Biologicaql and Medical Measurements

8/3/2019 Biologicaql and Medical Measurements

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Measurement Techniques. Vol. 40, N o. 7, 1 997B IO L O G I C AL A N D M E D I C A L M E A S U R E M E N T S

I N S T R U M E N T A L M E T H O D S F O R I N V E S T I G A T I N GP H Y S I C A L F I E L D S O F B I O L O G I C A L O B J E C T S

A . A . E l i z a r o v U D C 5 3 7 . 8 : 5 7 7 . 3 1 : 5 7 8 , 0 8 6 . 8 2

We give an ana lys is of the s tate-of- the-art and trends in development o f instrumental metho ds fo r detection andamplification o f the ph ysic al field s o f biological objects in different wavelength ranges.

Curren t ly a g rea t dea l o f a t t en t ion i s be ing pa id to s tudy ing the phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s , b ios t ruc tu ra lphenom ena wh ich a r e no t exp la inab le f rom the s tandpo in t o f c la s s i ca l phys ic s . T he l a ck o f a f ixed appro ach to the conce p t o f" f i e ld" and a l s o the mechan i s m s o f f i e ld in t e rac t ions ha s led to the appe a rance o f a huge n um ber o f theo re t i c a l and expe r imen ta lpape rs w i thou t a p rope r s c i en t i f i c app roach to s o lu t ion o f the p rob lems . Howeve r , de s p i t e the fac t t ha t s uch pape rs l a ck afundamen ta l ba s is , t hey con ta in ve ry in t e re s t ing empi r i ca l ma te r i a l needed to d eve lop the ba s i c co ncep t s and de f in i t ions .

M o de rn inves t iga t ions o f phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s c an be d iv ided in to two ca teg or i e s wh ich a re c los e lyconnec ted : f i r s t o f a l l , we have pape rs devo ted to p rob lems o f the ene rgy- f i e ld ( re s onance ) mechan i s m fo r in t e rac t ion o fb io log ical s t ruc tu re s w i th ea ch o the r and w i th the env i ronmen t , i n mos t c a s e s u t i l iz ing a pu re ly theo re t i c a l app ro ach ; s econd ly ,we h ave inves t iga t ions conn ec ted w i th a t t empts to de tec t and amp l i fy the b ioe lec t romagne t i c ac t iv i ty o f ob jec t s , ma in ly t ak ingan expe r imen ta l app roa ch . T hes e l a t t e r expe r im en ta l pape rs a re the mos t in t e re s ting , s ince they con ta in a g rea t dea l o f p rac ti c a lexpe r i en ce o f s pec ia li s ts i n d i f fe ren t a rea s o f s c i ence (phys ic s , b io logy , and m ed ic ine ) , and ca n be us ed fo r d i agnos t i cs andt rea tmen t .T h i s ana ly t i c a l r ev ie w i s dev o ted to in s t rumen ta l me thods fo r de tec ting and am pl i fy ing the phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica lob jec t s , and inc ludes s c i en t i f i c and t echn ica l (b iophys ica l and med ica l ) i nves t iga t ion me thods , and a l s o me thods o f pa ra -ps ycho logy and non l rad i t iona l med ic in e .

