Biology (Autosaved)

7/26/2019 Biology (Autosaved)

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ENDANGEREDECOSYSTEM

Name:Mohd.Kamarularifn Bin

Rosli

Class:5 Jujur

Subject:Biolo! Tin"a#an 5 Jujur

Teacher:Madam Shan$

School:S$"olah M$n$nahK$%ansaan &a%uan


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NO CONTENT PAGE

I Introduction 3

II Objective 4

IIIHuman activities that endanger

an ecosystem5

IVType and source of

pollution6-10

V

Effects and source of:

a) Greenhouse effect

b) cid rain

c) Global !arming

d) El "ino

e) Eutrophicationf) Thinning of the o#one

layer

11-22

VI

$teps that can be ta%en by people

in the planning of development

activities and ecosystem

23

VII conclusion 24

INTRODUCTION

'

LIST OF CONTENTS


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&y name is &ohd' (amarulariffin in *osli' This is the folio that I ma%e myself !ith the help of

many sources' The title of the folio is endangered ecosystem' y ma%ing this folio+ it ma%es me

understand more about our environment and about biology' It ma%es me more interested to learn

biology from my teacher' I !ant to than% my teacher+ Teacher $hane for giving me and my class the

chance to ma%e this folio' Than% you very much'

"o!adays our ecosystems are polluted by lots of pollutants' These pollutions are affecting our daily

life' Everyone dream of a !orld !here !e could live in a beautiful earth but only some are ta%ing

action to ma%e the dream come true and lots people are crushing the dream !ithout they reali#ing it'

"umerous negative impacts from un,responsible human activities have greatly affects our dream

environment' It has cause various environmental problem besides endangering the ecosystem' $o !e

should ta%e numerous actions so that !e could ta%e care of our environment for the future generation'

This folio contain activities that could endanger our ecosystem+ types and source of pollution+ effect

and source of main environmental problem and the steps that can be ta%en by people in the planning

of development activities and ecosystem'

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OBJECTIVE

THE *E$O" -O* THE ..E*/O*( I$ EI"G 0O"E I$ 01E TO $EVE*2 O3E4TIVE$

$ $TTE0 E2O/:

o To in still a!areness among human about the importance of the preservation and the

conservation of the ecosystem'

o To sensiti#e humans on various type of negative effects of their activities to!ards the

environment'

o To raise the efforts of creating a convenient+ safer yet conducive environment for ourselves

and the future generations

o To deduce the time for the depletion and the destruction of the environment due to the

environmental problems caused by human beings'

)


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Human Activities That Endanger An Ecosystem

Human activitie Im!act

0umping of domestic and industrial !aste /ater pollution

0eforestation5uncontrolled logging and mining

activities)

$oil erosion + landslides + flash floods + climatic

changes + the greenhouse effect and global

!arming + the loss biodiversity + e6tinction ofliving things

Overuse of chemical fertili#ers and pesticides

in agriculture

Eutrophication + !ater pollution

urning of fossil fuels The greenhouse effect + global !arming + air

pollution + noise pollution

1sing aerosols O#one depletion

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T"e#e a#e 4t$!e %&

!%''uti%n

ir pollution

/ater

pollution

"oise.ollution

Thermal

pollution

Tye and source o! "o##ution

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Ai# P%''uti%n

ir pollution occurs !hen pollutants !hich are harmful to humans + animal+ and plants are released to

the atmosphere'

T"e#e a#e man$ t$!e %& !%''utant an( %u#ce %& ai# !%''uti%n)

P%''utant S%u#ce

.articles 5smo%e + dust + tiny

particles)

urning of fuels in factories and open burning of rubbish

&otor vehicle

Industrial sector

&i6ture of dust + smo%e and soot from forest burning !ith

!ater vapour !ill cause smog

4arbon dio6ide Open burning urning of fossil fuels

4arbon mono6ide -ormed from incomplete combustion of carbon fuels

*eleased from the e6haust of vehicles

O6ides of nitrogen "itrogen dio6ide is produced together !ith other o6ides of

nitrogen in the atmosphere

O6ides of nitrogen are produced from the burning of fuels

at higher temperatures in vehicles or in industrial factories

$ulphur dio6ide

urning of fuels !hich contain sulphur 7 industry ofpetroleum and coal

O#one O#one is formed from a series of comple6 reactions

bet!een organic particles !hich combine !ith the o6ides

of nitrogen in sunlight

2ead urning of fossil fuels in motor vehicles

-actories !hich produce batteries

0umping of heavy metals

grochemical compounds ctivities of the agricultural sector

*ate# !%''uti%n

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"atural sources of !ater are polluted by industrial+ domestic and agricultural activities'

