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BIOSC1B:INTRODUCTORY BiOLOGYFALL""~OO4"
INSTRUCTOR:Dr. Paul Crosbie, Department of Di~logyOffice: Science 206A: office hours, 12:00-'-2:00,Monday and Wednesday. Additional office~ppointmentsby priorarrangement. "
Phone: 278-1074" ""
Email (preferred means of contact):"[email protected]
LABORATORY TEAC1:IINGAS~ISTANTS: "
Mr. ScottPea~ Graduate Student Office: Science 206B email: [email protected]. Rain Healer, Graduate Student Office: Science 114 email: [email protected]"Mr.CJJ.risBamm, Graduate Student Office: Science 114email: [email protected], Graduate Student Office: Science 318 email:[email protected]
CLASS TIMES:Lecture: Monday, Wednesday, Friday 11:00-11:50. Location: McLane Hall 161Laboratories: MondaylWedneSday12:00-2:50 and 3:00-5:50; TuesdaylThursday 8:00--10:50and 11:00-1:50. Location: McLane Hall 225.
TEXTBOOK (required, most of you should already have it from DioSc tA»: Campbell andReece. 2002. Biology, Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings. Prices atthe Kennel Bookstore:New: $124.77 + tax. Used: 93.60 + tax. "
RecOInmended, but not required: A Photographic Atlas for the Biology Laboratoryby Kent M. Van De Graaffand John Crawley. New: $27.97 + tax. Used: $21.00 + tax
WEB SITES and other electronic issues: Thetextbook comes with a very useful CD-ROM,and the publisher maintains a web site athttp://wwW.aw.coilllcampbell. There is a class web siteaccessed via Blackboard, http://blackboard.csutf~sno:edu. If you have not used Blackboardbefore,I willgiveyou instructions.I wHlposfeverythingI canonthe site- Syllabus,exampleexamination question&,Powerpoint.preSentations,LABORATORY GUIDES, etc. After the firstfew weeks of class it is extremely urilikely that I will hand out hard copies of anything: if thereare $upplementarymaterials"needed for class (lecture or lab) you'will be required to print themyourself from the web site. Email and internet acf;es8""are"required for this class. If you don'thave emai~ get"an account: you get one fOfftee"a:s"aCSU Fresno"student. However, if you liveoffeampus you will have to pay $9.95 pet month toCVIP for the privi1~e of connecting to theuniversity's servers. "
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CATALOG DESCRIPTION: BioSc lB. Introductory Diology(5)Prerequisite: BIOSC lA. Course two ora two~semest~.rsequencerequirclI of all biology majors.Colltinuation of thematic introduction to the unaying collcepts orIitescience: classification anddiversity oflife; survey of the living orgamsms;physiology;ec<>logy and'environmental biology.(3 lecture, 6 lab hours) "
ABOUT THE COURSE: This course is the second ioa sequenceof two lowerdivisioncorecourses for Biology majors, and is a prerequisite for all upper division Biology classes. While
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BioSc lA Servedto fuIniliarizeyou with the~lecuIar and;cellular processeS of life, BioSc IBtakes an organismal and population level approach. The course is intended to present a majorsurvey of evolutionary and ecological conCepts,coupled with an extensive review oftJre vastarrayof diversitypresenton earth, ftomprokaryotesto the mostcomplexmulticellular ,
e1,Jkaryotes.Finally, as time permits, an overview of~~c p~t and animal physiology will beatte~ted.Lectures will be nom an evolutionary perspective (the rulfug paradigm of~biological sciences); the emphasis in the laboratOlYWillbe on hands-on exanririation of. ',",taxonomic groups and experimental investigations. I will use whatever means are at mydi~salto ipform, instruct, and stimulate you. This may include lecture, overh~ projections, slide'presentations, videos, computer generated presehtatioDs~stude'ntenactmentS,or anything elsethat I dream up. Assumedly you all chose to be biology majors ~useYQu h!ve some ,interestand reverence for living organisms and their functions - my job is to get you excited atio'ufyourchosenmajor,and convincedthat there is no betterthingto do thanstudy life. '
I will be very clear which materi~ ftom the booJcyou ni~y J:>etested on. Anyt~~~gr~y ordo in lecture is fair game on an examination. If you ~ aIectureGET 11!E NOTES FRQMSOMEONE. Asking me for a copy of my notes is froitIess - I don't have prepared'iedurenotes. Remember, this is your education - take responsibility for it.
