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8-10-2007 2
Antoni Llobet Research Group, ICIQ-UAB
Nuevas formas de almacenamiento de energía renovable: fotosíntesis artificial
Buenos Aires, 22-26 de Octubre, 2018
BLAME IT ON HOMO ERECTUS!
8-10-2007 3
1. ENERGY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
2. FOSSIL FUELS & GLOBAL WARMING
3. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
4. SOLUTIONS
5. CONCS & ACKS
BLAME IT ON HOMO ERECTUS!
1800 - INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
THE CARBON ERA
1900 – THE OIL ERA
2000 – ART PHOT ERA
ENERGY LINK TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HOMO ERECTUS
FIRE MASTERING 1-MYA
8-10-2007 5
International Energy Agency, (IEA), http://www.iea.org/
TECHNOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
8-10-2007 6
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION
WHY?WHY?
buckyball & nanotubes
Richard E. Smalley
Nobel Laureate 1996
Died Oct 2005
FOOD SHORTAGES
DISEASESPOVERTY
WATER SUPPLIES
ENERGY
ONLY?
The official doctrines suffer from a number of familiar "market inefficiencies," among them the failure to take into account the effects
on others in market transactions. The consequences of these "externalities" can be substantial. The current financial crisis is an
illustration. It is partly traceable to the major banks and investment firms' ignoring "systemic risk" -- the possibility that the whole system
would collapse -- when they undertook risky transactions.
Environmental catastrophe is far more serious: The externality that is being ignored is the fate of the species. And there is nowhere to run, cap
in hand, for a bailout.
Can Civilization Survive Capitalism?
Noam ChomskyNew York Times, March 4th 2013
8-10-2007 11
1. ENERGY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
2. FOSSIL FUELS & GLOBAL WARMING
3. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
4. SOLUTIONS
5. CONCS & ACKS
BLAME IT ON HOMO ERECTUS!
YESTERDAY’S ENERGY SITUATION
Lewis, S. N. et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2006, 43, 15729
2004: 14.5 TW (14.5 x1012 wats or 220 mbd)
2050: 30-60 TW (450-900 mbd)
WORLD
ENERGY
DEMAND
BRIC/MINT
x(2-4)
THE OIL PEAK
Exhausting profiles of oil products (2004), Exxon-Mobile
HYDRAULIC FRACKING
Now,
not that urgent
GREENHOUSE EFFECT & GLOBAL WARMING
OIL: JUST BURNING IT?
OIL: THE RAW MATERIAL OF THE FUTURE
LIVING STYLE BASED ON FOSSIL FUELS
Increased CO2 emissions causing a rise in atmospheric CO2 associated with a rise in global T
Caldeira, K.; Jain, A. K.; Hoffert, M. I.; Science, 2003, 299, 2052.
OCEAN HEAT CONTENT AND ATMOSPHERIC [CO2]
Increased CO2 emissions causing a rise in atmospheric CO2 associated with a rise in global T
Global CO2
emissions
in giga-tones
per year
G. Peter, 2017 in review, and 2018 outlook, Center for International Climate Research (2017)
NOAA. May, 10th 2013. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/weekly.html
Balmaseda, M. A. et al., Geophys. Res. Let., 2013, 40, 1754–1759
OCEAN HEAT CONTENT AND ATMOSPHERIC [CO2]
Increased CO2 emissions causing a rise in atmospheric CO2 associated with a rise in global T
May 9th, 2013
[CO2] at NOAA’s Mauna Loa Observatory
reaches new milestone:
Tops 400 ppm
CLIMATE CHANGE INDICATORS
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
Solar Energy Utilization Workshop , US-DOE, Washington DC, 2005 .
CO2 & GLOBAL WARMING
Steffen, W. et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci, 2018, in press. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene
CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING
Argentina's Upsala Glacier was once the
biggest in South America, but it is now
disappearing at a rate of 200 metres per year
Glacier shrinking
Coastal Erosion. Shoreline at Cape Hatteras in
North Carolina, UA, pictured in 1999 and 2004. The
southern US and Caribbean region were battered
by a series of powerful hurricanes
CLIMATE CHANGE INDICATORS
- Solar Energy Utilization Workshop (2005) US-DOE, Washington DC.
- Mendez, R. "El cambio climático en España", El País, 16 Abril 2006, pp. 30-31.
- Menzel, A. et al. Global Change Biology, 2006, 12, 1-8.
BIOLOGICAL
BUCANETES GITHAGINEUS
(Trumpeter Finch)
Africa
and
Middle
East
1970 Almería and
Murcia
2000
Alicante
2002 Ebro’s
Delta
SYDNEY, Australia — Scientists surveying the Great Barrier Reef said Tuesday that it had suffered the
worst coral die-off ever recorded after being bathed this year in warm waters that bleached and then
weakened the coral.
About two-thirds of the shallow-water coral on the reef’s previously pristine, 430-mile northern stretch
is dead, the scientists said. Only a cyclone that reduced water temperatures by up to three degrees
Celsius in the south saved the lower reaches of the 1,400-mile reef from damage, they added.
