jim Lehrer. “Violence in America.” A Debate on the

Eisenhower Foundation‟s Thirty Year Update of the National Commission on the

Causes and Prevention of Violence. December 16, 1999.

89. Curtis (1985), op. cit; Curtis and Currie (1999), op. cit; Vise, David A. and

Lorraine Adams. “Despite Rhetoric, Violent Crime Rate Climbs,” Washington

Post, December 5, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WashPostDespiteRhetDec5.pdf;

Fletcher, Michael A. “The Crime Conundrum,” Washington Post, January 16,

2000.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WashPostCrimeConumdrum_Jan16.p

df; Lichtblau, Eric. “U.S. Crime Study Sees A Society in Trouble,” Los Angeles

Times, December 6, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/latimesDec699.pdf; National Public

Radio: Morning Edition. “Violence in the Sixties – And Now,” December 10,

1999. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/NPRdec10.pdf; National

Public Radio: On Line with Brian Lehrer. “Violence Commission Update,”

January 4, 2000. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/WNYCJan4.pdf;

Newsweek. “Crime: A Second Look,” December 13, 1999; Fields, Gary.

“Violence Report Targets Proliferation of Guns,” USA Today, December 10,

1999. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/USAtodayDec10.pdf; Detroit

Free Press. Editorial. “ ‟69 Predictions Ring True,” December 12, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/DetriotFreePressFightingCrimeDec12

.pdf; Philadelphia Daily News. Editorial. “We Are All Victims: How Violence

Divides Us, Binds Us,” December 9, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/communicate_media.php; Chicago

Tribune. Editorial. “A Sobering View of Crime‟s Decline,” December 27, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/ChicagoTribune12_27_99.pdf.

90. Detroit Free Press, Ibid.

91. Curtis, Alan. “Letter to the Editor,” Washington Post, December 24, 2010.

Bibliography

1. Books and Book Length Reports By Alan Curtis

Curtis, Lynn A., Co-author (with Donald J. Mulvihill and Melvin M. Tumin.) Crimes of

Violence: A Staff Report Submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and

Prevention of Violence. (In three volumes.) Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing

Office, December, 1969.

47

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Criminal Violence: National Patterns and Behaviors.

Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company: Lexington Books, 1974.

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Violence, Race and Culture. Lexington: D.C. Heath and

Company: Lexington Books, 1975.

Curtis, Lynn A., Co-Author (with Jennie McIntyre and Thelma Myint). Victim

Responses To Sexual Assault: Alternative Outcomes. Washington DC: Bureau of Social

Science Research, Inc., December 1979.

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Interagency Urban Initiatives Anti-Crime Program. First

Annual Report to Congress. Washington DC: United States Department of Housing and

Urban Development: March 1980.

Curtis, Lynn A., Editor. American Violence and Public Policy: An Update of the

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1985.

Curtis, Lynn A., Editor. Policies To Prevent Crime: Neighborhood, Family and

Employment Strategies. Philadelphia: Annals of the American Academy of Political and

Social Science, November, 1987.

Curtis, Lynn A., Co-Author (with Elliott Currie). Youth Investment and Community

Reconstruction: Street Lessons on Drugs and Crime for the Nineties. Washington, D.C.,

The Eisenhower Foundation, 1990.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/youth%20investment.pdf

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Investing in Children and Youth, Reconstructing Our Cities: A

Twenty Five Year Update of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders.

Washington, D.C.: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1993.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/doing%20what%20works_2.pdf

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Family Employment and Reconstruction Policy Based on What

Works. Milwaukee: Family Service America, Inc., 1995.

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Youth Investment and Police Mentoring. Washington, D.C:

The Eisenhower Foundation, 1997.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/YIPM_opt.pdf

Curtis, Lynn A., Co-Author (with Fred R. Harris). The Millennium Breach: Richer,

Poorer and Racially Apart. A Thirty Year Update of the National Advisory Commission

in Civil Disorders. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1998.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/millennium.pdf

48

Curtis, Lynn A., Co-Editor (with Fred R. Harris). Locked In The Poorhouse: Cities,

Race and Poverty In The United States. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers,

1998.

Curtis, Lynn A., Co-Author (with Elliott Currie). To Establish Justice, To Insure

Domestic Tranquility: A Thirty Year Update of the National Commission on the Causes

and Prevention of Violence. Washington, DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 1999.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/justice.pdf

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. Lessons From The Street: Capacity Building and Replication.