;ABOUT ME: I'm a parasitologist, but have been a zoologist in the broader,sense sincesecOndaryschool: my B.Sc. is in Zoology. I study tapeWOfms,ticks, and other organismSthatlive in or on other organisms (their hosts), and depend on those hosts to proVidenutrients. Morespecifically, I conduct re$Carchinto the evolutionary relationships of parasites and their hosts,~,investigate host-parasite ecology. I wouldn't do this unless I was extremely enth\JSiasticabout biology, andl hope to transmit some of that entJlUsiasmto you. 1'11:1here to teacJ1becauseI love it. If you have problems, questions, or interests - come and see me; that's what you payme for. I'm willing to arrange appointments outside ~y regular office hours.
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GRADING, EXAMS AND ASSIGNMENTS:~ture: The lecture portion of the course cOuntsfor 60% of your cOursegrade, the lab theremaining 40%. I am only responsible for teaching and grading tru?lecture section ofthe class:specific assignments and requirements of the laboratory will be distributed in your lab section.However, I 3m responsible for assigning you the'grad~you earn for the entire course. -
. All earned points in the lecture portionofthe class ar~earned on examinations. E~ionqllestions will be ina variety of formats: multiple choiCe,matChing,.short essay, lonjfessay, etc.,with the exception of true/false questions, which.I neVerwrite. There are THREE midterms andONE final. Th~ final is comprehensive. Making up or taking a lecture midterm early will beallowed under exceptional circumstances, and if arrang~ m advance. The final may only betaken on the assign~ day and time. There is NO EXTRA CREDIT. The midterms will largelytest what has been covered since the previous midterm, but will include some questions thatassess previously learned material This course wiD not be graded on a curve: you earn points(see the following section) ~ are graded accordingly.~ota*ory: All lab ~iionS of~ class are~ed and conducted s~ly. Youiteachingassistant will provide ~ with the points you have earned at the eoo of the semester, when theywill be added to your earned points nom lecture for calculation ofyoUt final grade. I have~xplained the details of labC)pttory on the separate laboratory syUab,!s.
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(IMPORTANT: Labattendafice is,mandatory. YOU MUST PASS THE LABORATORYPORTION OF THE COURSE TO BE ABLE TO PASS Blose lB. IF YOU MISS MORE THANFIVE LABORATORIES YOU WILL FAIL THE CLASS.
EXAM SCBEDIJLEAND GRADE CUTOFFS
MY POLICIES: If you are going to come to class, please come on time. If you can't make ittill half way through class, don't come. It is extremely disruptive to the learning of your fellowstudents to;have ach$lin'oflatecomers (and it bugs the hell out of me). No food and drink-U11ivetsityrules. If you have electro11iccommllriicationdevices including cell phones, beepers,pagers, Palm.Pilots~computerized watches, or whatever the next technological innovation is,TURN 'I'HEMOFF of don't bring them to class. If you need to bring a visitor to class, pleaseree;fue before:theiday oftheelass:Last ~adding and dropping the class. Pleaseuse the S.T.A.R.syStemor the web to add or drop this class~The last day to add or drop the class via thetelephone or web is Friday 3 September. After 3 September, it is still possible to ADD theclass ifl provide you Witha permissIon number. With a permission number, you may use thetelephone/web system to add the class through Monday 20 September. It is your responsibilityt6deal,with registration. Fot further clarification, please consult the Fa1l2004 schedule ofcourses.Withdrawal from the class (AKA dropping after the drop deadline): It is possible underexceptional circumstances (for serious and compelling reasons) to withdraw IToma c1~s afterthe drop deadline, with the approval ofthe instructor {me}and the Dean ofthe College ofScienceaild Mathernatics{webothbave to sign the form). If that is the case, then you mustprovide me with written documentation of Y6urreasons for needing to vyithdrawITOfll~heclass.Here is the forri1a1language ITomthe current catalog:
After the seventh day o/instruction, .astudent may drop a course onlyfor a serious andcompelling reason tha/makes it impossiblefo1' the student to complete course requirements. Aserl()usandc()mpelling reason is defined as a medical, emotiona~ or other condition acceptableto and verifiedby thedeanof the college/schoolin whichthe courseis offered Thecondition -
must be stated in writing on the dropform. Upon signing theform, the course instructor may adda written recommendation to ;thecollege/school dean in the space provided The dean mayrequire that the Studentprovide Writtensubstantiation as deemed necessary. Failing orperforming poorly inti class is not an acceptable serious and c()mpellingreasonwithin thetinivel'sitypolicy, norisdissatiifaction with the subject matter, class,'or instructor..