Great Barrier Reef Hit by Worst Coral Die-Off on Record, Scientists Say
By MICHELLE INNIS; NOV. 29, 2016
8-10-2007 26
1. ENERGY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
2. FOSSIL FUELS & GLOBAL WARMING
3. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
4. SOLUTIONS
5. CONCS & ACKS
BLAME IT ON HOMO ERECTUS!
8-10-2007 27
ENERGY THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
ENERGY
POWER
POLITICAL MILITARY
ECONOMIC
8-10-2007 28
DEMOCRATIC ENERGY
8-10-2007 29Enerdata, World Energy Council 2010
UNEQUAL WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION - ACCESSIBILITY
Residential Electricity
Use Per Capita (kWh/y)
Consump. #-homes
USA 4,517 6,600
Italy 1,517 19,800
India 133 224,000
4,517 /133 = 34
OIL: THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSION
- US consumption and production of petroleum products trend in opposite directions
- Energy Information USA Administration 2003
OIL US Domestic Production vs. Transportation Consumption (2/3 of all oil used)
-85 % energy consumed in USA in 2003 comes from fossil fuels; (39% oil; 24% natural gas; 22% coal);
Oil imports account for 25% of trade deficit
S.E.C. filings; James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, TX, USA, 2008
OIL ECONOMY AND GEOPOLITICS
2nd Iraq Gulf War, March 20, 2003
HYDRAULIC FRACKING
Now,
not that urgent
8-10-2007 33BP Outlook 2016
USA
HYDRAULIC FRACKING CONSEQUENCES
March 31, 2014
Liquefied Natural Gas
GEOPOLITICS OF ENEREGY AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
December 1, 2014
US/EU/Japan
74% - 1992
50% - 2012
GEOPOLITICS OF ENEREGY AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
Europe’s Chemical Sector Seen In Decline
Competitiveness: Industry calls for more R&D funding, energy policy revamp
By Alex Scott
The European chemical industry’s share of the global chemicals market has shrunk from 32% in 1993 to 17% in 2013, and the
decline won’t be checked unless a series of far-reaching measures are put in place, according to a report by the British advisory firm Oxford
Economics.
The report was commissioned by CEFIC, Europe’s largest chemical industry association. It found that the European industry is losing ground
because of an erosion in competitiveness versus other world regions. The erosion is most apparent in petrochemicals and, to a lesser degree,
polymers, Oxford Economics found.
Oxford Economics identified that the decline can be turned around only with a hike in R&D and the introduction of an efficient European
energy policy. Instituting these and some other European Union policy changes could add $43.5 billion annually to the sector’s income, helping
it to hold on to its share of the global chemicals market, the advisory firm found. Such initiatives would also create more than half a million new
jobs over the next 15 years.
The most important near-term initiative for improving the European chemical industry’s competitiveness would be the introduction of a
“coordinated, competitive energy policy” featuring a single European energy market that would replace the currently fragmented market,
according to Oxford Economics. Such a policy would make a major contribution toward reestablishing the industry’s competitiveness,
relaunching investment, and stimulating research and innovation, said Jean-Pierre Clamadieu, Solvay’s CEO and newly
appointed CEFIC president, at a press briefing in Brussels.
Overhauling the EU’s fundamental approach to public R&D spending, meanwhile, would have a major long-term impact on the European
industry’s competitiveness. CEFIC suggests in its summary of the report that this could be achieved by
diverting public R&D money from academia into industry.“Other world regions invest 18% of public money into basic research and the rest in innovation: the opposite happens in the EU,” CEFIC states.
The “EU must decide on its strategy: knowledge creation only or reaping its benefits and turning them into European growth.”
Additional funding for industry R&D would enable the sector to introduce innovations in the coming years in chemistry-related fields including
lightweight vehicles, energy storage, carbon dioxide avoidance and storage, and resource use reduction, CEFIC states.
No
vem
ber 2
4, 2
01
4
8-10-2007 40
1. ENERGY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
2. FOSSIL FUELS & GLOBAL WARMING
3. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
4. SOLUTIONS
5. CONCS & ACKS
BLAME IT ON HOMO ERECTUS!
NEED FOR A RENEWABLE FUEL
“The Photochemistry of the Future” Giacomo Ciamician, 8th Int. Cong. of Appl. Chem., NY, 1912
Need for energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable fuels!
8-10-2007 43
ENERGY OUTLOOK RANGE OF SCENARIOS
BP Energy Outlook 2018
8-10-2007 44
BP Energy Outlook 2018
ENERGY OUTLOOK RANGE OF SCENARIOS
H2 AS A FUEL CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEM?
Llanos, M., MSNBC, June 23, 2004 (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4563676/)
H2 AS A FUEL CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEM?
Where do we get H2 from today?
96% from fossil fuels!