Washington, DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, 2001.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/lessons.pdf

Curtis, Alan, Editor. Patriotism, Democracy and Common Sense: Restoring America’s

Promise At Home and Abroad. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2004.

Curtis, Alan, Author. What Together We Can Do. A Forty Year Update of the National

Advisory Commission in Civil Disorders. Washington, DC: The Eisenhower

Foundation, 2008.

http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Kerner%2040%20Year%20Update,%20Exec

utive%20Summary.pdf

Curtis, Alan, Co-Author (with D.J. Ervin). The Quantum Opportunities Program:

Principal Replication Findings. Washington, DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, March

2012. http://www.eisenhowerfoundation.org/docs/Quantum_Evaluation.pdf

Curtis, Alan, Co-Author (with Tawana Bandy). The Quantum Opportunities Program: A

Randomized Control Evaluation. Washington, DC: The Eisenhower Foundation, May

2015.

Selected Congressional Testimony by Alan Curtis

Curtis, Lynn A. “Violence and Youth.” Testimony to the House Committee on Science

and Technology, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Scientific Planning

Analysis and Cooperation. Hearings on Research Into Violent Behavior. New York,

NY, January 10, 1978.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Violent Crime Against The Elderly.” Testimony Before the House

Select Committee on Aging. Washington DC, June 1978.

Curtis, Lynn A. "The National Drug Control Strategy and Inner City Policy." Testimony

Before the House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. United States

Congress. Washington, D.C.: The Eisenhower Foundation, November 15, 1989.

49

Curtis, Lynn A. "Doing What Works." Testimony Before the House Committee on Ways

and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures. Washington, D.C.: The

Eisenhower Foundation, July 11, 1991.

Curtis, Lynn A. "Lord, How Dare We Celebrate?" Testimony Before the House

Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Human Resources at the

Reauthorization Hearings for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Washington, D.C.: The Eisenhower Foundation, February 5, 1992.

Curtis, Lynn A. “The State of Urban America.” Testimony Before the Senate Committee

on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. Hearings on the Issues of the Conditions of Our

Nation‟s Cities and Urban Communities Across America Since the 1992 Riots in Los

Angeles. Washington DC, April 28, 1993.

Curtis, Lynn A. “The Taking Back Our Streets Act of 1995.” House Committee on the

Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. Washington DC, January 19-20, 1995.

Curtis, Lynn A. “What Works: Cost-Effective Investments in African American Men,

Youth and Children.” Testimony Before the Black Congressional Caucus State of the

African American Male Hearings. Washington DC: The Eisenhower Foundation,

November 15, 2003.

2. Selected Articles By Alan Curtis

Curtis, Lynn A. “Book Review of The Unheavenly City.” Issues in Criminology,

Volume 6, Number 2, Summer 1971.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Victim Precipitation and Violent Crime,” Social Problems, April, 1974.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Victim Precipitation,” In Halleck, et.al, Aldine Crime and Justice

Annual, 1974. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1975.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Sexual Combat: Against Our Will,” Society, May/June 1976.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Present and Future Measures of Victimization in Forcible Rape.” In

Walker, Marcia J. and Stanley J. Broadsky, Editors. Sexual Assault. Lexington: DC

Heath and Company; Lexington Books, 1976.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Rape, Race and Culture: Some Speculations in Search of A Theory.”

In Walker, Marcia J. and Stanley J. Broadsky, Editors. Sexual Assault. Lexington: DC

Heath and Company: Lexington Books, 1976.

Curtis, Lynn A. “The Politics of Consensus,” Social Policy, January/February 1977.

Curtis, Lynn A. “The Conservative New Criminology,” Society, March/April 1977.

50

Curtis, Lynn A. “Violence Personality Deterrence and Culture,” Journal of Research in

Crime and Delinquency, July 1978.

Curtis, Lynn A. (Interviewed by Jan Frohman.) “Anticrime Program Will Be Broad in

Scope.” Washington, DC: Developments in Criminal Justice Monthly, National League

of Cities, July 9, 1979.

Curtis, Lynn A. “What‟s New In Murder,” New Republic, 26 January, 1980.

Curtis, Lynn A. Inflation, Economic Policy and the Inner City.” In Wolfgang, Marvin

E., Social Effects of Inflation, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social

Science, Volume 456, July 1981.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Victimization and its Concentration: Crime Prevention and Public

Housing in the United States.” In Schneider, Hans Joachin, Editor. The Victim In

International Perspective. Papers Given at the Third International Symposium on

Victimology, 1979, Minister, Germany. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Co., 1982.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Thomas Jefferson, the Kerner Commission and the Retreat of Folly.”