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During thefinal three weeks of instruction, dropping an individual course is notpermitted unlessspecial approval is given by the registrar in cases such as accident or illness where the colise of
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Exam Points Date Grade cutoffs
Midterm 1 100 Monday 20 September A=> 85%
Midterm 2 ,';: ' ,10,0", Monday 18 October , B = 75- 84.49%
Midterm 3 100 Monday 22 November ... .. C = 65- 74.49%
Final 150 Monday 13 December, 11:00-1:00 D."""55 - 64.49%
Laboratory ..30,0 '. . F = < 54.49%
Total 750
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the drop is due to circumstances' beyond the stUtknt'scontrol. If the student htIs.cQmpletedasignificant porlion of the required coursework, incomplet€ grades are often assigned
Simply put - if you need to withdraw ftom the class, there needs to be a very good anddocumented reason, or neither the dean n9r I will allow the withdrawaL The last possible date
that you may withdraw ftom the class is Tuesday 16 November.
UNIVERSITY POLICIES: I suPiJOrtwboleheartedly the university's policies, including,bu't not limited to, thefoUowing:
Students with Disabilities: Upon identifying themselves to the instructor and the university,students with disabilities will receive reasonable accommodation for learning and evaluation~Formore information, contact Services to Students with Disabilities in Madden Library 1049 (278-2811).
Cheating and Plagiarism: ttCheating is the actual or attempted practice of ftaudulent ordeceptiveacts.for the .purposeof improving one's grade or obtaining course credit suchacts alsoinclude assisting another student to do so. Typically, such actsoocur in relation to examinations.However,. it is the intent of this defmition that the term 'cheating' not be limited to examinationsituations only, but that it include aI).yand all actions by a.student that are intenciedto gain anunearned atademic advantage by ftaudulent or deceptivemeans. Plagiarism is a specific form ofcheating which consists of the misuse of the pubIishedandiorunpublished works of others bymisrepresenting the material (Le.,their intellectual property) so used as one's own work."Penalties for cheating and .plagiarismrange ftom a 0 or F on a particular assignment, through anF for the course, to expulsion ftom the university. For more information on the Universit'Y'spolicy regarding cheating and plagiarisn:l,refer to the Schedule of Courses (LegalNotices onCheating and Plagiarism) or the University Catalog (policies and Regulations)
Computers: "At California State University, Fresno, computers and communications links toremote resources are recognized as being integral to the education and research experience.Every student-is required to have hislher own computer or have other personal access to aworkstation (including a modem and a printer) with all the recommended software..Theminimum and recommended standards for the workstations and software, which may vary byacademic major, are updated periodically and are available ftom Information TechnologyServices (http://www/csuftesno.edulITS/} or the University Bookstore. Inthe curriculum andclass assignments, students are presumed to have 24-houraccess to a computer wprkstation andthe necessary communication links to the University's information resources."
Disruptive Classroom Behavior: "T~ classroom is a special environment in which studentsand faculty come together to promote learning and.growth. It is essential to this learningenvironmentthat respect for the rights of others seeking to learn, respect for the professionalismof the instructor, and the general goals of academic fteedom are maintained. ... Differences ofviewpoint or concerns should be expressed in terms which are supportive of the learning process,creating an environment in which,students and faculty may learn to reasonwith clarityandcompassion, to share of themselves without losing their identities, and to develop and
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understaridmgoftheoommunity inwhich they live. . . Student conduct which dismptsthelearning process shall hot be tolerated and may l~ad todisciplin,ary action and/or removal fromclass."Also see currentscheduleof courses. .
Primary Learning Outcomes: .