Eggert, A. et al. Chem. Eng. News, 2004, 82(41), 48-49
Freemantle, M. Chem. Eng. News, 2003, 81(3), 32-36
Reforming of natural gas?
Electrolysis of water?
Photovoltaic devices?
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
8-10-2007 47
Llobet, A.; Meyer, F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, A30-A33.
http://www.alt-energy.info/hydrogen-power/hondas-home-hydrogen-fueling-station/
STORING ENERGY IN CHEMICAL BONDSP3: PERSONAL POWER PLANT
NEW ENERGY CONVERSION SCHEMES
hn-WS
ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
WOC
4 H+ + 4 e- 2 H2
PRC
Berardi, S.; Francàs, L.; Gimbert-Suriñach, C.; Llobet, A. et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7501
INSPIRED but not CONSTRAINED
Maeda, K.; Domen, K. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2010, 1, 2655-2661
Fujishima, A.; Honda, K., Nature, 1972, 238, 37 - 38
NEW ENERGY CONVERSION SCHEMES
F-H eff./PS-II
44-C
SOLAR DRIVEN WATER SPLITTING DEVICES
McKone, J. R.; Lewis, N. S.; Gray, H. B., Chem. Mater., 2014, 26, 403-414
ultimately
Solving the
intermittent radiation
problem
SOLAR DRIVEN WATER SPLITTING DEVICES
McKone, J. R.; Lewis, N. S.; Gray, H. B., Chem. Mater., 2014, 26, 403-414
ultimately
8-10-2007 52
NEW ENERGY CONVERSION SCHEMES
US NEW SUSTAINABLE ENERGY EFFORTS
Nate Lewis, Leads US Energy Innovation Hub at Caltech
$ 125 million (5 year project)
Nate Lewis, Caltech
Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP)
Solar Energy
The Energy Frontier Research Center for Solar Fuels (EFRC) at
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Thomas J. Meyer,
$10.8 million from U.S. DOE
Emerging solar energy technologies for solar fuels.
Established by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2010 as an Energy
Innovation Hub, JCAP is the nation’s largest research program dedicated to
the advancement of artificial solar-fuels generation science and technology.
The program’s first phase focused on solar hydrogen generation, which was
completed in September 2015. JCAP has begun a 5-year renewal phase
with a new research focus on solar carbon dioxide reduction to fuels.
ENERGY FRONTIER RESEARCH CENTERS
US NEW SUSTAINABLE ENERGY EFFORTS
Nate Lewis, Leads US Energy Innovation Hub at Caltech
$ 125 million (5 year project)
Nate Lewis, Caltech
Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP)
Solar Energy
The Energy Frontier Research Center for Solar Fuels (EFRC) at
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Thomas J. Meyer, Gerald J. Meyer
$10.8 million from U.S. DOE
Emerging solar energy technologies for solar fuels.
46 – New DOE EFRC for solar fuels, since 2010
CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 2008-2014
http://energy.gov/eere/downloads/revolution-now-future-arrives-five-clean-energy-technologies-2015-update
http://energy.gov/eere/downloads/revolution-now-future-arrives-five-clean-energy-technologies-2015-update
CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 2008-2014
8-10-2007 58Jacobson, M. Z. et al., Joule 2017, 1, 108-121
FROM FOSSIL TO SOLAR FUELS – WIND WATER AND SOLAR
Jacobson, M. Z. et al.,
Joule 2017, 1, 108-121
8-10-2007 59
Jacobson, M. Z. et al.,
Joule 2017, 1, 108-121
1. Covered with WWS
2. Energy slashed to half
3. Jobs creation in 24.3 million
4. Improve Health, no toxic NOx gases
transp./industries
5. Avoid money waste because of no global
warming
FROM FOSSIL TO SOLAR FUELS – WIND WATER AND SOLAR
8-10-2007 60
1. ENERGY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
2. FOSSIL FUELS & GLOBAL WARMING
3. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
4. SOLUTIONS
5. CONCS & ACKS
BLAME IT ON HOMO ERECTUS!
CONCLUSIONS
- Urgent need for the transition
from fossil to solar fuels
- Inspired by Nature …
- Artificial Photosynthesis: the role of basic science
* light harvesting molecules
* low molecular weight models of PRC & WOCs
* building devices for hn-WS
M. Z. Ertem
C. Cramer
L. Gagliardi
A. Poater
L. Cavallo W. Nam
S. Fukuzumi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
L. Sun
T. Privalov
M. Haumann; H. Dau
C. Bo
F. Maseras
E. PalomaresM. Z. Ertem
V. Batista
F. MeyerM. Lanza
Y. Shi
ICIQ Foundation, Catalonia
Consolidated Catalan Research Groups
MINECO Spain, General Science Pgr.
Severo Ochoa, Pgr.
PRF Program, ACS USA
FINANCING
SOLAR-H2, Energy Prg. UE
ERA-CHEM, MARIE CURIE
WORLD CLASS UNIV., Seoul, Korea
Fundació “La Caixa”
