Biology EOC Review

Reporting Category 5

Interdependence within Environmental Systems

11 Questions

Readiness Standards: 11D, 12A, 12C, 12F

Supporting Standards:11B,11C, 11D,12B,12D,12E

Ecosystems• Collection of

abiotic (nonlivng) and biotic (living) factors in an area

• Together they influence growth, survival, and productivity of an organism

Organism

Population

Community

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

• Obtain energy from the environment

• Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

• “Producers”

•Obtain energy from other living things

•“Consumers”

Symbiotic Relationships

• Relationship between two organisms in which one benefits

• Types:– Mutualism (+,+)– Parasitism (+,-)– Commensalism (+,

o)

Predator/Prey Relationships

Predation: When a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).

Predation

•Predator eats prey

•Evolve in response to one another

Carrying Capacity• Maximum number

of individuals that an ecosystem can support

• Limiting factors:– Food availability– Competition– Disease– Predation– Natural Disasters

Trophic Levels •Steps in a food

chain/web•Energy passes

from one organism to another

•About 10% of the energy at one level passes to the next

SuccessionPrimary Succession

Primary- an area starting from nothing. Ex. Lichen will break down to make soil.

Secondary Succession

Secondary- Soil made from area with nutrients already present in ground.Ex. Regrowth after a fire

Bioaccumulation•An increase in environmental toxins at higher tropic levels

•Ex. DDT and birds of prey

Adaptations in Different Animals

Carbon Cycle

Bacteria• Bacteria are vital in keeping

organisms and the ecosystem healthy.• Example – gut bacteria -Decomposers -Nitrogen fixers

• Some Bacteria are harmful and cause illness

• Example – Sore throat, Food poisoning, etc

Nitrogen Cycle

Reporting Category 4

Biological Processes and Systems11 Questions

Readiness Standards10A,10B

Supporting Standards9B,9C,10C,11A

Photosynthesis

•Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen

•H2O+CO2C6H12O6+O2

•Occurs in the chloroplast

Cellular (Aerobic) Respiration

•Used to release energy (ATP) for cellular use

•C6H12O6+O2 H2O+CO2

•Occurs in the mitochondria

Anaerobic Respirationaka Fermentation

•Does not require Oxygen•Produces less ATP than Aerobic

Respiration•Two Types: Alcoholic Fermentation

and Lactic Acid Fermentation

Enzymes•Most Enzymes are Proteins.•Act as Catalyst to speed up

reactions.•Weaken bonds which lowers

activation energy.•They are reusable.•End in –ase (Sucrase, Lactase,

Maltase)

Interactions in Plant Systems

•Thigmotropism – Response to touch

•Geotropism- Response to gravity

•Phototropism- Response to light

Plant Parts•Roots – Anchor Plant and absorbs nutrients

•Stem – Provide Support– Xylem – tissue in stem that moves

water– Phloem – Tissue in stem that moves

food

•Leaves – Regulate Water and perform Photosynthesis

Homeostasis•Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the body.

•Homeostasis involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges.

•Relies on internal feedback.

FeedbackNegative Feedback

• Negative feedback stops the change

Positive Feedback

• Positive feedback increases the change

• Example: Torn blood vessel stimulates release of clotting factors

Reporting Category 3

Biological Evolution and Classification10 Questions

Readiness Standards:7A,7E,8B

Supporting Standards:7B,7C,7D,7F,7G,8A,8C

Origin of Life

•Abiotic earth LACKED Oxygen

•Early organims anaerobic prokaryotes

Miller and Urey Experiment recreating The abiotic atomospere

Endosymbiotic Theory• Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes

• Early prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes and developed symbiotic relationships

• Evidence includes mitochondria and chloroplast have prokaryotic type DNA

Natural Selection•Theory of Evolution•Fit organisms survive,

reproduce, and pass on traits

Requirements:

• Variation• Competition

Adaptations• Trait that increases

survival• For Example,

– Beaks that make it easier to eat insects

– Bright flowers to attract pollinators

– Vascular tissue in plants to adapt to life on land

Evidence for Evolution

• Fossil Record• Biochemical Similarities• Shared anatomical

structures

Speciation•Evolution of a new species

•Must be isolation between populations

Binomial Nomenclature

•Two word naming system•Scientific name•Uses Genus and Species names•Ex. Dogs: Canis familiaris

Levels of Organization

• Did -Domain• King -Kingdom• Phillip -Phylum• Come -Class• Over -Order• For -Family• Good -Genus• Soup -Species

Largest Group

Smallest Group

Phylogenic tree

Dichotomous Keys•Used to identify organisms•Paired set of questions with two

choices

Kingdoms of Life

Reporting Category 2

Mechanisms of Genetics11 Questions

Readiness Standards6A,6E,6F

Supporting Standards6B,6C,6D,6G,6H

DNA / RNA B6.A/B

• Carry genetic information• Made of a chain of nucleotides• Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base• Order of Nucleotides determines traits• Common to all Organisms

DNA / RNADNA• Double stranded• “Double Helix”• Four base pairs: A-T, G-C• Sugar is Deoxyribose• Found in nucleus

