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Building an Argument
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Building an Argument
When you want to convince someone that
your main thesis is true, you need to supportyour argument with several good points and
examples.
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Argument: Smoking should be banned
from public placesSupporting Points Examples
Supporting Points Examples
Smoking is dirty Smokers leave ashes, matches, and
cigarette butts on the ground
Smoking bothers other people People cough and hate the smell
Smoking is dangerous Careless smokers cause building fires
and forest fires. Smoking kills people
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Argument..
Smoking is a bad influence on young
people.
If teenagers see young adults smoking
they may think smoking is cool and so they
may try to smoke
Smoking is bad for health Smoking causes throat and lung cancer.
Secondhand smoke is just as harmful as firs
thand smoke. Smoking causes heart disease
.
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Building an Argument
Your argument needs to flow..
Use these to introduce your first point
First of all
First of all To begin with,
To start with,
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Your argument needs to flow..
Use these to connect your points
And
Also, Furthermore,
Whats more,
As well,
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Your argument needs to flow..
Use these to show relatively more important
Points
More importantly, Whats worse,
Whats more,
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Your argument needs to flow..
Use these to show your most Important point
Above all else,
Above all, Most of all,
Use these to show your final point
. Finally,
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Your argument needs to flow..
Use these to conclude your idea.
In conclusion,
Therefore,
Use these to introduce examples.
For example,
For instance,
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Exercise:
underline the expression on this page that you find in the paragraphon Banning Smoking.
Banning smoking from public spaces is a good policy for severalreasons. First of all, smoking is a filthy habit. Smokers leave theircigarette butts on the ground and drop their ashes anywhere.Furthermore, smoking bothers other people. It smells horrible andcauses other people to cough. More importantly, smoking isdangerous. Careless smokers who throw away cigarettes sometimescause building and forest fires. Another reason to ban smoking inpublic places is the influence smoking has on teenagers. When
teenagers see young adults smoking, the teenagers may think it iscool and start a habit that is very difficult to quit. And above all else,smoking is bad for health. It causes lung and throat cancer in peoplewho inhale secondhand smoke. In conclusion, the ban on smokingis necessary to protect people. ______
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Building an Argument
Argument
Supporting Points Examples_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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Developing Effective Arguments with
Claims, ..
Negotiators interpretations of or beliefs aboutsomething.
As you come up with claims for your arguments,make sure of two things:
that the claims really do convey yourinterpretation and are not simply statement of
fact that the claims can be supported with specific
evidence.
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.. Evidence,
Evidence => support or facts.
Unlike claims, facts are indisputable."true facts. => ?
The phrase is redundant because all facts are
truethat's what makes them facts!
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Presenting Evidence..
Quotation: cite words exactly as they appear
in the original
Paraphrase: convey the same meaning that
the original work conveys by using your own
words to convey the idea expressed in the
original work.
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.. and Warrants
warrant is the logical connection between a
claim a
..explain how and why a particular piece of
evidence is good support for a specific claim
and a supporting fact.
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Refuting arguments
In a formal argument, the primary arguer mustestablish a prima facie case (that stands on itsown) and thus carries the burden of proof. The
opponent only needs to show that the case is notproven to win the argument and thus may wellfocus on attacking and disproving the given case.An alternative case may also be given, but is not
needed. Refuting is also known as rebuttalor the burden
of clash.
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Refute..
Check for single, clear meanings.
Verify that meanings are clear to everyone.
Seek ambiguity and uncertainty.
Challenge expertise and assumptions of
authority.
Show that there are contradictory definitions.
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Refute the logic
Consider the rationale being used. Test each statementfor logical soundness. Also test between statementsacross the argument.
Check that logical connections are clear and sound.
Watch for unfounded assumptions.
Test causes for clear and direct connections.
Check that generalizations, inductive and deductivearguments are used in the right way.
Look for bias, intentional or otherwise. Watch out for distractions and changing the subject.
Show that they are using a fallacy of some sort.
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Refute grounds
Dig into the data and evidence being used tosupport the main claim.
Show that there is not enough data being used.
Show that some critical evidence is not beingused.
Indicate how data that might refute the argumentis being ignored.
Show how data is being misinterpreted ormisrepresented.
Seek to uncover suppressed evidence.
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Refute support
Look at the supporting statements to theargument. Seek cracks and chinks in the armor.Look for a place to drive in a wedge. Manyarguments have a valid claim but weak support.
Refute the warrant that links the grounds to theclaim.
Refute the backing that supports the warrant.
Look for qualifiers and floppy language that canbe challenged.
Find the weakest link in the chain and focus on ituntil it breaks.
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Use a counter-argument
Create another argument that uses more correctlogic, that is more powerful and all-encompassingthan the given argument.
Show your argument to cover more areas. Show it to cover areas more thoroughly.
Make it more interesting and appealing.
Make the logic and structure complete andsound.
Use solid data that cannot be challenged.
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Use a fallacy
And of course you can use fallacies of your
own, of which there are many. This, of course,may be refuted itself. So consider your
audience and whether they are capable of
such refutation.
fallacy => incorrect reasoning in
argumentation resulting in a misconception