T he f i r s t a t t empts to inves t iga te the phys ica l fi e lds o f b io log ica l ob jec t s da te back to the t ime w hen i t was obs e rvedtha t e l ec t r i c a l d i s cha rges o ccu r on ce l l mem branes . T hes e phenom ena we re in i t ia l ly no ted in f i sh exh ib i t ing an e l ec t r i c a l a ct ion .R ecords have been p re s e rved abou t how the R oman phys ic i an Sc r ibon ius L a rgus t r ea ted h i s pa t i en t s s u f fe r ing f rom s eve reheadache by app ly ing e l ec t r i c f i s h to the i r heads ( rays we re us ed , c apab le o f c rea t ing an e l ec t r i c a l pu ls e o f vo l t age 20 -30 V) .A t the end o f the E igh teen th C en tu ry , G a lvan i no ted tha t the th igh mus c le s o f a f rog can be e xc i t ed by ah e l ec t r i c cu r ren t . Inthe l as t c en tu ry ( in 1842) , C a r lo M a t t eucc i no ted tha t when a mu s c le con t rac t s , an e l ec t r i c a l vo l t age pu l s e a r i s e s on b o th s ide so f i ts memb rane . L a te r man y re s ea rc he rs (K611 ike r, M t i l le r , Nob i l i, D u B o i s -Reymo nd , and o the rs ) we re co nce r ned wi th thi sques t ion . An e l ec t r i c a l vo l t age cou ld be meas u red even on membranes o f p l an t c e l l s .However, the hypothes is tha t there is a f ie ld in t r ins ic to a l l l iv ing th ings was ar t icula ted only in 1923 by A. G.G u r v i c h , w h o d i s c o v e r e d t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f m i t o g e n ic r a d ia t io n o f c el l s. H e h i m s e l f p r o p o s e d t h e t e r m " b i o f i e ld . " F r o m t h e1920s to the 1950s, t he p rob lem o f the b io f ie ld was s tud ied by many s c ien t is t s: V . M . Bekh te rev , P . P . L aza re v , G . M . Frank ,B . B . Kazh ins k ii , A . V . L eon to v ich , V . L . D urov , L . L . Vas i l ' ev , S . Ya . T ur lyg in , P . I . Gu lya ev , and o the rs .

P re s en t ly the re a re two po in t s o f v i ew conce rn ing the na tu re o f the ene rge t i c s o f l iv ing o rgan i s ms . T h e f i r s t po in t o fv iew i s tha t t he b io f i e ld i s a combina t ion o f fami l i a r phys ica l f i e ld s cha rac te r i s t i c o f l i v ing s ys tems ( the rma l , e l ec t r i c a l ,magne t i c , e t c . ) [ I , 2 ] . T he s econd po in t o f v i ew recogn ize s the b io f i e ld a s a s pec ia l , un ique f i e ld [3 ] .

Ho wev e r , de s p i te the ex i s t ence o f two oppos ing po in ts o f v i ew , n um erous inves t igat ions ind i s pu tab ly s uppo r t t he fac ttha t any b io log ica l ob jec t i s s u r round ed by a mu l t i l aye r s he l l, emi t t ing and abs o rb ing en e rgy , the abs o lu te pow er o f wh ich va r -

70 0T rans la t ed f rom Iz me r i t e l 'nay a T ekhn ika , No . 7 , pp . 62 -67 , J u ly , 1997 .

0543-19 72 /97 /4007-0 700518 . 00 9 P lenum Pub l i sh ing Corp ora t ion


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Th e ma jo r e f f ec t r esu l ti n g f ro m u l t r ah ig h - f req u en cy ac t i o n o n b io lo g i ca l o b jec t s i s g en era t i o n o f h ea t d u e t o t h e ch an g e i n th ed i r ec t i o n an d i n t en s i t y o f t h e e l ec t ro mag n e t i c f i e l d . Th eo re t i ca l ca l cu l a t i o n s sh o w th a t t h e r e l a t i v e amo u n t o f h ea t g en era t edi s d ir ec t l y p ro p o r t i o n a l t o t h e co n d u c t i v i ty an d i n v er se ly p ro p o r t i o n a l t o t h e sq u are o f t h e d i e lec t r i c co n s t an t o f t h e b io lo g ica lo b j ec t [4 , 2 1 ] . S o o n u l t r ah ig h - f r eq u e n cy ac t i o n , t h e tem p era tu re can s i g n i f ican t l y r i s e ev en wi th in t i ssu es l o ca t ed d eep d o wn(h y p er th e rmia) . Th e ch arac t e r i s t i c t h e rmal r ad i a t i o n o f a b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t i s r eg i s t e r ed i n t h e r ad io f r eq u en cy r an g e u s in g r ft h e rmo g rap h s . Th e f ' ur s t wo rk o n r ad io - f r eq u en cy t h e rm o m et ry u n d er t h e d i r ec t i o n o f V . S . T ro i t s l d i (S c i en t i f i c -ResearchIn s t i t u t e o f Rad io p h y s i cs ) were d o n e i n t h e d ec imete r r an g e (3 0 cm) [2 2 -2 4 ] , an d p resen t l y t h e meth o d i s u sed i n med ica ld i ag n o s t i cs i n p rac t i ca l l y a l l r ad io - f r eq u en cy an d mic ro wav e r an g es . Gen era l l y t h e r ad io mete r co n t a in s an an t en n a-ap p l i ca to ro f t h e v ~ r a t o r t y p e w i th mo d u la to r b ased o n p in dio d es , an amp l i f i e r w i th a q u ad ra t i c d e t ec to r an d a u n i t f o r r eco rd in g an dp ro cess in g t h e s i g n a l s . Th e i n s t ru men t i s ca l i b r a ted u s in g a r e f e r en ce wi th p h y s io lo g i ca l so lu t io n [2 5 ] .

