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Boards and Beyond: Renal and Pulmonary

A Companion Book to the Boards and Beyond Website

Jason Ryan, MD, MPH

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Table of Contents

Renal Modules Pulmonary Modules

Renal Embryology 1 Pulmonary Anatomy 108 Renal Anatomy 4 Pulmonary Physiology 111 Renal Physiology I 6 Hemoglobin 115 Renal Physiology II 10 Pulmonary Circulation 120 Nephron Physiology 17 Ventilation & Perfusion 125 Renal Endocrinology 25 Carbon Dioxide 130 Acid Base Principles 30 Lung Physical Exam 135 Respiratory Acid Base Disorders 36 Pulmonary Function Tests 138

Metabolic Alkalosis 38 Obstructive Lung Disease 142

Renal Tubular Acidosis 42 Restrictive Lung Disease 148 Metabolic Acidosis 45 Treatment of COPD/Asthma 152 Acid Base Problems 51 Pneumonia 157 Electrolyte Disorders 55 Pleural Disease 164 Sodium Disorders 60 Lung Cancer 167 Glomerular Disease Principles 65 Sleep Apnea 171 Nephritic Syndrome 69 Cystic Fibrosis 173 Nephrotic Syndrome 75 Tuberculosis 177 Tubulointerstitial Disease 81 Sarcoidosis 183 Renal Failure 85 Chest X-rays 185 Urinary Tract Infections Cystic Kidney Disease

91 93

Diuretics Kidney Stones Renal and Bladder Malignancy

95 101 104

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3

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H2O NaCl

K

Glucose Amino Acids

HCO

Apical Membrane Basolateral Membrane

↑[Na] Na

↓[Na]

Na ↓[Na] ↑[Na]

ATP

Na Na

Na

H2O

H2O

H2O

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100% Glucose

Amino Acids

67%

Water Bicarb NaCl

Potassium Phosphate

Na

ATP

K

Na

Na ATP

K Glucose

Glucose

Na

Na ATP

K Glucose

K

Cl-

Anions Hydroxide (OH-)

Formate Oxalate Sulfate

Cl

Anions

Glucose

Na

Na ATP

K Glucose

K

Cl-

Anions Hydroxide (OH-)

Formate Oxalate Sulfate

Cl

Anions

Glucose

H O

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Na+

Na

H+

CA CA

CA = Carbonic Anhydrase

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H O

H O

H O

H O

H O

H O

H O

H O

H O

H O

Na

Na

K

2Cl

ATP

K

K K

Cl

Mg Ca

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NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

H O H O

H O

H O

H O

Na

Na ATP

K

Cl

Cl

Na

Na ATP

K

Cl

Cl

Ca Na

Ca

Na

Na

ATP K

K

H2O

ATP

H

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Na

Na

Aldosterone ATP K

K Aldosterone

H2O

Aldosterone

H Cl

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AQP-3 H2O

H2O

AQP-2 Channel

AQP-4 H2O

H O

H O

H O

H O

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

H O Permeable to H20

NOT permeable to Urea H O

H O

Urea Permeable to H20

AND permeable to Urea

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