By the end of this class I expect that each of you will be able to a) cl~arly demonstrate yoUrunderstanding ofthe major components of evolutionary theory, b) clearly identitY~y of theorganismS you were shown, c) state the basic concepts of ecology,. and d) shovVab~lC
. understanding of animal and plant physiology. Your un~erstanding of what you havelearned willbe assessed via theexanrinations and exercises conductedinbothlecture arid laboratory.
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COURSE LECTURE SCHEDULE: topics and dates are subjectto,.,change,:~ notieeaccordiilgto eireumstance, .necessity, or oth~r compelling reasOD.IALW AYS'get behind.
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Date Topic Readi~ Assignment, CampbeU
1 MoD,Aug23 Courseintroduction,syllabus None "
2 W~j\.Ug 25 Evolution 221 17,<Au' 27 . .en, g..
4 MoB, A.ng30 Evolution- populations" 23.5 W~SepOl . EvoJ6ti9fl-:speeiation 24 ",
6 F~ seP 03 Phylogeny and systematics -. " 257 Moo, Sep 06 Labor day, DOclass8 We~ Sep 8 Phylogeny and systematics (cont,) 259 Fri, SeP 10 Origin of life, major lineages 2610 MoD, Sep 13 Prokaryotes 27
.11 W~ Sep 15 .Early eukaryotes 2812 F~ Sep 17
13 Moo, Sep 20 Midterm 114 VI~ Sep 22 Plant diversity 2915 F~ Sep24 Bryophytes 2916 MoD,Sep 27 GymnCisperms 30 .
17 Wed, Sep 29 Angiosperms' 3018 Fri, Oct 1 Fungi 3119 Mon, Oct 4 Introduction to the animals 32
20 We~ Oct 6 Porifera
21 Fri, Oct 8 Cnidaria andCtenophora22 Mon,'Oct 11 Platyhelminthes23 W~ Oct 13
Rotifers, nemerteansand24 Fri, Oct 15 lophophorateS25 MoD, Oct 18 Midterm.2 3326 Wed, Oct 20 Molluscs27 ~~ Oct 22 Annelids28 Mon, Oct 25 Nematodes
29 W~ Oct 27 Arthropods30 ~~ Oct 2931 Mon, Nov 1 Echinoderms
Tunicates, cephalochordates and
32 W~ Nov 3 agnathans
Chondrichthy~ Osteichthyes and 3433 1Fri,Nov 5 Amphibia34 Mon, Nov 8 Reptilia Md Aves35 W~Novl0 Mammalia36 Fri, Nov 12 .37 MoD,Nov 15 Plant structur~growth and functIon 35/36
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38 Wed, Nov 17 Animal physiology TBA39 Fri, Nov 19
- 40 MoJ4 Nov 22 Midterm 3
Wed, Nov 24 Thanksgiving RecessFri, Nov 26 Thanks2ivi Recess
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Ecology - basic concepts and41 Mon, Nov 29 biogeography 5042 Wed, Dee 1 Beh3vioral ecology 5143 Fri, Dee 3 iPopulationecology 5244 Mon,Dec 6 totrimunity ecology 53
Ecosystems and Conservation45 Wed, Dee 8 Biology 54
Final Exam Preparation & Faculty Consulmtion Days: Thursday and Friday Dee 9 and 10Final exams Monday-Thursday Dee 13-16Final em Monday Dee 13, 11:00-1:00
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( :~iolQgi(al' Sciences~IB -INTRODUCTORY.BIOLOGY .'
, '. . . LABORATORYSYLLABtrS-FaD2004
Lab "instrUdors:. '., ,Mr. Soott:'Peat,:GraduateStudent Office: Science 206B: einail: speat@csuft~sno.edJ!Ms. Rain Healer, Graduate Student Office: Science 114 email: creekwren~cvip.netMt.Chris Hamill, Graduate Student Office: Science 114 email:~hamm@csuftes,no.ed~ '.
Mr. Ammon Ri~,GraduateStu~~nt Office: Science 318 email: [email protected]
This syllabus will expla,inwhat you will be doing,in laboratOry,what you will need for la\), whatwe want you to get Qutof it, and how your grade will be.determined. .
Objectives for the Laboratorv .,
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1. Together with thel~ture portion of BioSc IB, we hope to expand your knowledge ofbiology sufficiently so that you will be able to think about biology with much greatersophistication.