RNA• Single stranded• Four base pairs: A-U, C-G• Sugar is Ribose

Replication•Making of an identical strand of DNA

•“semi” conservative

Central Dogma

DNA RNA protein trait

Transcription•DNAmRNA•Occurs in

nucleus•Complementar

y mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA

Translation• Connects amino acids in the correct

order to make a protein• Occurs in the cytoplasm within the

ribosomes

A- amino acidB- tRNAC- anticodonD- codonE- mRNAF- RibosomeG-polypeptide

Codons• Sequence of three mRNA

nucleotides that code for an amino acid

Mutations• Change in DNA code • May cause a change

in protein produced• NOT always harmful

Sickle Cell Mutation

Changes in DNA• Point Mutations involve changing a single

nucleotide base. There are 3 types:1.Substitution mutations involve replacing one base

with another. Like a sports team…

TAC ACC GTA TTC CAT TCC (old DNA)

TAC ACC GTG TTC CAT TCC (new DNA)

2. Deletion mutations remove a base

TAC ACC GTA TTC CAT TCC (old DNA)

TAC ACC GTT TCC ATT CC (new DNA)

3.Insertion mutations add an extra base

TAC ACC GTA TTC CAT TCC (old DNA)

TAC ACC GTA TTT CCA TTC (new DNA)

Meiosis

•Cell division•Produces four

different haploid daughter cells (gametes)

•Occurs in sex cells to form gametes

Crossing Over

•Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA

•Creates variation in gametes

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual• One parent• Identical offspring• Variation only

thru mutations• Examples:

budding, fragmentation, fission

Sexual• Two parents• Offspring different

from parents• More variation• Fertilization

(fusion of gametes)

Inheritance• Traits are specific

characteristics inherited from parents

• Genes are the factors that determine traits

• The different forms of a gene are called alleles

Dominant/Recessive Alleles

• Dominant alleles are expressed, if present, and recessive are hidden• Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters. Example: B• Recessive alleles are represented by lower case letters. Example: b

Genotypeactual alleles an individual has for

a traitHomozygous• Both alleles are

the same• Ex. BB or bbHeterozygous• Both alleles

are different• Ex. Bb

Phenotype•The actual characteristic

displayed by the individual (ex. brown eyes, Hemophiliac)

Non Mendelian Genetics

Incomplete Dominance•Heterozygote shows a blending of the dominant and recessive phenotypes

Codominance•Heterozygote expresses BOTH dominant and recessive traits•Ex. Roan animals

Multiple Alleles•More than two alleles for a trait

(an individual still only inherits two)

•Ex. Blood Type (IA,IB, i)type A = IAIA or IAitype B = IBIB or IBitype AB= IAIB

type O = ii

Sex Linked Traits

• Sex Chromosomes– Female = XX– Male = XY

• Sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome

• Ex. Hemophilia, red-green colorblindness

Test Cross•Used to determine the genotype

of an unknown dominant individual

•Uses a homozygous recessive individual as the “test”

Pedigree•Similar to a family tree•Shows pattern of inheritance of

a specific trait through a family

Karyotype•Picture of someone's chromosomes•Can detect chromosomal disorders

Ex. Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, and Turners Syndrome

Gel Electrophoresis•Technique used

to separate molecules (DNA or proteins) based on their size

•Sometimes called a DNA fingerprint

•Used to analyze and compare DNA

Reporting Category 1

Cell Structure and Function11 Questions

Readiness Standards4B,4C,5A

Supporting Standards4A,5B,5C,5D,9A,9D

Cell Cycle

Mitosis•Cell division•Produces two

identical diploid daughter cells

•Occurs in body cells to grow and repair

Mitosis• I.P.M.A.T.

– Interphase – The cell grows and duplicates chromosomes

– Prophase – Chromosomes become visible and nucleus disappears

– Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in middle of cell

– Anaphase – Sister Chromatids separate

– Telophase – 2 new nucleus form as cell begins to separate.

Cancer• Error in cell growth results in

uncontrolled cell growth• Has environment and genetic

variables

Meiosis•Produces 4 haploid daughter cells (gametes)

•Goes through 2 divisions.

CellsProkaryotes• Simple, no membrane

bound organelles• Bacteria only• One circular

chromosome• Includes: chromosome,

ribosomes, and plasma membrane Eukaryotes

• Membrane bound organelles

• Plants and Animals• True nucleus

containing chromosomes

EukaryotesPlant

• Cell wall • Chloroplast• Large central

vacuole

Animal

Cell Specialization•Cells develop to perform different functions•Regulated by genes

Cell OrganizationCell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Individual organism

Organic Compounds•All living things are made of organic compounds.

•Contain the element Carbon

•Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Enzymes• Catalysts in living things• Specific to a particular substrate• Reusable• Affected by temperature and pH• End in “-ase”

Diffusion• Form of passive transport (NO

ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane

• Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis•Diffusion of water (also passive transport)

Active Transport• Particles moving

against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)

• Low concentration to high concentration

ATP•Energy storing

molecule•Can be used for

quick energy by the cell

•Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

81

Viruses• Not considered living

things• Noncellular• Contain a protein coat

called the capsid• Have a nucleic acid core

containing DNA or RNA• Capable of reproducing

only when inside a HOST cell

CAPSID

ENVELOPE

DNA

SPIKES

copyright cmassengale

Used to attach to the host cell

2 main types of viral reproduction:

LYTIC CYCLE1.Injects its nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the cell to take over cellular activities.

LYSOGENIC CYCLE

1.Coexists with the cell without destroying the host cell