Biology EOC ReviewNAME_______________________________________________________

Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Chapter 1)Key Vocabulary Words:Hypothesis Control Experiment Data PredictionDependent variable Independent variable Theory Observation Inference

A researcher investigates a drug company’s claim that taking a certain diet pill once a day results in a loss of 10 lbs over a 30-day period. She recruits 100 people (50 men and 50 women) to participate in her study. The participants are all approximately the same age and weight; they have similar medical histories and similar habits in terms of diet and exercise. She randomly assigns 50 individuals to Group A and 50 to Group B. Group A receives one diet a pill a day for 30 days. Group B receives a placebo once a day for 30 days. She then compares the average weight change for each group.

1. What hypothesis is being tested in this experiment?

2. What is the control group? ___________________3. What is the experimental group? ________________________4. What controls are described in this experimental design?

5. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? ____________________6. What is the independent variable? ____________________

Suppose the researcher found that the average weight loss for Group A was 9.7 lbs. For Group B, it was 8.8 lbs.

7. Construct a graph of these results using the grid on the right. 8. Is the drug company’s claim supported by these results? Why or why not?

The rate at which fish breathe was measured at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data are below.

Breathing rate Temperature19/min 5 deg C 25/min 10 deg C 30/min 20 deg C 34/min 30 deg C 37/min 35 deg C

9. Graph these data using the grid on the right.10. What is the independent variable? _____________. The dependent variable? ___________11. What happens to breathing rate as temperature increases?

12. What would be a good control for this experiment?

13. If you raised the temperature even more (say up to 50 deg C), would breathing rate continue to increase? Why or why not? (Hint: your body temp is about 37 deg C)

Biology EOC Review

Goal 2: Learner will develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

THE CELL (Chapters 6-9)Key Vocabulary Words:Hydrogen bond Nucleic acid Homeostasis Cell cycle Polar molecule Nucleotide Selective permeability ATP and ADPDiffusion Cell theory Transport protein Catalyst Dynamic equilibrium Prokaryote Osmosis PhotosynthesisCarbohydrate Eukaryote Active transport ChlorophyllMonosaccharide Nucleus Passive transport Electron transportDisaccharide Chloroplast Facilitated diffusion Calvin cyclePolysaccharide Ribosome Chromosome Cellular respirationLipid Cell wall Mitosis AnaerobicProtein Mitochondria Tissue AerobicAmino acid Vacuole Organ GlycolysisPeptide bond Phospholipid bilayer Organ system Krebs (citric acid) cycleEnzyme Plasma membrane Cancer Fermentation

1. Give 2 functions of carbohydrates within cells/organisms. __________________________ and ____________________________.2. A phospholipid has a ____________ backbone with a (polar/nonpolar) phosphate “head” and two (polar/nonpolar) fatty acid “tails”.3.Biological membranes are made up of phospholipid bilayers. Draw a phoshpolipid bilayer in the space below.

4. How does the shape of an enzyme relate to enzyme function?

5. A nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a ___________.6. All organic molecules contain the element ______________.7. Eukaryotes reproduce asexually by ____________.8. Eukaryotes reproduce sexually by ____________. 9. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by ___________ __________. 10. ___________ occurs when a cell loses its ability to control the cell cycle. 11. The nucleotide _____ the source of energy for nearly all cellular activities. 12. All biochemical reactions require special proteins called ____________, which function as biological catalysts that speed up the rate of those reactions. 13. Factors such as ______ and _____________ affect enzyme activity. 14. Are enzymes used up or permanently altered in the reactions they catalyze?15. What is a substrate? ____________________________________________________________________16. Explain the lock-and-key model of enzyme and substrate interaction.

17. Would an increase in temperature probably speed up or slow down the rate of a particular biochemical reaction? __________. 18. Complete the balanced equations for photosynthesis ______ + ______ + light → __________ + _____.19. In which organelle does photosynthesis occur? ________________________20. Which kingdoms include photosynthetic organisms? ________________, _________________, and _____________________.________________ is the pigment molecule embedded in the _____________ membranes of chloroplasts within plant cells that captures __________ from sunlight. 21. Complete the balanced equation for cellular respiration ____________ + ______ → ________ + _______ + 36 ______. 22. (Aerobic or Anaerobic) _________________ cellular respiration requires oxygen. 23. Are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation aerobic or anaerobic processes? ___________________24. Many cells/organisms can produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. If oxygen is not available, glycolysis is followed by _________.25. Which type of fermentation (lactic acid or alcoholic) occurs in your muscle cells? ____________26. Which type of fermentation (lactic acid or alcoholic) occurs in yeasts and bacteria? ____________27. Glycolysis occurs in which part of the cell? ________________28. The citric acid cycle and electron transport occur inside which organelle? ________________29. Which produces more ATP, aerobic or anaerobic respiration? _____________How much more (per molecule of glucose)? ______30. Describe 2 differences and 2 similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

31. Which of the following processes requires cell energy: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport? ____________32. Which of the following requires transport proteins: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport? _______________33. ____________________are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of ____: ____: ____.

