Bloe8e_ch38_editable Sistema Nervioso

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Biology: Life on EarthEighth Edition

Biology: Life on EarthEighth Edition

Chapter 38

The Nervous System

and the Senses

Chapter 38

The Nervous System

and the Senses

Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. ByersTeresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byers


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Chapter 38 OpenerBiology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

EL AMOR Una chispa

enscendida en los ojos de

los amantes una locura

mas discreta, o solo la

mezcla exacta de

sustancias qumicas enlos cerebros de los

enamorados? Imagen en

recuadro de los ratones de

las pradreras nos dan

informacin acerca de las

bases neuroquimicas del

amor


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Figure 38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

sinapsis

dendrita

terminalsniaptica

1 terminals Sinapticas :Traen seales de otras neuronas.

2 Dendritas:Reciben seal de otras neuronas.

3 cuerpo celular:Integra seales,coordinaactividadesmetabolicas

4 el potencial de accinse inicia aqui.

5 Axon: Conduceel potencial de accion.

6 terminales Sinaptica :Transmiten seales a otrasneuronas.

7 Dendritas(de otras neuronas ).


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Figure 38-4 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

IPSP

tiempo

(milliseconds)

potential

(millivolts)

potentialDe reposol

umbral

EPSP


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nodo

axon

axon

celulaformadora de mielina

nucleo

Envoltura de

mielina

mielina


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Figure 38-4 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

espacio

dendrita de lanueronapostsinaptica

neurotransmisor

vesiculasinaptica

5. Terminal sinptica

6 El NeurotransmorEs tomado en la terminalSinaptica o se degrada.

1 se iniciaUn potencial de accin.

2 el potencial de accin llegaA la terminal sinptica de laNeurona presinptica.

3 las vesiculasSinpaticas liberanneurotransmisor.

4 Receptor bindsneurotransmitter.


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Figure E38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

ClK+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

K+

K+ K+

K+

Cl

ClCl

OrgOrg

Org

Org

Org

(extracellular fluid)

(neuron cytoplasm; negatively charged)


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(neuron cytoplasm becomesnegatively charged again)

(neuron cytoplasmbecomes positively

charged)1 2

Cl

K+

Na+

Org

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+ K+ K+

K+ K+

Cl

Cl

Na+ Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

OrgOrg

Org

resting potential restoredaction potential starts


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Na

+

(axon)

action potential


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Na+

(axon)

action potential

K+


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Figure E38-5 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na

+

neurotransmitter

excitatory

closed receptor/

ion channel

transmitter binding

opens channelpermeable to Na+;Na+ enters cell


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Figure E38-5 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

neurotransmitter

inhibitory

transmitter binding opens channel

permeable to K+; K+ leaves cell

K+

K+ K+

K+


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Table 38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.


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(a) Gentle touch

(b) Moderate pressure

(c) Strong pressure

fires slowly

silent

fires more rapidly

fires very rapidly

silent

fires slowly

1

2

1

2

1

2


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brain

(c) Octopus(a) Hydra (b) Flatworm

ring of ganglia

diffuse networkof neurons

nerve cords

cerebralganglia(brain)


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controls involuntary responsesby influencing organs, glands,

and smooth muscle

The Nervous System

Sensory Neurons

Autonomic Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neurons

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Somatic Nervous System

Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division

carry signals tothe CNS from

sensory organs

receives and processes information;initiates action

receives and processessensory information;initiates responses;stores memories;

generates thoughtsand emotions

conducts signals to andfrom the brain; controls

reflex activities

transmits signals between the CNSand the rest of the body

carry signals from theCNS that control theactivities of muscles

and glands

controls voluntarymovements by activating

skeletal muscles

prepares the body forstressful or energeticactivity; "fight or flight"

dominates during times of"rest and rumination";

directs maintenance activities


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SympatheticParasympathetic

eye

heart

lungs

liver

pancreas

stomach

spleenkidney

kidney

urinarybladder

smallintestine large

intestine

externalgenitalia

rectum

uterussympatheticganglia

cranial

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

salivary andlacrimal glands

cranial

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral


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gray mattercontains cellbodies of motorneurons andinterneurons

white matter

containsmyelinatedaxons

central canalcontainscerebrospinal fluidperipheral nerve

dorsal rootcontains axonsof sensory

neurons

dorsal rootganglioncontains cellbodies ofsensory neurons

ventral rootcontains axons ofmotor neurons

peripheral nerve


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REFLEX

ARCstimulus

effector

receptor

dorsalroot

ventralroot

sensationrelayedto the brain

3 Signal transmittedto a motor neuron by aninterneuron within thespinal cord.

4 Motor neuronstimulates theeffector muscle.

5 Effector musclecauses withdrawalresponse.

1A painfulstimulus activatesa pain receptor. 2 Signal transmitted

by a pain sensory neuron.


