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BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
CONCEPT: Polymers
Biological macromolecules – large molecules with emergent properties arising from their unique structure.
● A __________________________ is a large molecule consisting of many repeated subunits.
□ These subunits are referred to as __________________________
EXAMPLE:
● Monomers are joined together via a ______________________ reaction.
□ This reaction is generally catalyzed by an ____________________________ in most biological systems.
EXAMPLE:
● Polymers are broken apart via ______________________.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are biological molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
● The simplest form of these are sugars called ______________________.
EXAMPLES:
● These monomers polymerize to form ______________________.
EXAMPLES:
● The covalent bonds that hold these monomers together are called ______________________________________.
● When many of these monomer units are linked together, they are called ________________________.
EXAMPLES:
● Monosaccharaides can undergo an interconversion between the structures.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates have many uses in biological systems:
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● Plants store their glucose as _________________________.
□ Two forms: ______________________ and ________________________.
● Animals and fungi store their glucose as ___________________________.
EXAMPLE:
● Plant’s tough, and largely indigestible cell walls are made of a strong, unbranched glucose polymer called ____________.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: CARBOHYDRATES
● The main component in the cell walls of fungi, and the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, lobsters, etc.) is
__________________, a polymer of modified ß-glucose subunits.
EXAMPLE: ● The main component in bacterial cell walls is ________________________________.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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PRACTICE: 1. Monosaccharides are linked together via a _____________________ reaction, forming a ____________________bond.
2. Which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates?
a. chitin is used in insect exoskeletons
b. starch is used by some plants to store glucose
c. cellulose serves a structural function in plants
d. glucose is the primary component in bacterial cell walls
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Proteins
Proteins are the functional molecules of Biology:
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-
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● Proteins are polymers of _____________________________________.
□ Animo acids are linked via __________________________ bonds.
EXAMPLE:
● There are 20 unique amino acids used in biological systems.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Proteins
Proteins have a hierarchy of structure.
● Primary structure is:
EXAMPLE:
● Secondary structure is composed of ______________________and ______________________.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Proteins ● Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a protein due to the interactions between the side chains.
EXAMPLE:
● Quaternary results from the association of multiple_______________________________.
EXAMPLE:
● When proteins loose their shape due to changes in their environment, they are said to be _________________________.
● Proteins sometimes require assistance from ____________________________ to be folded into their proper shape.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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PRACTICE: 1. Which of the following is not a function of proteins:
a. Storing genetic information
b. Transporting molecules across the cell membrane
c. Catalyzing chemical reactions
d. Signaling molecules
2. The bond that holds amino acids together is called a __________________________ bond.
3. Secondary structure results from:
a. Hydrogen bonding between R-groups
b. van der Waals interactions
c. Hydrogen bonding between the amine and carboxylic acid groups
d. amino acid sequence
4. All proteins have quaternary structure.
a. True
b. False
5. Proteins which lose their proper folded shape are ___________________________.
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CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are made of three components:
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-
EXAMPLE:
● Nucleic acids are polymers of _____________________________
EXAMPLE:
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CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information in all living organisms, and viruses.
● In living systems, the information is stored in ____________, and transmitted via ____________.
EXAMPLE:
● Nucleotides are connected by ___________________________________ bonds.
● The individual strands of DNA are _________________________________ to each other.
● The two strands of DNA are complementary due to the specificity of base pairing.
EXAMPLE:
PRACTICE: What percentage of DNA is made of purines? Pyrimadines?
PRACTICE: If a piece of double-stranded DNA is made of 35% A and 15% C, what percent of its composition is T and G?
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Nucleic Acids
Chargaff’s rules:
1. In a double stranded molecule of DNA, the %A=%T, and the %G=%C
2. The %A in one strand will be equal to the % T in the complimentary strand, likewise the %G in one strand will be equal to the %C in the complimentary strand.
● The structure of DNA is called a ______________________________.
EXAMPLE:
● RNA can exhibit secondary and tertiary structure:
EXAMPLE: ● Some important biological molecules are derived from nucleotides:
EXAMPLE:
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CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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PRACTICE: 1. The three components of a nucleotide are:
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2. Uracil is used in ___________ in place of _______________________.
3. Which of the following pieces of DNA is complementary to this one 5’-ATCGAGTGA-3’ ?
a. 5’-ATCGAGTGA-3’
b. 5’-TAGCTCACT-3’
c. 5’-TCACTCGAT-3’
d. 5’-CTATCTAGC-3’
4. Which piece of DNA would required the most energy to pull apart?
a. ATCG
TAGC
b. TATC
ATAG
c. TCCG
AGGC
d. CTAT
GATA
5. What is the secondary structure of DNA called?
a. alpha-helix
b. double helix
c. ladder
d. staircase
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CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Lipids
Lipids are biological molecules that aren’t true polymers, and usually are too small to be macromolecules.
● Fats are lipids made from ______________________ and __________________________.
EXAMPLE:
● The amount of hydrogen in a fat, or fatty acid, compared to the maximum possible amount represents the saturation.
□ Fats, or fatty acids with one or more double bonds are said to be _________________________________
□ Fats, or fatty acids without any double bonds are said to be __________________________________
EXAMPLE: ● The geometry of the double bonds, degree of unsaturation, and length of the hydrocarbon tail in the fatty acids
determines the physical properties of the lipid species.
EXAMPLE:
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Lipids
Phospholipids are the main component in cell membranes.
● Phospholipids have a ______________________ head, and a __________________________ tail.
EXAMPLE:
● Phospholipids spontaneously assemble in aqueous environments.
EXAMPLE:
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CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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CONCEPT: Lipids
Steroids are lipids composed of 4 fused carbon rings.
● Cholesterol is a steroid widely used in biological systems:
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-
EXAMPLE:
● Cholesterol plays a key role in membrane fluidity.
EXAMPLE:
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PRACTICE: 1. Fats are polymers of fatty acids.
a. True
b. False
2. Which of the following lipids can interact with water?
a. triacylglycerides
b. phospholipids
c. oils
d. none of the above
3. It requires energy for phospholipids to form a lipid bilayer in water
a. True
b. False
4. The addition of cholesterol molecules _________________________ membrane fluidity.
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH
CH.5 - BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
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