2. We want this core.course to prepare you so well that every future biology course you takewill be more rewarding and a little easier.
3. This laboratory component specifically allows you to learn by experiencing things. ~re aremanytiInportant things in biology tha.tcannot be l~ inat!y Qtherw~y. '
4"'We'Wantto.help Yousharpenyourabilityto thinksCientili~lly .' .5. And finally, we want you'to eJijoydoing it! Successful biologists have one thing in
<»mmon;theyarefascinated by biology ~ wantto learn newtbings. The labormoryshould be an interesting and enjoyable place to work. We will try to make it that way. Mostimportant; we hope that later YOllwill look :ba.ckon it as worthwhile. .Note: thisdo~ notmean that everything will be fun or that the laboratory will be "easy".We know that students who succeed in BioSc IB (and in the entire biology major, for thatmatter) must work very hard to do so. To be successful in just about anything -but ~iallyin the sciences- you must gain satisfaction (if not enjoymenO &omworking,hard andachieving goals.
WhatYou'WiU Need: .
I. Always-bringaneteboGk and writing instrument to lab. .
2. Bring your textbook and laboratory guide and outline to lab, as well as,any supplementarymaterials posted ,in'advance of the lab. .
3. Youmayneeda calQulat()rftomtime to time. .
4. Youwill need some ~secfing equipment later in the semester. You can either buy somereal dissecnng ~tsJwhich are not eXpensive)at t1lebookstore <?ryou can make do.If you'make do"bring asafllin;rnum a single-edge razor.~lade for incisions, a pair of sharp-- ..
tipped sci$sors,sotnethingto,probe with that is blunt-tipped (like an old ballpoint pen), and apair ofsharp--tipped forceps. .
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'Preparation forUboratotv: We e~Qt fotyou to COme;toeachl~boratory seS$ionpreparedand on time! Yoqshould always read thto~gh:tl1elabot;atoryexercise to be done that day inadvance. and you sbould read any supplemental materials assigned IT01Ilthetextbook. Yourinstructor will operate the laboratory on the assumption that this preparation has been done.
Laboratory attendance is required in BioSc IB. We will expect youto workhard andconscientiously OOtilall the work is done. Usually this willrequire most of the perlo<l
Extra Scheduled Time Reouired: All of you should expect to spend your full six hours perweek in laboratory, andsomeextra time each week on preparation and assignments.
Gradm2And MsimBtents: Yourgrade in:BioSc IB la~ratory wiU'bebased on threelaboratorypracticals,5 quizzesandone libraryassignment.
~ AssinmentlExam PointsLaboratory Practical Examinations (3@ 75)'225Short Quizzes
5 unannounced (5x 1Opts each)Library Assignment
5025
Total Points Possible: 300
Notes and Comments:1. Attendance: '1.abattend;uu~e ismandatorv. YOU MUST PASS TIlE LABORATORYPORTION OF THE COURSIt TO BE ABLE TO PASS BlOSe tB. IF YOU MISS MORETHAN FIVE LABORATORIES YOU WILL It'AIL THE CLASS.We expect you to attend laboratory each time it meets, and in your aSsigned section. We knowthat some of you wilIbe ill or haVesome unavoidable cOnllictthat will prevent you Romattending a particular lab. On those occasionS,we expect you to notifYyour labinstmctor inadvance when possible, or as soon as possible after the absence, so arrangements can be madeto attend another section or otherwise make up the laboratory. Permission to make uptIlissedlabOratorysessions is at the discretion of your laboratory instructor.2. If you need to make up a laboratory in another section, it,is your responsibility to notify theinstructor of that sesSionthat you are making up a lab.3. Short Quizzes: Your instructor will begin 5 of the lab periods with short unannounced ten
point quizzes that will only test: a) the content of the preceding Jab; and b) tOO priorpreparation work assigned for the current lab. In general. students who miss all or part of aquiz by arriving late will not 00.allowed to makeup the missed material unless the instructoraccepts the reason for late arrival to be compelling. We hope these quizzes will be "easypoints" to reward any student who does the reqUiredpreparation and is present to take them.