gricultural !aste + also %no!n as agrochemicals 5 E6amples pesticides + herbicides +

fertili#ers) that are used broadly in the agricultural sector can pollute the rivers'

grochemicals !hich are sprayed on plants !ill be absorbed by the soil and carried in the soil

!ater !hich flo!s into the rivers' This !ill cause pollution of the river !ater'

Oil spills in the rivers and sea also cause !ater pollution

*adioactive !aste is another source of !ater pollution' *adioactive substances are used in

nuclear po!er plants + industrial + medical and other scientific processes' They can also be

found in !atches + luminous cloc% ' television sets and 6,ray machinery' There are alsonaturally occurring radioisotopes from organism and !ithin the environment' If not properly

disposed of +radioactive !aste can result in serious !ater pollution incidents'

2ots of people dump supermar%et trolleys + bicycles + garden cuttings and electronic !aste

into rivers or river ban%s' *iver dumping not only causes !ater pollution+ it also harms

!ildlife and increases the ris% of flooding'

N%ie !%''uti%n

,


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"oise pollution ta%es place !hen there is either e6cessive amount of noise or an

unpleasant sound that causes temporary disruption in the natural balance'

This definition is usually applicable to sounds or noises that are unnatural in

either their volume or their production'

Even electrical appliances at home have constant hum or beeping sound'

$ources of noise pollution

i' Industriali#ation: &ost of the industries use big machines !hich are

capable of producing large amount of noise'

ii' $ocial events: "oise is at its pea% in most of the social events' .eople

play songs on full volume and dance till midnight !hich ma%es the

condition of people living nearby pretty !orse' In mar%ets + you can see

people selling clothes via ma%ing loud noise to attract the attention of

people'iii' Transportation: 2arge number of vehicles on roads+ aeroplanes flying

over houses' The high noise leads to a situation !herein a normal

person lose the ability to hear properly

iv' 4onstruction activities: 1nder construction activities li%e mining+

construction of bridges + dams +stations +flyovers ta%e place in almost

every part of the !orld' The do!n point is that these construction

e8uipment are too noisy

"oise pollution can cause physiological effects such as the loss of hearing and

psychological effects such as disturbing human communication'

T"e#ma' !%''uti%n

Thermal pollution is !hen an industry or other human,made organi#ation ta%es in!ater from a natural sources and either cools it do!n or heats it up'

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It is also defined as sudden increase or decrease in temperature of a natural body

of !ater !hich may be ocean+ la%e + river or pond by human influence'

$ources of thermal pollution

i' $oil erosion: $oil erosion is a major factor that causes thermal

pollution' 4onsistent soil erosion causes !ater bodies to rise + ma%ing

them more e6posed to sunlight' The high temperature could provefatal for a8uatic biomes as it may give rise to anaerobic condition'

ii' 0eforestation: Trees and plants prevent sunlight from falling directly

on la%es+ ponds or rivers' /hen deforestation ta%es place + these

!ater bodies are directly e6posed to sunlight+ thus absorbing more

heat and raising its temperature'

iii' "atural causes: "atural causes li%e volcanoes and geothermal activity

under the oceans and seas can trigger !arm lave to raise the

temperature of !ater bodies' 2ightening can also introduce massive

amount of heat into the oceans' This means that the overall

temperature of the !ater source !ill rise+ having significant impacts

on the environment'

iv' Thermal pollution are also caused by nuclear reactors+ electric po!er

station + and tall glass buildings'

sudden increase in temperature may cause some a8uatic species to die + thus

affecting the food chain'

E!!ects and $ource O!