B io p h y s i ca l p ro c esse s i n t i s su es ex p o sed t o rad io f r eq u en cy an d mic ro wa v e r ad i a ti o n a r e n o t l imi t ed to o n ly h ea tg en era t i o n p ro cesses . Va r i ab l e v ib ra t i o n s o f p a r ti c l es an d mo lecu l es l ead t o co mp lex ch an g es i n t h e mic ro s t ru c tu res an d a f f ec tt h e v e lo c i t y o f v ib ra t i o n a l mo t io n s o f s i d e ch a in s o f la rg e p ro t e in mo lecu l es , t h u s ch an g in g t h e i r sp ec i f i c it y . Th e t h e rm al e f f ec tm ay b e i n s ig n i fi can t d u e t o t h e g o o d b lo o d su p p ly i n t he b ra in an d e f f ec t i v e wi th d rawal o f t h e h ea t g en era t ed as a r esu lt .No n th erm al ( i n fo rmat io n a l ) o r o sc i l l a t o ry ac t io n l eads t o d ev e lo p m en t o f d i s ti n c t iv e p ro c esses ch an g in g t h e ex c i t ab i l i t y an dco n d u c t i o n o f n e rv e ce l l s , t h e ac t i v i t y o f met ab o lo t ro p i c fu n c t i on s o f t i s su es, e t c . [ 2 6 , 2 7 ] . Th i s me an s t h a t i n s t u d y in g t hep h y s i ca l f i e l d s o f b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t s an d t h e ac ti o n o f r ad i a t i o n o n t h em, we can d e t ec t b o th en erg e t i c ( t h e rm al ) an din fo rmat io n a l (n o n th ermal ) e f f ec t s : i t a l l d ep en ds o n t h e c r i t e r io n acco rd in g t o wh ich we ev a lu a t e t h e ac t i o n . I t i s n o t th e p o w ero f t h e r ad i a t i o n f lu x o r t h e d e g ree o f h ea t in g o f t he t i ssu es o r me d ia wh ich se rv e as su ch c r i t e r i a , b u t r a t h e r t h e n a tu re o f t hed ep en d en ce o f t h e b io lo g i ca l e f f ec t o n t h e p o w er f l u x d en s i t y an d t h e f r eq u en cy o f t h e wav es [2 8 -3 0 ]. Th i s h as a l so b eend e t e rmin ed i n man y ex p er imen t s wi th b io lo g i ca l memb ran es [2 8 , 3 1 ] . Wh i l e t h e p o wer d ep en d en ce i s r e f l ec t ed b y a s t ep p edg rap h , t h e f r eq u en cy d ep en d en ce h as a sh a rp r eso n an ce ch arac t e r : an i n fo rm at io n a l e f f ec t . I f t h e e f f ec t is d i r ec t l y p ro p o r t i o n a lt o th e r ad i a t i o n i n t en si t y o r co n n ec t ed wi th i t b y a l o g ar it h mic d ep en d en ce o r an o th er s im i l a r l aw an d w e d o n o t o b se rv e sh arpreso n an ce p h en o m en a , t h en t h e e f f ec t w i l l b e en erg e t ic .