4.Library Report: You will bt{asked to research some tQpicin the library and to obWn someinformation about that topic &omthe primary literature. The topic you select must beapproved by your lab instructor by lab 8. Ifyouneed SUggestions,see your instructor. These
. paperswillbe 3-4 double'Spacedtypedpages in 12pointfont,witha bibliographyof theliterature (5 references miiiinlum) you discOveredattached. The in~entof the assignment isto assure that you understand what primary literature is, how tQlocate it, '$1<1.how to access itwhen you have found it. Precise instructions will be posted on the web site within the nextfew weeks. '
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BioSc lB Laboratory: Provisional. Schedule of Activities and Assignments-subject to change - Fall 2004
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Lab Day Date
Aug 23/24Aug 25126
Aug 30/31Sep 1/2
SEP6n
Sep 8/9Sep 13/14
Sep 15/16Sep 20/21
Sep 22/23SEP 27/28
Sep 29/30Oct 4/5
Oct 6/7Oct 11/12
Oct 13/14Oct 18/19
Oct 20/21
OCT 25/26Oct 21/28Nov 1/2
Nov 3/4
Nov 8/9INov iO/ll
Nov 15/16Nov 17/18
Nov.22/23
Nov'24/25Nov 29/30
Dee 1/2
Dee 6/7
Topic
Introduction to' the Laboratory: Microscope use.
Introduction to systematics, Prokaryotes, Protists 1
Protists 2
Bryophytes . .
LABOR DAY -NO LABORATORIES
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms
AngiospermsGreenhouse tour
Further botany - plant morphologyLAB PRACTICAL 1
Fungi
Porifera, Cnidarians, ctenophores and body plans
PlatyhehninthsPseudocoelomates
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Molluscs and Annelids
Arthropods 1
Arthropods 2LAB PRACTICAL 2
Echinoderms and chordates
Agnathans, Fish, and Amphibians
Reptiles and birdsMammals
Experimental lab
Experimental lab
Biogeography
Ecology and behavior
NO lab -ThanksgivingShaw habitat cases - Califo11lianhabitats
Review for final lab .practicalLab pradical3
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MTuWTh
Mru
WTh
MTUWIll*
MfuWIll
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* Short to-point quizzes will be given on 5 of the dates marked with anasterisk. Those dates will be unannounced and at the discretion of theinstructor.
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1213
14
Mfu*WIll*
MTU
WThMfu
WThMfu*
1516
11181920
2122
2324
2526
WTh.*.
MTuWIll
MTUWIll*Mfu*
WTh.
MTuW/tb.*
MTu*WTh
Mffu
WTh
27 Mfu
28 WTh29 .Mru
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Lab 1: BioSc 1B
Tbe Microscope
Objectives of the lab:
1. Learn the parts and correct operation o(thecompound mi~ro~pe."2. Learn and demonstrate basic skills in microscope slide prevaratioItand rudimentary stainingtechniques. , . ' -' '" ' ,
, Note $at everyone individually does everything - theseafe'J1ot group exercises. If you don'teach master how to correctly use a microscope you will haVea miserable semester.
Introduction:
Even with today's modem IllQlecularmethodologies, the compotJII4mi",roscoperemains acritical tool in the biological sciences. For this reason a correctly adjusted and calibratedmicroscope will be an essential tool dtJringthis semester. '"
Compound microscopes are so named because they have two sets of magnify:inglenses thatwork together to produce the magnified image. The lens you look througbiscalled the ocularlens. The other lens, called the objective lens, is nearest the object being e~ed. Theobjective lens magtWiesthe image of the object t>eil~~ itaJid projecf$,th3t image onto thefocal plane of the ocular lens. The ocular lens magnj:f1estheimage again to produce the itnageyou see when you look into a microScope. For that reason, totalmagnification of a compoundmicroscope is the product of ocular and objective lens magnification. For example, a lOXocmarcombined with a 40X objective will produce 400X oftotal magnification. Lens poweris always stamped somewhere on t4e le~;; generally on th,ebarrel of objective lenses. , ,
Magnification is usually a}teredby changing objective lenses. To make this convenient, thereareusually2to 4 differentobjective tenses on a revolvin,gnosepiece that can be selected forviewing., These lenses'differ in their magnifying ability. As an objective lens.,becomeslonger,its magnification increases; but the working distance between lens and object becomes smaller'and the depth offocus also decr~" At the highest magnifications, the working distance is~ small, and the dqJth of focus is so sballow that the t9pand bottom of single cells capnotbe seen clearly atthe ~ time. For t~ r~DS, higher power is not always better fur
" observing objects.,Note: WJIenyou observe objects through C\compo~ microscope, the image will be inverted.This reverses all directional movement: up is down; left is right. This makes object locationinitially tricky.