Greenhouse Effect

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SO+,CE AN EFINITION OF G,EENHO+SE

/hen solar radiation penetrates the atmosphere of the earth and !arms the surface of the

earth+ part of the heat energy is reflected bac% by the surface of the earth to the atmosphere in

the form of infrared radiation'

Heat energy !hich is reflected bac% is trapped by greenhouse gases'

Greenhouse gases are carbon dio6ide + carbon mono6ide + o6ides of nitrogen + methane and

chlorofluorocarbons 54-4s)'

The combustion of fossil fuels in factories and vehicles increases the amount of greenhouse

gases'

The atmospheric concentration of !ater vapour is highly variable and depends largely on

temperature' /ater vapour is a highly active component of the climate system that responds

rapidly to changes in conditions by either condensing into rain or sno! + or evaporating to

return to the atmosphere' /ater vapour acts as a fast feedbac%+ reacting to and amplifying the

!arming provided by the forcing greenhouse gases'

EFFECT OF G,EENHO+SE


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higher concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere !ill cause more reflected

energy to be trapped'

This !ill raise the temperature of the earth and cause global !arming'

The greenhouse effect influences living things and the ecosystem in the follo!ing !ays:a) The amount of carbon dio6ide in atmosphere increases+ the temperature of the earth

rises and this increases the rate of photosynthesis and the crop yield'

.) The greenhouse effect causes global !arming because the rise in the temperature of

the earth accelerates evaporation of !ater and reduces soil humidity'

c) 4limatic changes such as changes in the direction of the !ind and the distribution of

rainfall !ill bring about storms + drought or floods'

() &elting of ice at the north pole and the south pole !ill increase the sea level and

cause floods in lo!,lying areas'

e) 9ield of crop and domestic animals are reduced'

&) There !ill be a mass destruction of the habitats of animals + resulting in the migration

of animals'

cid *ains

SO+,CE AN EFINITION OF ACI ,AIN

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cid rain describes any form of precipitation !ith high levels of nitric and sulphuric acids' It

can also occur in the form of sno! + fog and tiny bits of dry material that settle to earth'

*otting vegetation and erupting volcanoes release some chemicals that can cause acid rain +

but most acid rain falls because of humans activities '

The biggest culprit is the burning of fossil fuels by coal,burning po!er plants + factories and

automobiles' /hen humans burn fossil fuels+ sulphur dio6ide and nitrogen o6ides are released into the

atmosphere' These chemical gases react !ith !ater + o6ygen + and other substances to form

mild solution of sulphuric acid and nitric acid'

/inds may spread these acidic solutions across the atmosphere and over hundreds of miles'

/hen acid rain reaches earth + it flo!s across the surface in runoff !ater + enters !ater

systems and sin%s into the soil'

EFFECT OF ACI ,AINS

The effects of acid rain to humans and the environment are as follo!s:

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The soil becomes acidic and unsuitable for the cultivation of crops'

cidic soil releases certain heavy metals such as lead + cadmium + and mercury !hich

dissolves into the rivers and la%es and this can cause the contamination of the supply

of drin%ing !ater'

&etal railing and bridges corrode'

If the pH of the !ater in the rivers and la%es decreases to belo! ' + many a8uaticorganisms such as fish and invertebrates !ill be %illed'

The leaves of plants turn purple and finally die'

cid rain also damages forests+ especially those at higher elevations' It robs the soil

of essential nutrients and releases aluminium in the soil+ !hich ma%es it hard for trees

to ta%e up !ater'

The effects of acid rain combined !ith other environmental stressors + leave trees and

plants less able to !ithstand cold temperatures + insects + and disease '

The pollutant may also inhibit trees ability to produce'

Global /arming

)


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SO+,CE AN EFINITION OF GLO/AL *A,ING

Global !arming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of

the earth;s atmosphere and its oceans+ a change that is believed to be permanently changing

the earth;s climate'

Global !arming cause are as follo! :

a' 4arbon dio6ide emissions from fossil fuel burning po!er plants

b' 4arbon dio6ide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation

c' &ethane emissions from animals + agriculture such as rice paddies and from rctic

seabed

d' 0eforestation especially tropical forest for !ood + pulp and farmland

e' Increase in usage of chemical fertili#ers on croplands

EFFECTS OF GLO/AL *A,ING

Ice is melting !orld!ide+ especially at the earth;s poles'

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The number of species at the earth;s poles is decreasing'