Biology EOC Review34. Compare the following two types of cells:

Prokaryotic EukaryoticMembrane-bound organellesRibosomes?Types of chromosomesSize

35. Complete the following table on organic molecules:Macromolecules Function SubunitsCarbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Specific Molecule Type of macromolecule Function SubunitsStarch

Cellulose

Insulin

Glycogen

Glucose

Enzymes

Hemoglobin

Fats

DNA

RNA

36. Describe the following nutrient tests:Nutrient Type of Test Negative Test Positive TestStarch

Lipids

Monosaccharides

Protein

37. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.Cell Part and Letter Structure Description FunctionNucleusPlasma Membrane

Cell wallCell Part and Letter Structure Description FunctionMitochondriaVacuolesChloroplastsRibosomes

Biology EOC Review

38.Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? ___________39.Which structures are found only in the plant cell? ________________________________________________________________40.Which structures are found only in the animal cell? _______________________________________________________________

Microscope Use:

41. What is the total magnification of a microscope if the eyepiece is 10 x and the objective is 40 x? ____________X.42.Put the following in order from smallest to largest: organ systems, cells, organs, tissues. _____________→____________________→__________________→______________________________

43. Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.

44.Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

45.How is the semipermeable membrane like a cell membrane?

46. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? __________

47. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? (left or right)______________48. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration.49. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________ concentration.50. Define homeostasis: ________________________________________________________________________________________51. Draw a cell and use arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt concentration inside the cell = 25% and outside the cell = 10%.

b. Sugar concentration inside the cell = 17% and outside = 23%.

52. Comparison of active and passive transport:PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Requires energy?

Low to high concentration or high to low concentration?Examples

Biology EOC Review

Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.

53. What cellular process produces ATP?

54. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.

Goal 3: Learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time.

HEREDITY (Chapters 10-13)Key Vocabulary Words:Trait Diploid Gene Genetic engineeringGamete Haploid Mutation Recombinant DNAFertilization Homologous chromosomes Mutagen Transgenic organismZygote Meiosis Carrier Restriction enzymeAllele Crossing over Codominance Vector Dominant Genetic recombination Incomplete dominance PlasmidRecessive nondisjunction Multiple alleles CloneLaw of segregation mRNA Autosome Gene therapyLaw of independent assortment rRNA Sex chromosome Gel electrophoresisPhenotype tRNA Sex-linked trait DNA fingerprintingGenotype transcription Polygenic inheritance Polymerase chain reaction Homozygous Translation Karyotype mitosisHeterozygous Codon Test cross

1. Explain how meiosis produces genetic variability.

2. What is complementary base pairing?

3. What type of bond occurs between the bases of a DNA molecule? _______________4. Use the following terms to fill in the blanks (transcription, replication, translation): _________________ is DNA synthesis. ___________________ is mRNA synthesis. ______________________is protein synthesis. 5. A _________ is an mRNA triplet, not a DNA sequence. 6. The DNA sequence CCG would code for which amino acid? (Hint: you must transcribe the DNA into mRNA before you use the codon chart to determine the amino acid.) ___________7. Amino acids linked together form a polypeptide which must then fold up into the correct 3-dimensional shape (and sometimes join with other polypeptides) to form a functional ________________. 8. Sex-linked traits are associated with genes that are carried on the ___ chromosome. 9. Explain why males are more likely to show sex-linked traits.

10. Which of the following diseases/disorders is caused by dominant allele: Tay-Sachs, cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s, Down syndrome, colorblindness, sickle-cell anemia, or hemophilia? ____________________11. Which disorder is caused by a nondisjunction and is also known as trisomy 21? __________ ________________12. Which two of the disorders listed in question 20 are sex-linked? ____________________________ and __________________13. Which two disorders are simple recessive conditions? ________________________ and ____________________14. Which disorder is caused by a codominant allele? ___________________________15. Many disorders such as diabetes, asthma, and cardiovascular (heart) disease are caused by the interaction of both genetic and ______________ factors. 16. What are the 4 human blood types? ______, _______, _______, and ________.17. List the 3 alleles that produce these blood types. ____, ____, and ____.