In Harris, Fred R. and Roger Wilkins, Editors. Quiet Riots. New York: Pantheon, 1988.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Race and Violent Crime: Toward a New Policy.” In Weiner, Neil Alan

and Marvin E. Wolfgang, Editors. Violence Crime, Violent Criminals. Newburg Park:

Sage Publication, 1989.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Welfare Reform That Can Work,” New York Times, November 20,

1995.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Investing in What Works,” Nation, January 8/15, 1996, p. 18.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Kerner Update Used Scientific Evidence,” Chronicle of Philanthropy,

April 9, 1998.

Curtis, Lynn A. “A Long Way to Go,” Chicago Sun-Times, April 26, 1998.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Supply-Side Policies of the 1980s Opened Up a Class Breach,”

Washington Times, April 27, 1998.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Foundation Clarifies Main Points of Study on Violence,” Washington

Times, February 15, 2000.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Fairfax's Digital Divide,” Washington Post, March 26, 2000.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Inequality in Retreat,” New York Times, April 14, 2000.

51

Curtis, Lynn A., Co-Author. (With William A. Spriggs.) “Leave No One Behind: A

Policy Framework on Poverty, Race and Justice.” In Robert L. Borosage and Roger

Hickey. The Next Agenda: Blueprint for a New Progressive Movement. Boulder, CO:

Westview Press, January 26, 2001.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Here They Come Ready or Not,” Washington Post, August 12, 2001.

Curtis, Lynn A., Author. “Lessons From The Street: Capacity Building and

Replication.” Journal for Nonprofit Management. Volume 5, Number 1, Summer 2001.

Curtis, Lynn A. “We Know How To Win The War On Crime,” Plain Dealer, July 2,

2002.

Curtis, Lynn A. “Invest Tax Surplus in Poverty Solutions,” Honolulu Advertiser,

February 3, 2006.

Curtis, Alan. “Letter to the Editor,” New York Times, September, 18, 2012.

Curtis, Alan. “Letter to the Editor,” Washington Post, December 24, 2012.

1. Selected Media Stories on Eisenhower Foundation Policy Reports and

Programs: Poverty, Race, Inequality and Social Injustice

ABC World News Tonight With Peter Jennings. “Reducing Crime,” February 18, 1998.

ABC World News Tonight With Peter Jennings. “Racial Divide,” ABC News, March 2,

1998.

Abraham, Nathaniel. “Columbia Youth Safe Haven Hold Grand Opening,” Carolina

Panorama, February 10-16, 2011.

Alexander, Bill. “Eisenhower Report Urges „New Alliance‟ on Education, Jobs,” Youth

Today, Vol. 8, No. 4, April, 1999.

Allan, Rob. “A Fighting Chance,” Guardian, August 7, 1997.

Anderson, Charis. “ „Sky is the Limit‟ with New Dropout Prevention Program,”

SouthCoastToday.com, January 29, 2011.

Andrew. “In Iowa, Green Jobs for a Good Cause,” Green Jobs Ready, January 11, 2011.

Atlanta Journal Editorial. “U.S. Still Refuses To Spend Enough to Heal Inner Cities,

Report Says,” February 28, 1993.

Barnes, Denise. “Recalling A Look At Nation's Problems.” Washington Times, January

31, 1994.

52

Ballou, Brian R. “At-Risk Teens Embrace Their New Chance to Succeed,” The Boston

Globe, February 5, 2011.

BBC Radio 5 Live. “Nick Bryant in Washington,” March 30, April 1 and April 3, 1998.

Beifuss, John. “The Koban Initiative: Sources Join Forces to Help At-Risk Kids,”

Memphis Commercial Appeal, March 31, 1996.

Bello, Marisol, “Programs for Urban Blacks Lauded.” USA Today, February 28, 2008.

Boston Sunday Globe (Associated Press). “The Kerner Report, 30 Years Later,” March 1,

1998.

Blaz, Joanna, “St. Petersburg Intervention Program for Teens Gets a Cash Infusion,” St.

Petersburg Times, March 13, 2011.

Boustarry, Nora. “The „Sinister‟ Business of Jailing People,” Washington Post, October

23, 1998.

Broder, David S. “Youth Crime in the Cities: An American Action Plan,” Washington

Post Post, November 14, 1990.