$ea level rise became faster over the last century'

$ome animals+ insects and alpine plants have moved farther north or to a higher and cooler

areas'

.recipitation of rain and sno!fall has increased across the !orld'

Hurricanes and other storms are li%ely to become stronger' *eproduction of plant becomes faster'

-loods and droughts become more often'

2ess fresh !ater !ill be available'

0iseases !ill be spread easily using the environment'

Ecosystem !ill change' $ome species !ill move farther north or become more successful and

others !on;t be able to move and could become e6tinct'

El "ino

*


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SO+,CE AN EFINITION OF EL NINO

El "ino is a climate cycle in the .acific Ocean !ith a global impact on !eather patterns'

The cycle begins !hen !arm !ater in the !estern tropical .acific Ocean shifts east!ard

along the e8uator to!ard the coast of $outh merica'

El "ino is caused by trade !inds' The tropical pacific has consistent !esterly moving trade!inds' The trade !inds push !arm !ater on the surface of the ocean from east to !est' This

causes the !arm !ater to build up on to !estern side of the ocean near sia' &ean!hile on

the eastern side of the ocean+ near central and $outh merica+ cold !aters are pushed up

to!ards the surface' ecause of this+ there is a difference in temperature across the e8uatorial

pacific+ !ith !arm !ater to the !est and cold !ater to the east' The !arm !ater in the !est

heats the air+ ma%ing the !arm air rise and leading to drastic !eather+ including rain and

thunderstorms' The rising !arm air causes a circulation bet!een the east and !est in the

pacific !ith the !arm+ moist air rising in the !est and cool+ dry air descending in the east' ll

of these natural occurrences lead to a reinforcement of the easterly !inds and cause a self,

perpetuating motion in the air in the .acific' This self,perpetuating motion in the air in the

.acific continues until the slo! changes in the ocean around the e8uator lead to a series of

events %no!n as El "ino'

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EFFECT OF EL NINO

The effects of El "ino are:

i) 4hanging temperature of the earth

ii) 4hanging precipitation of sno! or rain

iii) $torm trac% and intensity changes

iv) lteration of currents and ocean temperature

v) 4ausing fires

vi) 4ausing drought

vii) 4ausing flood

viii) 4ausing economic changes such as price of heating+ food'

i) 4rash of fisheries

) 4ausing .lagues such as hanta virus'

i) Insect population e6plosion leading to disease and plagues'

ii) 4ausing crop failure'

iii) 4ausing -amine'

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Eutrophication

SO+,CE AN EFINITION OF E+T,OPHICATION

Eutrophication is !hen river or la%e has too many nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus'

lgae+ plan%ton and other microorganism love these types of nutrient and !hen they are

plentiful+ these a8uatic organisms can ta%e over' /hen a la%e+ river or other a8uatic system

becomes eutrophic+ it can have serious negative effects on other organism li%e fish+ birds and

even people'

Eutrophication are caused by:

i' &ost of it is caused by humans' -arms+ la!ns and other fields tend to be heavily

fertili#ed by people' These fertili#ers are the perfect type of nutrients to feed algae

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and plan%ton' /hen it rains these fertili#ers run off into la%es+ streams+ rivers and

ocean'

ii' 4oncentrated animal feeding operations 54-Os) are also a major source of

polluting nutrients'

iii' It can also come from natural events' If a stream+ river or la%e floods+ it may !ash

a!ay any e6cess nutrients off the land and into the !ater' Ho!ever+ eutrophicationis less li%ely to occur in areas that are not surrounded by fertili#ed lands'

iv' "itrogen compounds produced by cars and factories'

v' 0ischarged of untreated municipal se!age from the city to the la%es+ rivers+ ponds

and ocean'

EFFECTS OF E+T,OPHICATION

lgal blooms: !hen a bloom occurs+ the streams+ rivers+ la%e+ or ocean becomes covered !ith

algae+ !hich is usually bright green' -urthermore+ the algae bloc%s light from reaching the

!ater'

.revents the a8uatic plants from photosynthesi#ing+ !hich is a process !here a8uatic animals

get o6ygen in the !ater'

4auses !ide,spread death in the !ater+ the organism that dies !ill all sin% to the bottom and

start to decompose' The microbes that brea% do!n these dead organisms use o6ygen to do

their !or%'

