-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
1/44
BLOOD
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
2/44
food, water intake oxygen intake
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
elimination ofcarbon dioxide
nutrients,water,salts
O2 CO2
CIRCULATORYSYSTEM URINARYSYSTEM
water,solutes
elimination
of foodresidues
rapid transport to and
from all living cells
elimination of excess
water, salts, wastes
Functional Interconnections
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
3/44
lungs
hearts right half hearts left half
liver
digestive tract
kidneys
skeletal muscle
brain
skin
bone
cardiac muscle
all other regions
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
4/44
tonsils
right lymphatic duct
thymus gland
thoracic duct
spleen
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
bone marrow
The
LymphaticSystem
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
5/44
Lymph Vascular System Fluid enters lymph
capillaries
Capillaries merge into
lymph vessels Lymph vessels converge
into ducts that funnel fluid
into veins in the lower
neck flaplike valve at tipof a lymph capillary
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
6/44
Fig. 31.18b
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
7/44
lymph trickles past organized arrays oflymphocytes within the
lymph node
valve (prevents backflow)
lymph node(cross section)
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
8/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
9/44
Components of Blood
Blood
6-8%of body
weight
Plasma portion (50-60% of total volume) Water Proteins Ions,
sugars, lipids, amino acids,hormones, vitamins, dissolved gases
Cellular portion (40-50% of total volume) White blood cells
NeutrophilsLymphocytes
MonocytesEosinophilsBasophils
Red blood cells Platelets
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
10/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
11/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
12/44
Characteristics:
10-12 m in diameter Nucleus: 2-5 lobes Granules: very fine pale
lilac
Function: phagocytosis
Clinical significance:Increased:
Bacterial infections Burns Stress Inflammation
Decreased Radiation Certain drugs Vit B12 deficiency SLE
NEUTROPHIL
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
13/44
Characteristics: 10-12 m in diameter
Nucleus: 2-3 lobes Granules: large red-orange
Functions:
combats effects of histamine inallergic reactions phagocytizes
Ag-Ab complexes destroys certain parasitic worms
Clinical significanceIncreased:
allergic reactions parasitic infections
autoimmune disease adrenal insufficiency
Decreased
certain drugs stress
Cushings syndrome
EOSINOPHIL
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
14/44
Characteristics:
8-10 m in diameter Nucleus: 2 lobes
Granules: large deep blue-purple
Function:- liberates heparin, histamine and
serotonin in allergic reactions that
intensify the overall inflammatory
response
Clinical significance
Increased: some types of allergic responses
leukemias
cancers
hyperthyroidism
BASOPHIL
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
15/44
Characteristics:
12-20 m in diameter nucleus: kidney-shaped or
horseshoe-shaped
cytoplasm: blue-gray with
foamy appearance
Function: phagocytosis
Clinical significance
Increased:
certain viral or fungalinfections
tuberculosis
some leukemias
chronic diseases
MONOCYTE
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
16/44
Characteristics:
small: 6-9 ; large : 10-14 m indiameter
nucleus: round or slightly indented
cytoplasm: sky blue in color; forms arim around the nucleus
Function: mediates immuneresponses
Clinical significance
Increased: viral infections
immune diseases
some leukemias
Decreased prolonged severe illness
high steroid levels
immunosuppression
LYMPHOCYTE
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
17/44
Complete Blood AnalysisNormal Values:
1.RBC count: about 5.4M/
L in malesabout 4.8 M/L in females
2. Hemoglobin 14-18 g/dl in adult males12-16 g/dl in adult
females
3. Hematocrit 38-46 (ave. 42) in females40-54 (ave. 47) in
males
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
18/44
Clinical Significance:
A. Increased in RBC count, Hgb and Hct
1. Polycythemia
2. CHD
3. Hypoxia
B. Decreased in RBC count, Hgb and Hct
1. Hemorrhage
2. Certain types of anemia
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
19/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
20/44
4. WBC count:
Normal value: 5,000-10,000/L
Clinical significance:A. Increased
1) acute or chronic infections
2) trauma3) leukemia
4) stress
B. Decreased1) anemia
2) viral infections
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
