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21-2 Classification of Fungi
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Classification
Fungi are classified according to their structure and
method of reproduction.
The four main groups of fungi are:
• Common molds (Zygomycota)
• Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
• Club fungi (Basidiomycota)
• Imperfect fungi (Deuteromycota)
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The Common Molds
The Common Molds
What are the characteristics of the
common molds?
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The Common Molds
Familiar molds that grow on meat, cheese, and
bread are called zygomycetes.
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The Common Molds
Zygomycetes have life cycles that
include a zygospore.
A zygospore is a resting spore that
contains zygotes formed during the sexual
phase of the mold's life cycle.
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The Common Molds
Structure and Function of Bread Mold
Black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, is a zygomycete.
Black bread mold has two types of hyphae:
• Rhizoids are rootlike hyphae that penetrate the bread's surface.
• Stolons are stemlike hyphae that run along the surface of the bread.
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The Common Molds
Life Cycle of Molds
Black bread molds reproduce both sexually and
asexually.
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The Common Molds
Life Cycle of a Black Bread Mold
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
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The Common Molds
Hyphae from different mating types fuse and produce
gamete-forming structures called gametangia.
- Mating type (N)
+ Mating type (N)
Stolon
Rhizoids
Gametangia
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The Common Molds
Haploid (N) gametes produced in the gametangia
fuse with gametes of the opposite mating type to form
diploid (2N) zygotes.
Zygotes develop into thick-walled zygospores.
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The Common Molds
In favorable conditions, the zygospore germinates,
undergoes meiosis, and releases new haploid
spores.
Spores (N)
Sporangium
Zygospore (2N)
Zygospore (2N)
Sexual
Reproduction
MEIOSIS
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The Common Molds
The sporangium reproduces asexually by releasing
haploid spores produced by meiosis.
Spores (N)
Sporangiophore
Rhizoids
Sporangium
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The Sac Fungi
The Sac Fungi
What are the characteristics of the sac
fungi?
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The Sac Fungi
The phylum Ascomycota is named for the
ascus, a reproductive structure that
contains spores.
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The Sac Fungi
Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
The life cycle of an ascomycete usually includes
both asexual and sexual reproduction.
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The Sac Fungi
Sexual
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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The Sac Fungi
In asexual reproduction, spores called conidia form
at tips of conidiophores.
Conidiophores are specialized hyphae.
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The Sac Fungi
During sexual reproduction, haploid hyphae of two
different mating types (+ and - ) grow close together.
Gametangia
- Mating type (N)
+ Mating type (N)
Hyphae (N)
Hyphae
(N) + (N)
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The Sac Fungi
The N + N hyphae then produce a fruiting body in
which sexual reproduction continues.
The ascus forms within the fruiting body.
Within the ascus, two nuclei of different mating types
fuse to form a diploid zygote (2N).
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The Sac Fungi
Ascus (N + N)
Fruiting body (N + N)
Zygote (2N)
Asci
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The Sac Fungi
The zygote divides by meiosis, producing four
haploid cells.
In most ascomycetes, meiosis is followed by mitosis,
so that eight cells called ascospores are produced.
An ascospore can germinate and grow into a haploid
mycelium.
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The Sac Fungi
Hypha (N)
8 Ascospores
(N)
Ascus
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The Sac Fungi
Yeasts
Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding.
Dry granules of yeast contain ascospores, which
become active in a moist environment.
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The Club Fungi
The Club Fungi
What are the characteristics of the club
fungi?
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The Club Fungi
The phylum Basidiomycota, or club fungi, gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club.
The spore-bearing structure is called the basidium.
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The Club Fungi
Life Cycle of Club Fungi
Basidiomycetes undergo an elaborate life cycle.
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The Club Fungi
Life Cycle of Club Fungi
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The Club Fungi
A basidiospore germinates to produce a haploid
primary mycelium.
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The Club Fungi
The mycelia of
different mating types
fuse to produce a
secondary mycelium.
The cells of the
secondary mycelium
contain haploid nuclei
of each mating type.
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The Club Fungi
Fruiting body (N + N)
Gills lined with basidia
CapGills
Stalk
Base
Basidia
(N +N)
When the right combination of moisture and nutrients
occurs, spore-producing fruiting bodies push above
the ground.
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The Club Fungi
Fruiting body (N + N) Gills lined with
basidia
CapGills
Stalk
Base
Basidia
(N +N)
When the mushroom cap opens, it exposes hundreds
of tiny gills on its underside.
Each gill is lined with basidia.
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The Club Fungi
Nuclei in each basidium fuse, forming a diploid
zygote, which undergoes meiosis, forming clusters of
haploid basidiospores.
Basidiospores (N)
Zygote (2N)
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The Club Fungi
Basidiospores form at the edge of each basidium and
are ready to be scattered.
Basidiospores (N)
Zygote (2N)
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The Club Fungi
Diversity of Club Fungi
Basidiomycetes include shelf fungi, puffballs,
earthstars, jelly fungi, and rusts.
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The Imperfect Fungi
The Imperfect Fungi
What are the characteristics of the
imperfect fungi?
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The Imperfect Fungi
Imperfect fungi, or Deuteromycota, are
fungi that cannot be placed in other
phyla because researchers have never
been able to observe a sexual phase in
their life cycles.
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The Imperfect Fungi
A well-known genera of the imperfect fungi is
Penicillium.
Penicillium notatum is a mold that is the source of the
antibiotic penicillin.
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21-2
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21-2
Fungi grow best in an environment that is
a. cool.
b. moist.
c. dry.
d. salty.
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Yeasts are
a. ascomycetes.
b. zygomycetes.
c. basidiomycetes.
d. deuteromycetes.
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Penicillium is a(an)
a. ascomycete.
b. basidiomycete.
c. deuteromycete.
d. zygomycete.
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21-2
Sac fungi have a characteristic reproductive
structure called a(an)
a. ascus.
b. basidium.
c. budding capsule.
d. sporophyte.
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21-2
The basidiospores of club fungi are produced on
thin structures called
a. fruiting bodies.
b. buttons.
c. gills.
d. stalks.