Broder, David S. “Programs, Not Prisons,” Washington Post, November 14, 1990.

Broder, David S. “Still Two Societies,” Washington Post, March 3, 1993.

Brooke, Edward W. “King and Kerner: An Unfinished Agenda,” Washington Post, April

3, 2008.

Buckley, William, Jr. “Poverty and Crime Prevention,” Washington Times, Wednesday,

December 22, 1999. (See the February 15, 2000 reply by Alan Curtis.)

Bullock, Lorinda. “Tutoring Program Sees Success,” Clarion-Ledger, Jackson, MS,

April 10, 2006.

Burris, Jerry. “Hawaii‟s Next Social Revolution,” Honolulu Advertiser, Honolulu, HI,

February 19, 2006.

Cable Education Network Channel 17, New Bedford MA. “Voices For School

Improvement,” April 26, 2013.

Cardenas, Edward. “Kerner Commission Tackles Race, Poverty,” Detroit News,

November 17, 2007.

53

CBS Evening News with Dan Rather. “Crime and Punishment: An Update of the National

Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.” March 5, 1985 and March 6,

1985.

CBS Sunday Morning with Charles Kuralt. Cover Story: “Kerner Commission Update,”

February 28, 1993.

CBS Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood. Cover Story: “A Dream Deferred,” March

26, 1995.

Chicago Tribune. “Sobering View of Crime‟s Decline,” December 27, 1999.

Christian Science Monitor Editorial. “Progress and Need,” March 5, 1998.

CNN Network World News. “Kerner Commission Update,” March 1, 1998.

Cloonan, Patrick. “Eisenhower Event Brings Pittsburghers, Seattle People Together,”

Daily News, February 3, 2006.

Clow, Larry. “Student Program Helps Hurricane Victims in Mississippi,” Foster's

Online, June 28, 2006.

Clow, Larry. “Quantum Leap Soars in Dover,” Foster's Online, May, 29, 2006.

Coleman, Charlene. “Rays of Sunshine at Carver Terrace,” Washington Post, December

21, 2006.

Cooke, Russell. “W. Phila. Gets $66,000 to Fight Crime,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 2,

1983.

Cose, Ellis. “Cracks in the Thin Blue Line,” Newsweek, April 10, 2000.

Cose, Ellis. “It Was Always Headed Here.” Newsweek, March 31, 2008.

Court TV. “Pros & Cons: The National Violence Commission Thirty Years Later.” An

Interview with Fred Graham, December 9, 1999.

Currie, Elliott. “Inequality and Violence in Our Cities,” Wall Street Journal, March 23,

1998.

Currie, Elliott. “Economic, Social and Family Factors Craft Inner City Hurdles,” USA

Today, March 6, 2008 (a).

Currie, Elliott. “40 Years After the Kerner Report,” Washington Times, March 13, 2008

(b).

54

Daley, Lauren. “Making a Quantum Leap; At-Risk Students Soar in NorthStar Program,”

South Coast Today, April 10, 2012.

Daley, Lauren. “Quantum Students Take Leap Toward Their Futures,” South Coast

Today, May 14, 2013.

Davis, Martin. “Welfare, Faith, Hope and Charity,” National Journal Magazine, April 28,

2001.

Davis, Ron. “City Group Gets Grant to Study, Combat Crime,” Balitmore Sun, February

22, 1983.

Delpesce, Vernon and Alan Curtis. “Proven Programs Can Give the Poor Chance at

Success,” Des Moines Register, June 28, 2006.

Democrat and Chronicle Editorial. “A Nation Divided: Much Work Remains in

America‟s Ongoing Struggle Against Poverty and Racism,” March 3, 1998.

Des Moines Register. “Teen Mom Praises Project,” July 24, 1996.

Detroit Free Press Editorial. “Fighting Crime: Prisons Fill Up, Numbers Drop, but

Problems Linger,” December 12, 1999.

Economist. “Crime in America,” December 22, 1990.

Economist. "Fighting Crime, Japanese-Style," August 7-13, 1999.

Eller, Donnelle. “$250,000 Grant a Boost for Green Jobs Training,” Des Moines Register,

January 7, 2011.

Faux, Jeff. “A Net Loss for American Workers,” Washington Post, August 11, 1999.

Feehan, Jennifer. “School Safe Haven Program Offer Students Enrichment,” Toledo

Blade, February 24, 2011.

Fields, Gary. “Violence Report Targets Proliferation of Guns,” USA Today, December

10, 1999.