Parts of the Compound microscope.
Please refer to the diagram.be-low.Your microscopes are not exactly like this, put this is aperfectly adequate summary of the major parts of the instrument. '
. BioSctB~Lab t"
0c1Ds
ArmRMMngIosepiece
~J-Mur6Jie'" - .
9age
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and ch~
~ Base
Please follow these simple rules when using the microscope:
1. Put your tnic~oscopeback exactly where you found it. When you put the 'scope away~makesure that t4e lowest power objbctive is left in position oVerthe sWge.2. When carrying a microScope, use both h3nds: one under the base, one on the handle-likeupright that leads to the oculars. Always carry tnicroscope~ upright! If tilted or SWung,the
- oculars can fall out A typical lab teaching 'scope costs in excess Qf$2,OOO.3. Be Sureall optiCalsUrfacesare clean. If the}'are dirty, clean them only with lens paper andsome dilute Wmdex ifnecessary. Do not use anything else: shirttails, handkerchiefs, papertowels etc. will scratch and ruin lenses.
Adjustment of the compound microscope: Steps in achieving Koehler illumination.This is the simple pr9cedure that correctly adjusts a compound tnicroscope for maximumviewingpleaSure .'
1~ Focus on a prepared slide (provided) using the lOX objective (magnification will be100X). Now COveryour l~ft eye and look down the right eyepiece only. Adju$tthefocus if necessary using the coatse and fine focus knobs. Now cover your right eye andlook down the left objective. If the slide is out of focus, adjust using the adjustable
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BioSc1B, Lab 1
left eyepiece. Ifboth of your eyes have equal acuity, then the two eyepieces will be inthe same plane.
2. Close the field diaphragm at the base,ofthe microscope, and swing out any accessorylens (located undemeaththe sub-stage condenser). You will see a small bright discsurroundedby black. --
3. Bring this disc into sharp focus by moving the sub-Stagecondenser up or down. Whenin focus you will be able to see the sharp edges of the iris diaphragm.
4. Now center this disc in your field of view using the two adjustment screws located ateithersideof the fielddiaphragm. .
5. Open up the field diaphragm. Koehler is achieved. From this point on, do not move thesub'-stagecondenser -'-focus using the coarse and fine adjustment knobs.
Laboratory Exercises:
1. Look at a prepared slide with the letter e on it, at all available magnifications, beginningwith the lowest. This enables you to orient yourself to image position and directionalmovement.2. Prepare a wet mount slide ofthe epithelial cells fi:omthe inside of your own cheek, andobserve at all available magnifications. Your TA will demonstrate the technique. Half of eachclass will use the blunt end of a flat toothpick to sample the cells; the other half ofthe classwilluse a sterilecotton-tippedswab.Whichsamplingdeviceprovidesbetterresults? .
3. Staining: one half ofthe class"will stain their cheek cell preparations with iodine, the otherhalfwith methylene blue. These are two common and often used biological stains. Cheek cellsstained with Lugol's iodine will have brown nuclei and light brown cytoplasmic granules, thosestained with methylene blue will have nucleus and cytoplasm in shades of green/greeny blueAgain, your TAwill demonstrate how to do this without preparing another slide. Draw whatyou see.4. Look at a select few prepared slides. Draw what you find.5. Finally, make a wet mount (look at the lab card out on the bench) of a drop of pond oraquarium water, and see if you can observe any living material.
Notes on drawing technique: all drawings you make during this course should be in pencil,either the ubiquitous number 2, or (sometimes better for fine detail) a harder penciL Drawingsshould be made on plain paper, should not be drawn within a circle, and should be large~nough to make detai1seasy to render and easy to interpret later. Any text labels should beplaced at either or both sides of the drawing, and the labeled structures indicated by straightruled lines. If the drawing is of an observation made using a.microscope, the magnifi~tionused should be recorded. Even though you will not be graded on adherence to thesesuggestions, they will help you learn.
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