Biology EOC Review
Reporting Category 5
Interdependence within Environmental Systems
11 Questions
Readiness Standards: 11D, 12A, 12C, 12F
Supporting Standards:11B,11C, 11D,12B,12D,12E
Ecosystems• Collection of
abiotic (nonlivng) and biotic (living) factors in an area
• Together they influence growth, survival, and productivity of an organism
Organism
Population
Community
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Autotroph vs. Heterotroph
• Obtain energy from the environment
• Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
• “Producers”
•Obtain energy from other living things
•“Consumers”
Symbiotic Relationships
• Relationship between two organisms in which one benefits
• Types:– Mutualism (+,+)– Parasitism (+,-)– Commensalism (+,
o)
Predator/Prey Relationships
Predation: When a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked).
Predation
•Predator eats prey
•Evolve in response to one another
Carrying Capacity• Maximum number
of individuals that an ecosystem can support
• Limiting factors:– Food availability– Competition– Disease– Predation– Natural Disasters
Trophic Levels •Steps in a food
chain/web•Energy passes
from one organism to another
•About 10% of the energy at one level passes to the next
SuccessionPrimary Succession
Primary- an area starting from nothing. Ex. Lichen will break down to make soil.
Secondary Succession
Secondary- Soil made from area with nutrients already present in ground.Ex. Regrowth after a fire
Bioaccumulation•An increase in environmental toxins at higher tropic levels
•Ex. DDT and birds of prey
Adaptations in Different Animals
Carbon Cycle
Bacteria• Bacteria are vital in keeping
organisms and the ecosystem healthy.• Example – gut bacteria -Decomposers -Nitrogen fixers
• Some Bacteria are harmful and cause illness
• Example – Sore throat, Food poisoning, etc
Nitrogen Cycle
Reporting Category 4
Biological Processes and Systems11 Questions
Readiness Standards10A,10B
Supporting Standards9B,9C,10C,11A
Photosynthesis
•Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen
•H2O+CO2C6H12O6+O2
•Occurs in the chloroplast
Cellular (Aerobic) Respiration
•Used to release energy (ATP) for cellular use
•C6H12O6+O2 H2O+CO2
•Occurs in the mitochondria
Anaerobic Respirationaka Fermentation
•Does not require Oxygen•Produces less ATP than Aerobic
Respiration•Two Types: Alcoholic Fermentation
and Lactic Acid Fermentation
Enzymes•Most Enzymes are Proteins.•Act as Catalyst to speed up
reactions.•Weaken bonds which lowers
activation energy.•They are reusable.•End in –ase (Sucrase, Lactase,
Maltase)
Interactions in Plant Systems
•Thigmotropism – Response to touch
•Geotropism- Response to gravity
•Phototropism- Response to light
Plant Parts•Roots – Anchor Plant and absorbs nutrients
•Stem – Provide Support– Xylem – tissue in stem that moves
water– Phloem – Tissue in stem that moves
food
•Leaves – Regulate Water and perform Photosynthesis
Homeostasis•Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the body.
•Homeostasis involves keeping the internal environment within set ranges.
•Relies on internal feedback.
FeedbackNegative Feedback
• Negative feedback stops the change
Positive Feedback
• Positive feedback increases the change
• Example: Torn blood vessel stimulates release of clotting factors
Reporting Category 3
Biological Evolution and Classification10 Questions
Readiness Standards:7A,7E,8B
Supporting Standards:7B,7C,7D,7F,7G,8A,8C
Origin of Life
•Abiotic earth LACKED Oxygen
•Early organims anaerobic prokaryotes
Miller and Urey Experiment recreating The abiotic atomospere
Endosymbiotic Theory• Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes
• Early prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes and developed symbiotic relationships
• Evidence includes mitochondria and chloroplast have prokaryotic type DNA
Natural Selection•Theory of Evolution•Fit organisms survive,
reproduce, and pass on traits
Requirements:
• Variation• Competition
Adaptations• Trait that increases
survival• For Example,
– Beaks that make it easier to eat insects
– Bright flowers to attract pollinators
– Vascular tissue in plants to adapt to life on land
Evidence for Evolution
• Fossil Record• Biochemical Similarities• Shared anatomical
structures
Speciation•Evolution of a new species
•Must be isolation between populations
Binomial Nomenclature
•Two word naming system•Scientific name•Uses Genus and Species names•Ex. Dogs: Canis familiaris
Levels of Organization
• Did -Domain• King -Kingdom• Phillip -Phylum• Come -Class• Over -Order• For -Family• Good -Genus• Soup -Species
Largest Group
Smallest Group
Phylogenic tree
Dichotomous Keys•Used to identify organisms•Paired set of questions with two
choices
Kingdoms of Life
Reporting Category 2
Mechanisms of Genetics11 Questions
Readiness Standards6A,6E,6F
Supporting Standards6B,6C,6D,6G,6H
DNA / RNA B6.A/B
• Carry genetic information• Made of a chain of nucleotides• Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base• Order of Nucleotides determines traits• Common to all Organisms
DNA / RNADNA• Double stranded• “Double Helix”• Four base pairs: A-T, G-C• Sugar is Deoxyribose• Found in nucleus
RNA• Single stranded• Four base pairs: A-U, C-G• Sugar is Ribose
Replication•Making of an identical strand of DNA
•“semi” conservative
Central Dogma
DNA RNA protein trait
Transcription•DNAmRNA•Occurs in
nucleus•Complementar
y mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA
Translation• Connects amino acids in the correct