21/44
5. Platelet count
Normal values: 150,000-300,000/L
Clinical significance:
A. Increased
1) cancer
2) trauma
3) cirrhosis
B. Decreased
1) anemia
2) allergic conditions
3) hemorrhage
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
22/44
6. Differential (WBC) Count
WBC Type andNormal Percentage
1. neutrophils60-70%2. eosinophils
2-4%3. basophils
0.5-1%4. lymphocytes
20-25%5. monocytes
3-8%
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
23/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
24/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
25/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
26/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
27/44
Red Blood Cells (RBC)-erythrocytosis or polycythemia-anemia /
erythroblastopenia
White Blood Cells (WBC):leukocytosis - leukopenia
Lymphocytes: lymphocytosis -- lymphocytopenia granulocytes:
granulocytosis -- granulocytopenia
/ agranulocytosis Neutrophils: neutrophilia -- neutropenia
Eosinophils: eosinophilia -- eosinopenia Basophils: basophilia --
basopenia
Platelets: thrombocytosis -- thrombocytopenia
All cell lines - pancytopenia
Type of Cell Increase Decrease
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
28/44
BLOOD TYPING
(ABO TYPING and Rh TYPING)
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
29/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
30/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
31/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
32/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
33/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
34/44
Hemolytic Disease of theNewborn (HDN)
(Erythroblastosis fetalis)
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
35/44
RhT
YPI
NG
ERYTHROBLASTOSIs
F
ETA
LIs
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
36/44
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
37/44
Benefits of Amniocentesis
I h i f h Rh T i
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
38/44
Inheritance of the Rh Trait
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
39/44
Complications of HDN anemia (in some cases, the anemia is
severe with enlargement of the liverand spleen)
jaundice - yellowing of the skin, eyes,
and mucous membranes. hydrops fetalis - heart failure and
large
amounts of fluid build up in the fetaltissues and organs (see
figure)
After birth, the red blood celldestruction may continue.
Problemsmay include the following:a) severe jaundice
b) enlarged liverc) anemiad) kernicterus - too much bilirubin
in
the brain causing seizures, brain
damage, deafness, and death.
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
40/44
Symptoms of Rh disease Mother no physical signs of Rh
disease
Fetus:
Amniocentesis - the amniotic fluid may have a yellow
coloring and contain bilirubin. Ultrasound of the fetus -
enlarged liver, spleen, or
heart and fluid build up in the fetus' abdomen.
The symptoms of Rh disease may resemble otherconditions or
medical problems.
Always consult your physician for a diagnosis.
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
41/44
Diagnosis of the Rh Disease Blood testing of both parents (Rh
negativemother, Rh positive father).
Diagnosis of previous pregnancy via:
complete medical history and physical examination,
diagnostic procedures for Rh disease : presence of Rh positive
antibodies in the mother's blood
ultrasound of fetus.
amniocentesis - measure the amount of bilirubin in theamniotic
fluid.
sampling of some of the blood from the fetal umbilical
cordduring pregnancy - checks for antibodies, bilirubin, andanemia
in the fetus.
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
42/44
Treatments for Rh disease Intrauterine blood transfusion of red
blood cells
into the baby's circulation - a procedure that is performedby
placing a needle through the mother's uterus and intothe abdominal
cavity of the fetus or directly into the veinin the umbilical cord.
It may be necessary to give asedative medication to keep the baby
from moving.Intrauterine transfusions may need to be repeated.
Early delivery, if the fetus develops complications (ifthe fetus
has mature lungs, labor and delivery may beinduced to prevent
worsening of the disease)
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
43/44
Prevention of Rh disease Administration of Rh immunoglobulin
(RhIg), also known as RhoGAM.
destroys any anti-Rh antibodies that enter themother's
circulation before her immunesystem becomes sensitized; protection
for a
future Rh positive baby.
given around the 28th week of pregnancy.
after delivery, a woman should receive asecond dose of the drug
within 72 hours.
-
8/6/2019 BLOOD 09-10
44/44
The End