Fletcher, Michael A. “Kerner Prophecy on Race Relations Came True, Report Says:

Despite Progress, Foundation Finds „Separate and Unequal‟ Societies More Deeply

Rooted,” Washington Post, March 1, 1998.

Fletcher, Michael A. “The Crime Conundrum,” Washington Post, January 16, 2000.

Frost, Patty. “Putting the Neighbor Back In The Hood,” Marketwise, Federal Reserve

Bank Board, Issue One, 1999.

55

Gillis, Michael. “Senator Gregg Lauds Dover Police, DHA for Joint Effort; Paves Way

for Grants,” Rochester & Dover Times, December 23, 1999.

Giroux, Wendy. “Tukwila‟s After-School Program Closes Gap,” South County Journal,

February 24, 2001.

Glionna, John M. “Making Rehabilitation Into a Serious Business Programs:

Psychologist Has Built a Small Empire by Empowering Thousands of Ex-Cons,” Los

Angeles Times, March 29, 2002.

Goodwin, Sean. “Somersworth Has Youth Safe Haven/Mini Station,” Foster's Online,

December 19, 2000.

Gorlick, Adam. “Educators Say Pushback Against Progress Continues Racial Split in

U.S.,” Stanford Report, October 8, 2008.

Green, Quinise. “In East Baltimore, a Safe Haven,” Baltimore Sun, May 21, 2012.

Greene, Donna. “Charting a Safe Course for Adolescence,” New York Times, September

6, 1998.

Greene, Elizabeth and Jennifer Moore. “Report Urges Foundation, Government to

Finance,” Chronicle of Philanthropy, March 9, 1998.

Greene, Stephen G. “Getting the Basics Right,” Chronicle of Philanthropy, May 3, 2001.

Grimley, Brynn. “Seniors Prepare to Say Good-Bye,” Herndon Connection, February 8,

2006.

Hackney, Suzette. “Detroit 1st Stop in Talks on Race Divide,” Detroit Free Press,

November 16, 2007.

Hall, Malcolm. “Hartford Middle School Lands Mentoring Grant,” Canton Reporter,

March 13, 2012.

Hallahan, Kathleen. “Why So Violent?” Foundation News, May - June, 1986.

Hawkins, Megan. “A Summer School Less Ordinary in D.M.,” Des Moines Register,

July 19, 2006.

Henderson, Nick. “DHA Getting Better All the Time-Park Neighborhood Programs Set

Kids on Course for Success,” Foster's Daily Democrat, March 25, 2000.

Hentoff, Nat. “Rescuing Martin Luther King Jr.,” The Village Voice, New York, July 6,

2001.

56

Hentoff, Nat. “Redeeming the Democratic Party,” Village Voice, New York, July 17,

2001.

Herman, Peter. “Police Cut Ribbon for Substation in Vicinity of Antique Row,”

Baltimore Sun, November 23, 1995.

Herndon Connection. “Seniors Prepare To Say Good-Bye,” February 8-14, 2006.

Hill, Shelley. “Koban „Place of Peace‟ Grows Strong at Gonzales Gardens: Program Puts

Police in Community‟s Heart,” State, January 4, 1998.

Hillenbrand, Barry. “Kobans and Robbers,” Time.com, April 20, 2001.

Holl. John. “Newark Offers Visiting Scholars Portrait of Inner City,” Star-Ledger,

December 2, 2007.

Honolulu Advertiser. “Legislature Should Support Caregivers,” February 19, 2006.

Huston, Margo. “Holistic Solution Prescribed for Inner Cities,” Milwaukee Journal

Sentinel, August 4, 1995.

Housing and Development Reporter. “Foundation Funds Provided For Police

Ministations," January 1, 1996.

Jackson, Elaine. “City Gets New Tool in Fight Against Crime,” Birmingham News,

February 19, 2006.

Jackson, Jesse. “Inequality Is Deeply Rooted: Fight to Raise Wages for All Must

Continue,” Syracuse Herald-Journal, March 9, 1998.

Jakes, Lara. “Koban Policing Restores Paradise,” Washington Times, January 30, 1995.

James, Charlie. “Millennium Report Shows It's Time to Close Black-White Economic

Gap,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 5, 1998.

Janofsky, Michael. “In Japan-Style Booths, Police Are Stationed at Center of Action,”

New York Times, July 31, 1995.

Jefferson, Stebbins. “An Action Plan for Everybody,” Palm Beach Post, March 6, 1993.