Biology EOC Review18. Which blood type allele is recessive? ____Which 2 are codominant? ___ and ___19. What 2 genotypes produce blood type A? _____ and ______. Blood type B? _____ and ______.20. What genotype results in blood type O? ______21. What is gene therapy?22. Transgenic _____________ are used to produce human proteins such as insulin and human growth hormone.23. Which genetic engineering technique is used to separate DNA fragments based on size? _______ ________________24. Which technique is used to clone DNA outside of living cells? _________25. DNA can be cut at specific nucleotide sequences by _______________ enzymes. 26. DNA ____________________ can be used to identify unknown individuals. 27. _________ alleles refers to a single trait controlled by a single gene that has 3 or more alleles. A single trait that is determined by the interaction of 2 or more different genes is an example of _____________ inheritance. 28. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?29. What is the major difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? 30. Give an example of a haploid cell. _________31. Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same locations are __________________. 32. How many chromosomes are found in a diploid human cell? ____33. What is crossing over and when does it occur?34. What is the difference between a gamete and a zygote?35. What amino acid does the codon UUC code for? ________________36. The genetic sequence TTA would code for which amino acid? ____________37. How many autosomes are found in a diploid human cell? _________38. What are the two sex chromosomes? __ and __39. What is the genotype of a human male? ______ Female? ______40. What is Mendel’s law of segregation?41.What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?42.In terms of meiosis, explain why segregation and independent assortment occur?

43.Why would two genes located on the same chromosome tend not to assort independently?

44. What process would allow two such genes to assort independently? _________________ ________45. Give 2 examples of vectors used in recombinant DNA technology. ________________ and _______________

46.If a test cross produced an F1 generation consisting only of individuals showing the dominant trait, what was the genotype of the unknown parent? (heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive) _______________. Use the letters A and a to show this test cross.

47. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix. 48. What needs to be added to this strand to make it a double helix? ________________ Give the nucleotide sequence. ______________________.49.What are the black pentagons? _______________ What are the nitrogen bases? ________________

50. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?__________________________________51. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left)_______________________________________________

Biology EOC Review

52. Compare RNA and DNA in the following tableRNA DNA

SugarsBases # of StrandsWhereIn CellFunction

53.What kind of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? ____________ __________54. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

1)2)3)

55. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? _____________ _______56.What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? _______________________________________________________________57. How do mutations affect the mRNA?

58. How can this affect translation?

59. How can this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?

Look at the diagram of the cell cycle to the left.60. What is the longest part of the cell cycle? (interphase, mitosis, or cytokinesis)

61. When does the duplication of DNA occur? _______________

62. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? _____

If a particular gene is “expressed,” the protein that the gene codes for is produced (DNA → RNA → Protein). Gene expression is tightly regulated. Cells control if and when genes are expressed and how much protein is produced. All cells in an organism have the same DNA.

63. In terms of gene expression, explain how a nerve cell functions differently from a muscle cell.64. Complete the following table:

MITOSIS MEIOSISType of reproduction(Asexual or sexual)Chromosome number of mother cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)Chromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)Number of cell divisions

Number of cells produced

When does replication happen?SOURCES OF VARIATIONCrossing overRandom assortment of chromosomesGene mutationsNondisjunction

Biology EOC Reviewfertilization65. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. ____→ ____→ ____→ ____ →____

In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. 66. Give the genotype for the parents. _______ and _______

67. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? Genotypes: ___, ___, and ___.Phenotypes: ________ and _______.

68. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? ____:____:____

69. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?____:____.

70. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height?

71. What type of inheritance pattern produces an intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes? (dominant/recessive, codominance, or incomplete dominance). ________________________________________

72. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure breeding white flower (R’R’). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Genotypes: __________________, ____________________, and _______________Phenotypes: __________________, ___________________, and _______________

73. If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, IB, and i) ____________________________________

74. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again? _________

75. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood? ________

76. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? ____________

77. A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father? Explain.

78. Some traits are polygenic. What does this mean?

79. Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male.

80. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia? _______

81. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia? ________

Biology EOC Review

82. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia? ________

83.What is the sex of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left? _________

84.What is the disorder that this person has? _____ _________ What is your evidence?

85.What are some of the characteristics of this disorder?

86.What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree (simple dominant, simple recessive, or sex-linked)? _________________________

87.How do you know?