$o+ there !ill be lac% of o6ygen in the !ater because of the decomposition of dead organisms'

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4hange in dominant biota' -or e6ample+ carp replace trout and blue,green algae replace

normal algae'

4loudiness of !ater increase

The fre8uency of algal blooms increase'

The Thinning Of The O#one 2ayer

SO+,CE AN EFINITION OF THE THINNING OF THE OONE LAE,

O#one layer is a deep layer in earth;s atmosphere that contains o#one !hich is a naturally

occurring molecule containing three o6ygen atoms' These o#one molecules form a gaseous

layer in the earth;s upper atmosphere called stratosphere' The o#one layer forms a thic% layer

in stratosphere+ encircling the earth and protects our planet' nd every day this o#one layerbecomes thinner'

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The cause of the thinning of the o#one layer are:

i' O#one layer has been found affected by certain natural phenomenon such as $un,

spots and stratospheric !inds'

ii' E6cessive release of chlorine and bromine from man,made compounds such as

chlorofluorocarbons 54-4s)+ halons+ hydrochlorofluorocarbons 5H4-4s) and methyl

bromide are found to have direct impact on the depletion of the o#one layer' Thesegases are categori#ed as o#one depletion substances 5O0$)'

iii' 4-4s are released in the atmosphere due to cleaning agents+ coolants in the

refrigerator+ pac%ing material+ air conditioning and aerosol spray can'

EFFECT OF THE THINNING OF THE OONE LAE,

ffect the human health:

i' &ore s%in cancer+ sunburns and premature aging of the s%in'

ii' 1V radiation can damage several part of the eye+ including the lens+ cornea+ retina

and conjunctiva'

iii' /ea%ening the human immune system' Too much 1V radiation can supress the

human immune system+ !hich may play a role in the development of s%in cancer'

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dverse impacts on agriculture+ forestry and natural ecosystems

i' *educing crop gro!th+ photosynthesis and flo!ering'

ii' .lant gro!th+ especially in seedlings is harmed by more intense 1V radiation'

0amage to marine life:

i' .lan%ton are threaten by increased 1V radiation' .lan%ton are the first vital step ina8uatic food chain

ii' 0ecrease in plan%ton could disrupt the fresh and salt!ater food chains+ lead to a

species shift in the !ater'

iii' 2oss of biodiversity in our oceans+ rivers and la%es could reduce fish yields for

commercial and sport fisheries'

$tes That Can Be Ta%en By "eo#e In The "#anning O!

Deve#oment Activities And Ecosystem

'(


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There are many steps that can be ta%en by people in the planning of development activities and

ecosystem !ell'

Those steps are:

' 1se natural predators instead of chemical substances !hen controlling animal pests'

@' 1se solar energy as a substitute of fuel because fuel are becoming less day by day'

=' 0evelop a !ay to use !ave po!er and tidal po!er more efficiently because it is

environmental friendly'

')


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CONC&U$ION

There are lots of effect of pollution and source of pollution that !ere caused by natural occurrence or

by us humans' /e should realise !hat our action !ill do to our environment and be responsible for

the action that !e do' Earth is the only place in the universe that !e human could live in because the

scientist and astronauts didn;t found another planet for us to live in'

The effects of our action to our environment are big' -or e6ample+ just by thro!ing plastic into the

rivers or oceans !e could ma%e a8uatic animals e6tinct' nd by our action !e could cause flash

floods+ drought+ soil erosion+ landslides+ eutrophication+ global !arming+ the thinning of the o#one

layer+ climatic changes and loss of biodiversity'

There are only ? types of pollution and that is air pollution+ !ater pollution+ noise pollution and

thermal pollution' Global !arming !as cause by greenhouse gas that !as released to the atmosphere'&ean!hile the thinning of the o#one layer !as mainly cause by the release of 4hlorofluorocarbons

54-4s)' ction should be ta%en to those !ho pollute the !orld because the pollution they do affect

the people around the !orld'

-inally+ I am than%ful for those !ho help me ma%ing this folio directly or indirectly' nd I am

than%ful for those !ho share lots of information on the internet+ if they didn;t do that I might not be

able to finish this folio'

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Biology (Autosaved)