Jet Magazine. “Kerner Commission‟s „Separate And Unequal Societies Exist Today‟

Report,” March 23, 1998.

Johnson, O‟Ryan. “Mentoring Program Gives Students a Boost,” Boston Herald,

February 9, 2011.

57

Kane, Gregory. “A Second Chance and a Brighter Future,” Baltimore Sun, May 22, 2006.

Kane, Gregory. “Preschool Lessons Are Leg Up On Life,” Baltimore Sun, June 23, 2007.

Kerr, Bob. “A Few Hours in the Afternoon Can Make a Big Difference,” Providence

Journal, April 29, 2012.

Khavkine, Richard. “After-School Initiative in Irvington Keeps Kids Off the Streets With

Lessons in Art, Dance,” Star-Ledger, February 20, 2011.

Kimble, James A. “Housing Agency Gets Big Grant For Youth Activities,” Foster's

Daily Democrat, December 15, 1999.

Krischke, Scott J. “Overcoming All Odds,” Herndon Connection, June 15, 2006.

Krischke, Scott J. “Youth Center Celebrates Year of Progress,” Herndon Connection,

April 13, 2006.

La Opinion. “Treinta Anos Despues, Dos Sociedades,” March 3, 1998.

Lasseter, Cheryl. “Lanier Students Take On „Quantum Opportunities‟,” WLBT-NBC,

December 14, 2006.

Lengel, Alan. “Youth Center Offers Haven, Hope, Program Aims to Unite Police,

Community,” Washington Post, January 15, 2003.

Lerner, Richard. “Still Separate and Unequal 40 Years After Kerner,” Milwaukee Journal

Sentinel, February 29, 2008.

Lewis, Anthony. “The Two Societies,” New York Times, March 1, 1993.

Lewis, Dwight. “Nation‟s Strides Toward Equality Have Been Great, but Far More is

Needed on the Economic Front,” Tennessean, March 1, 1998.

Lewis, Dwight. “Nation‟s Cities Have Become Poorhouse for Minorities,” Montgomery

Advertiser, March 19, 1999.

Lewis, Dwight. “In a Reasonable Culture, Unreasonable Violence,” Tennessean,

December 19, 1999.

Lichtblau, Eric. “US Crime Study Sees a Society in Trouble,” Los Angeles Times,

December 6, 1999.

Lochia, Yarek. “High School Student: Don't Give Up on Me,” Milwaukee Journal

Sentinal, April 28, 2012.

58

McDaniels, Mike. “Program Seeks to Change Young Minds,” WLBT-TV3, April 12,

2012.

MacDonald, Gregg. “Vecinos Unidos Turns Ten,” Fairfax County Times, April 24, 2007.

Mandsager, Thad. “Ending Federal Earmarks Would Devastate Important NH Programs,”

New Hampshire Union Leader, January 16, 2007.

Mandsager, Thad. “Quantum Opportunities Seniors to Say Goodbye,” Dover Community

News, June 2, 2006.

Marantz, Steve. “Now Another Tool for Fighting Crime,” Boston Globe, June 15, 1983.

Marchetti, Domenica. “Charities Must Work To Build on Successes in Fight Against

Poverty,” Chronicle of Philanthropy, March 12, 1998.

McGinley, Laurie. “Racial, Economic Disparities Require Higher U.S. Outlays, Study

Group Says,” Wall Street Journal, March 1, 1993.

McNamee, Tom. “Project Prepare Hailed as Career Boost for Kids.” Chicago-Sun Times,

November 14, 1990.

Meadows, Robyn. “Clearing the Way for Learning,” Lancaster New Era, June 26, 2006.

Meddis, Sam Vincent. “ „Clubhouse‟ Gets Kids, Teens Off the Mean Streets of D.C.,”

USA Today, October 26, 1992.

Miami Herald. “Focus on Crime,” September 25, 1983.

Miami Herald Editorial. “Escape for the Cities,” March 3, 1993.

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Editorial. “Racial Equity Continues to Elude Nation,” March

7, 1998.

Minneapolis St. Paul Star Tribune Editorial. “Déja Vu on Urban Riots and Reports,”

March 15, 1993.

Minneapolis St. Paul Star Tribune. “Kerner at 30: Some Done, Much More To Do,”

March 4, 1998.

Moore, Harold. “Don‟t Throw the Baby Out With the Earmarks,” Milwaukee Journal-

Sentinel, January 17, 2007.

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