88.Using A,a to represent the alleles, what is the genotype of person II4? ______

89. What is the genotype of person I3? ______89. A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation). Show the crosses in the Punnett squares below. Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the F1 and F2 generations.

Biology EOC Review To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a rape case.

90.Could the defendant be the rapist? Explain your answer.

91. Which fragments of DNA are the longest? (Assume the samples were loaded at the top of the gel) Explain.

92. Name another use for DNA fingerprinting? _______________

93. Describe the process that is shown in the diagram to the left.

94. What is the value of this technology?

95. What are some other applications of this type of technology?

EVOLUTION (Chapters 14 & 15)Key Vocabulary Words:Fossil Natural selection Allelic frequency Directional selection Reproductive isolationSpontaneous generation Mimicry Coevolution Disruptive selection PolyploidyBiogenesis Convergent evolution Genetic drift Speciation Punctuated equilibriumEndosymbiosis Divergent evolution Stabilizing selection Geographic isolation Gradualism Evolution Gene pool

1. The earth’s early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen. The evolution of what types of organisms led to increasing levels of O2. _______________________________.2. Redi and Pasteur’s experiments disproved the hypothesis of ____________ ___________.3. What is the major difference between relative and absolute dating techniques?

Biology EOC Review

4. Is radiometric dating relative or absolute? _________________5. More offspring are produced than will survive to adulthood. There is phenotypic variation among offspring. Those individuals with favorable traits will be more likely to survive and reproduce. These 3 statements describe Darwin’s theory of _____________ ________________. 6. List 4 different lines of evidence for evolution and give a specific example of each.

7. What evolves, populations or individuals? __________8. Evolutionary change is caused by changes in _______________ frequencies within populations over time. 9. Natural selection is one mechanism for evolutionary change. Mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow can also affect allele frequencies. Would smaller or larger populations be more likely to change due to mutation, genetic drift, and/or gene flow?_________10. Explain your answer to question 9.

11. Can reproductive isolation occur without geographic isolation? In other words, can 2 groups become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area? Describe an example of how this can happen.

12. Explain why reproductive isolation is critical to speciation.

13. The eyes of some invertebrates such as octopi and squid are very similar to the eyes of vertebrates such as humans. However, these invertebrate and vertebrate species cannot be traced to a common ancestor that had eyes. In other words, eyes appear to have evolved separately and independently in these two lineages. Is the evolution of the eye in invertebrates and vertebrates an example of convergent evolution or divergent evolution? _________________________14. Fourteen species of Galapagos finches evolved from a single ancestor from the South American mainland. Is this an example of evolutionary convergence or divergence? ______________________15. Using any organism and phenotype that you like, create 3 graphs: one illustrating stabilizing selection, a graph that illustrates directional selection, and a graph that shows disruptive selection.

16. Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.a) populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from? ________________b) organisms could reproduce exponentially but they don’t. Why not?

c) Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?

d) Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?

e) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?

f) The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of selected genes increase?

g) When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation?

17. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide) using the steps listed above.

18. Explain Miller and Urey’s hypothesis.

19.What is the significance of their experiments?

20. Most hypotheses state that prokaryotic anaerobes probably evolved first. Why?

21. Prokaryotic autotrophs probably evolved later. What substance began to build up in the atmosphere as a result? ________________________

Biology EOC Review22.The increasing concentration of this substance in the atmosphere set the stage for the evolution of organisms that utilize (aerobic or anaerobic) respiration. ______________--

23. Describe the endosymbiont theory of the evolution of eukaryotic cells.

Goal 4: Learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.

CLASSIFICATION (Chapter 17) Key Vocabulary Words:Taxonomy Binomial nomenclature Dichotomous key Cladistics PhylogenyKingdom Phylum Class Order FamilyGenus Species Specific epithet Cladogram Fan diagram

1. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related? _______________________ and _____________________

2.Which organism is most closely related to the ray-finned fish?

____________________

3. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to?

_____________________

4. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.

Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae AnimaliaEukaryotic or prokaryoticMulticellular or single-celledSexual or asexual reproductionAutotrophic or heterotrophicAerobic or anaerobicCell walls or no cell walls

5. List the 3 domains6. List the other 7 classification levels in order from largest to smallest.

7. How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms?8. What is binomial nomenclature?

9. If two different species belong to the same family, what other taxa do they have in common? ____________________________

10. Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left. __________________

1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2 b. leaf is broad……… go to 5

Biology EOC Review2. a. needles are short ....go to 3 b. needles are long…...go to 43. a. underside of needles green…hemlock b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6 b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 76. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurel

VIRUSES, BACTERIA, PROTISTS, AND IMMUNITY (Chapters 18, 19, and 39)Key Vocabulary Words:Virus Lytic cycle Endospore Flagellate Active immunity

Host cell Retrovirus Toxin Ciliate Passive immunityBacteriophage Chemosynthesis Protozoan Sporozoan VaccineCapsid Binary fission Alga Spore Antibody Lytic cycle Conjugation Pseudopodia Innate immunity AntigenLysogenic cycle Obligate aerobe Asexual reproduction Acquired immunity Memory cell Provirus Obligate anaerobe Archaeabacteria Eubacteria Nitrogen fixation

Questions:1. Describe the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses.

2. How can certain viruses cause cancer?3. Explain why viruses are considered nonliving.

4. Name 3 ways in which bacteria are useful to humans.

5. Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite. What is the vector? What are the symptoms? What are the treatments?

6. What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?

7. What is the difference between the two types of acquired immunity (active and passive)?

8. What types of human cells does HIV infect? __________9. A __________________ is one that contains RNA rather than DNA.10. Describe how vaccines work.

11. RNA viruses (like the influenza virus) mutate more rapidly than DNA viruses (like the chicken pox virus). Based on this information, why do you need only one administration of the chicken pox vaccine, but you need to get a flu shot every year?

12. The _______________________ include the “extremophiles” such as methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles, which tolerate extreme conditions such as low oxygen, high salt, and high temperature.

PLANTS AND ANIMALS (Chapters 21, 22, 27.2, 28.1, 28.2, 30.2, 32.1)

Biology EOC ReviewKey Vocabulary Words:Xylem Vascular plant Amphibian EndothermPhloem Nonvascular plant Arthropod EctothermGymnosperm Stomata Mammal Placental mammalAngiosperm Turgor pressure Bilateral symmetry Marsupial Cuticle Annelid Exoskeleton Monotreme

1. In vascular plants, _____________ and __________ make up the vascular tissues. 2. What is the major function of roots? Leaves?

3. What is the major difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

4. Describe the importance of the evolution of vascular tissue and seeds in terms of plants; adaptation to life on land.

5. Describe gas exchange (the movement of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in plants. What role do stomata play? What are guard cells?

6. Do plants need oxygen? In other words, do plant cells respire? _______7. Coevolution refers to 2 species evolving together over time so that each becomes dependent upon the other for its survival. Describe the mutualistic relationship that has developed between angiosperms and their pollinators in terms of coevolution.

8. Explain why seeds are an advantage over spores with respect to sexual reproduction in a terrestrial environment.

9. What does the name “amphibian” literally mean? _______________________

10. Amphibians reproduce in water and utilize external fertilization and external development. Mammals reproduce on land and exhibit intermal fertilization and internal development. How do internal fertilization and development represent adaptations to terrestrial life?

11. Give an example of an annelid. _____________12. How do annelids acquire nutrients?

13.How do annelids conduct gas exchange (get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the body)?

14. How do annelids reproduce?

15. How do insects conduct gas exchange?

16.How do insects reproduce?

17. Which of the following is an invertebrate: annelid, mammal, or amphibian? ____________18. What is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms? Give an example of each.

19. What is the difference between bilateral and radial symmetry? Which type of symmetry do most animals have?

20. In plants, which vascular tissue transports water? ___________Which transports sugars? _________21. Describe the function of root hairs.

22.In plants, what is a cuticle and what is its function?

23. When plants don’t receive enough water, they wilt due to a decrease in ___________ ____________.24. Describe alternation of generations in plants.

Biology EOC Review25. In what other kingdoms is alternation of generations observed?

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (Chapters 33)Key Vocabulary Words:Behavior Fight-or-flight response Hibernation Trial-and-error learning

Innate behavior Territory Estivation Classical conditioningReflex Courtship behavior Habituation InsightInstinct Migration Imprinting CommunicationCircadian rhythm Dominance hieararchy Pheromone

1. What is the difference between innate and learned behavior?

2. What is the difference between an instinct and a reflex?

3. A duckling following its mother everywhere the mother goes is an example of ________________. 4. If you hold a mirror in front of a male Betta splendens (Siamese Fighting Fish), he will behave aggressively toward his own reflection initially, but after several minutes he will ignore his reflection. This is an example of _____________.5. ____________ ________________ is also called learning by association. 6. Describe 2 ways in which animals can communicate with each other. 7. Complete the table below: Type of Behavior Explanation of Behavior Survival Value of Behavior Suckling

Insects moving away or toward lightMigration

Estivation

Hibernation

Type of Behavior Explanation of Behavior Survival Value of Behavior Habituation

Imprinting

Classical conditioning

Trial and error

Communication using pheromonesCourtship dances

Territoriality

8.Which of the above behaviors are innate (or instinct)?