order to make a protein• Occurs in the cytoplasm within the
ribosomes
A- amino acidB- tRNAC- anticodonD- codonE- mRNAF- RibosomeG-polypeptide
Codons• Sequence of three mRNA
nucleotides that code for an amino acid
Mutations• Change in DNA code • May cause a change
in protein produced• NOT always harmful
Sickle Cell Mutation
Changes in DNA• Point Mutations involve changing a single
nucleotide base. There are 3 types:1.Substitution mutations involve replacing one base
with another. Like a sports team…
TAC ACC GTA TTC CAT TCC (old DNA)
TAC ACC GTG TTC CAT TCC (new DNA)
2. Deletion mutations remove a base
TAC ACC GTA TTC CAT TCC (old DNA)
TAC ACC GTT TCC ATT CC (new DNA)
3.Insertion mutations add an extra base
TAC ACC GTA TTC CAT TCC (old DNA)
TAC ACC GTA TTT CCA TTC (new DNA)
Meiosis
•Cell division•Produces four
different haploid daughter cells (gametes)
•Occurs in sex cells to form gametes
Crossing Over
•Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA
•Creates variation in gametes
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
Asexual• One parent• Identical offspring• Variation only
thru mutations• Examples:
budding, fragmentation, fission
Sexual• Two parents• Offspring different
from parents• More variation• Fertilization
(fusion of gametes)
Inheritance• Traits are specific
characteristics inherited from parents
• Genes are the factors that determine traits
• The different forms of a gene are called alleles
Dominant/Recessive Alleles
• Dominant alleles are expressed, if present, and recessive are hidden• Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters. Example: B• Recessive alleles are represented by lower case letters. Example: b
Genotypeactual alleles an individual has for
a traitHomozygous• Both alleles are
the same• Ex. BB or bbHeterozygous• Both alleles
are different• Ex. Bb
Phenotype•The actual characteristic
displayed by the individual (ex. brown eyes, Hemophiliac)
Non Mendelian Genetics
Incomplete Dominance•Heterozygote shows a blending of the dominant and recessive phenotypes
Codominance•Heterozygote expresses BOTH dominant and recessive traits•Ex. Roan animals
Multiple Alleles•More than two alleles for a trait
(an individual still only inherits two)
•Ex. Blood Type (IA,IB, i)type A = IAIA or IAitype B = IBIB or IBitype AB= IAIB
type O = ii
Sex Linked Traits
• Sex Chromosomes– Female = XX– Male = XY
• Sex linked traits are carried on the X chromosome
• Ex. Hemophilia, red-green colorblindness
Test Cross•Used to determine the genotype
of an unknown dominant individual
•Uses a homozygous recessive individual as the “test”
Pedigree•Similar to a family tree•Shows pattern of inheritance of
a specific trait through a family
Karyotype•Picture of someone's chromosomes•Can detect chromosomal disorders
Ex. Down Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, and Turners Syndrome
Gel Electrophoresis•Technique used
to separate molecules (DNA or proteins) based on their size
•Sometimes called a DNA fingerprint
•Used to analyze and compare DNA
Reporting Category 1
Cell Structure and Function11 Questions
Readiness Standards4B,4C,5A
Supporting Standards4A,5B,5C,5D,9A,9D
Cell Cycle
Mitosis•Cell division•Produces two
identical diploid daughter cells
•Occurs in body cells to grow and repair
Mitosis• I.P.M.A.T.
– Interphase – The cell grows and duplicates chromosomes
– Prophase – Chromosomes become visible and nucleus disappears
– Metaphase – Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
– Anaphase – Sister Chromatids separate
– Telophase – 2 new nucleus form as cell begins to separate.
Cancer• Error in cell growth results in
uncontrolled cell growth• Has environment and genetic
variables
Meiosis•Produces 4 haploid daughter cells (gametes)
•Goes through 2 divisions.
CellsProkaryotes• Simple, no membrane
bound organelles• Bacteria only• One circular
chromosome• Includes: chromosome,
ribosomes, and plasma membrane Eukaryotes
• Membrane bound organelles
• Plants and Animals• True nucleus
containing chromosomes
EukaryotesPlant
• Cell wall • Chloroplast• Large central
vacuole
Animal
Cell Specialization•Cells develop to perform different functions•Regulated by genes
Cell OrganizationCell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Individual organism
Organic Compounds•All living things are made of organic compounds.
•Contain the element Carbon
•Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Enzymes• Catalysts in living things• Specific to a particular substrate• Reusable• Affected by temperature and pH• End in “-ase”
Diffusion• Form of passive transport (NO
ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane
• Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis•Diffusion of water (also passive transport)
Active Transport• Particles moving
against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)
• Low concentration to high concentration
ATP•Energy storing
molecule•Can be used for
quick energy by the cell
•Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds
81
Viruses• Not considered living
things• Noncellular• Contain a protein coat
called the capsid• Have a nucleic acid core
containing DNA or RNA• Capable of reproducing
only when inside a HOST cell
CAPSID
ENVELOPE
DNA
SPIKES
copyright cmassengale
Used to attach to the host cell
2 main types of viral reproduction:
LYTIC CYCLE1.Injects its nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the cell to take over cellular activities.
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
1.Coexists with the cell without destroying the host cell