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cerebrum

EMBRYONIC VERTEBRATE BRAIN

SHARK BRAIN

GOOSE BRAIN

HUMAN BRAIN

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

cerebrumthalamus

optic lobe

cerebellummedulla

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

cerebrum midbraincerebellum

cerebrum

midbrain

cerebellum

cerebellummidbrain

(inside)


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spinal cord

pituitarygland

hypothalamus

cerebralcortex

meninges skull

corpus

callosum

thalamus

pinealgland

midbrain

cerebellumpons

medulla

hindbrain


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hypothalamus

corpus callosumlimbic regionof cortex

cerebral cortex

amygdalahippocampus

thalamus


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OccipitalLobe

primarysensory area

sensoryassociationarea

sensoryassociationarea

primaryvisualarea

primaryvisualarea

visualassociation

area

visualassociation

area

auditory associationarea: languagecomprehension

auditory associationarea: languagecomprehension

memorymemory

speechmotor areaspeechmotor area

higherintellectualfunctions

higherintellectualfunctions

primaryauditoryarea

primaryauditoryarea

premotorareapremotorarea

primarymotor areaprimarymotor area

leglegtrunktrunk

armarm

handhand

faceface

tonguetongue

ParietalLobe

FrontalLobe

TemporalLobe


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corpus callosum

Left

RIGHT HEMISPHERELEFT HEMISPHERE

3. Centers for language,speech, reading,mathematics, logic

2. Input from rightvisual field, right ear,left nostril

1. Controls right side

of body

3. Centers for spatialperception, music,creativity, recognitionof faces andemotions

2. Input from leftvisual field, leftear, right nostril

1. Controls left side

of body

HEART Right

visual cortex

retina

optic nerve

optic chiasma


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Seeing Words

max0

Reading Words Generating Verbs

Hearing Words


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Figure E38-8a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.


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Figure E38-8b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.


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Table 38-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.


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free nerve endings(touch, pain, ortemperature)

Merkels disc(steady touch)

epidermis

dermis

subcutaneoustissue

Paciniancorpuscle(rapid movement)

Meissners corpuscle(light touch, rapidmovement)

Ruffinis end-organ (pressure)

hairroot

hair end-

organ (hairmovement)

sebaceous(oil) gland


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(a)

(c)tectorialmembrane

Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

pinnabones of

middle ear

auditorycanal

vestibular system(detects head

movementand gravity)

auditory nerveto brain

topharynx

tympanicmembrane

ovalwindow(beneathstirrup)

cochlea

roundwindow

auditorytube(Eustachian tube)

haircells

tectorial

membrane

haircell

basilarmembraneaxons of

auditorynerve

auditorynerve

bonycochlearwall

basilar membrane

(b)


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Figure 38-19a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

hair cells

scar


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Figure 38-19b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

decibels

loudness range

hours before hearing can be damagedX jet takeoff(at 200 ft)

1/4

rock concert

subway, stereo headphones(high volume)

motorcycle, lawn mower

urban street

normal talking

quietbackground

2

8


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Compound eyes


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Ommatidia Single ommatidium

lenses

receptorcells

pigmentedcells


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ligaments

Anatomy of the human eye

vitreoushumor

sclera

choroidretina

fovea

bloodvessels

opticnerve

blind spotlensmuscle

aqueoushumor

lens

cornea

pupil

eyelash

iris


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axons formganglion celloptic nerve

Layers of the retina

(photoreceptors)rods cones

signal-processing

neurons

membrane discsbearingphotopigment molecules

ganglion

cell

light


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(a) Normaleye

(c) Farsightedeye

(b) Nearsightedeye

retina

Close object, lensfattens to focuson retina.

Distant object,lens thins tofocus on retina.

Distant objectfocused in frontof retina.

Close objectfocusedbehind retina.

Convex lens convergesrays, object focusedon retina.

Concave lens divergesrays, object focused onretina.


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fovea

blindspot


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olfactorydendrites

olfactoryepithelium

nasalcavity

air withodor molecules

olfactory structure of brain

bone

nasal cavity

olfactoryreceptors

mucuslayer


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The human tongue

papillae

T t b d


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tastereceptorcells

Taste bud

nervefibersto brain

epitheliumof tongue

microvilli taste pore

supportingcells


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injury

painreceptorneuroncapillary

K+ and enzymesare released bycell damage.

Blood proteinsare releasedby damagedcapillary.


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Figure 38-30b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc

electric field

electricorgan

electroreceptors

nonconducting

object

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