9.Which of the above behaviors are learned?

10.Which of the above behaviors are social?

Goal 5: Learner will develop an understanding of the ecological relationships among organisms.

ECOLOGY (Chapters 2-5)Key Vocabulary Words:

Biology EOC ReviewBiosphere Symbiosis Consumer Limiting factor Acid precipitationAbiotic Commensalism Decomposer Tolerance Exotic speciesBiotic Parasitism Trophic level Exponential growth BioaccumulationPopulation Mutualism Food chain Carrying capacity (k) Habitat degradationCommunity Autotroph Food web Biodiversity Habitat fragmentationEcosystem Heterotroph Energy pyramid Climate change Conservation Habitat Producer Biomass pyramid Greenhouse effect Sustainable useNiche

1. When energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, approximately how much energy is lost as heat? ____%2. How many pounds of corn would a cattle rancher have to feed a bull in order to produce 10 pounds of beef? ________3. Which type of growth curve (S or J) is characteristic of a population that is experiencing exponential growth? ______4. What is the major difference between linear and exponential growth?

5. Define carrying capacity. ________________________________________________________________________________6. What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche?

7. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

8. Give an example of each of the following types of organisms: autotroph, decomposer, scavenger, carnivore, herbivore, omnivore.

9. What word is synonymous with the word, “autotroph”? __________ What word is synonymous with “heterotroph”?___________10. List the five levels of ecological organization in order from smallest to largest.

11. What does the ecosystem level include that a biological community does not?_______________ _______________12. Give 3 examples of limiting factors for oak trees in a forest ecosystem. ________________________________________13. What is the major limiting factor in a desert community? _________ Is it a biotic or abiotic factor? ______________14. Global warming is caused by an increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What is the major cause of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide? ______________________________________________15. The use of DDT, a pesticide, was banned in the US because it was linked to declines in the populations of predatory birds such as eagles and falcons. The concentration of DDT as it moved up the food chain from 1st order consumers to top-level predators is an example of ___________________.16. Create a food chain for the following organisms: hawk, oak tree (acorn), squirrel. _____________________________________17.The ozone layer (O3) high in the earth’s atmosphere absorbs UV radiation in sunlight. UV radiation is mutagenic. What effect could ozone depletion have on human health?

18.What types of chemicals (common in aerosols and refrigerants) cause ozone depletion?

19. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationshipsRelationship Definition Example Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

20.In the graph below, which organism is the prey? _____________Which is the predator? ________________21.Which population increases (or falls) first and why?

22.Which population increases (or falls) second and why?

Biology EOC Review

Assume that the diagram to the left shows populations of pine trees in an area. The area is too large for a scientist to count every tree.

23.Assume that each small plot (square) is 10 m x 10 m. Estimate the population size of the whole area. ______________

24.How could the same process (above) be used to estimate species diversity?

25.How could the same process be used to discover changes in the environment over time?

26.List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. ___________________________________________________________________27.List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. __________________________________________________________________Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time28.What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right? _____________

29.What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?_____________30.During what month were rabbits in exponential growth? _____________

Graph 2: Mexico and US31.In Mexico, what percentage of the population is between 0-4 years of age? ________ 32.In the US? __________

33.Which population is growing the fastest? _______________34.Which age group has the smallest number in both countries? ____________ 

35. The graph to the left shows the growth of the human population from 1 A.D. to 2000 A.D. Describe what you see has happened.

Biology EOC Review36. Predict what will happen to population growth in the future and explain your reasoning.

37. What factors influence birth and death rates?

The Carbon Cycle

38. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? __________________________________39. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? _______________________________40. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

41. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?

Biology EOC Review

42. What are the producers in this food web? ________________________________________________________________________43. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? ______________________________________________________44. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? ______________________________________________________________45. What are the highest level consumers in this food web? ______________________________________________________________

46. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear

47. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? ___________________ Where is the least energy? ____________________48. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? ________________________________________49. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid. (Write the numbers beside each level of the pyramid.)50. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web? _______________________________________________51. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? _____________