Hy p o th eses co n cern in g t h e p o ssib l e g en era ti o n o f v ib ra t i o n s in t h e mi l l ime t e r r an g e b y ce l l s [2 8 -3 0 , 3 2 , 3 3 ] a r esu p p o r t ed b y a n u m b er o f ex p er ime n ta l in v es ti g a ti o n s . On e e x p er im en t was d o n e o n t h e y eas t cu l t u r e Saccharomycescarlsbergersis. P o ly e th y l e n e o x id e w as se l ec t ed wi th a mo lec u l a r ma ss o f 2 0 ,0 0 0 wi th i t s co n cen t r a t i o n i n so lu ti o n o f 0 .3 3mg /ml , w h ich i s c l o se t o o p t im u m f ro m th e s t an dp o in t o f amp l i fy in g i n te r ce l l u la r co mm u n ica t i o n . W i th i n t ro d u c t i o n o fp o ly e th y l en e o x id e i n to t h e ce l l u l a r su sp en s io n , o n t h e sy n ch ro n o u s ce l l d iv is i o n v s . t im e cu rv e t h e re a p p ea r s an ad d i t io n a l sh o r ts t ep wh ich d o es n o t d i sa p p ea r o n su b seq u en t d iv is i o n s, su g g es t i n g t h a t co mp le t e sy n ch ro n i za t i o n o f v ib ra t i o n s o ccu r s i n so m eo f t h e ce l ls . I t is v e r y im p o r t an t t h a t t h e l en g th o f th e cy c l e b e tween su ccess iv e d iv is i o n s o f sy n ch ro n i zed ce l l s d ep en d s o n t h ef r eq u en cy o f t h e amp l i fy in g e f f ec t o f t h e sy n ch ro n i z in g v ib ra t i o n s ( t h e h ig h er t h e f r eq u en cy , t h e l o n g er i s t h e cy c l e ) . Th i sma k es i t p o ss ib l e t o ro u g h ly j u d g e t h e f r eq u en cy o f th e v ib ra t io n s g en era t ed b y t h e ce l l an d t h e e f f ec t o f an ex t e rn a l f r eq u e n cyo n t h e p ro cesses o ccu r r i n g i n t h e ce l l .

E v i d e n c e f o r g e n e r a t i o n o f c o h e r e n t v i b ra t io n s b y c e ll s c o m e s f r o m a n e x p e r i m e n t w i t h a c u l t u re o f h u m a n e m b r y o n i cmu sc l e f i b ro b l as t s in an i so to n i c so lu t io n wi th co n cen t r a ti o n 2 .1 0 6 ce l ls /ml a t a t emp era tu re o f 2 5 -2 7 ~ Th e se t t l ed f i b ro b l as tce l l s we re u n i fo rm ly d i s t ri b u t ed o v er t h e b o t to m o f a P e t r i d i sh , w h ich su g g es t s we ak i n t e r ac t io n o r n o i n t e r ac t i o n b e tweence l l s. A co m p le t e ly d i f f e r en t p a t t e rn was o b se rv ed wh en d u r in g t h e ce l l sed imen ta t i o n p e r i o d t h e P e t r i d i sh was p l ace d o n t h eopening o f a recta ngula r funnel o f cross-sect i , ,1 10 x 20 m m 2 and x~ ,s i r rad iated in a 7 .1 m m w ave w i th f lux densi ty - 10m W / c m x fo r 1 h. I n t h i s case , t h e ce l l s i n t he r eg io n o f co n cen t r a t i o n o f t h e h ig h - f r eq u e n cy e l ec t r i c f i e l d co n t r ac t t o ward t h ecen t e r o f t h e d ish . S u ch an ex p e r ime n t mad e i t p o ss ib l e to es t imat e t h e o rd er o f mag n i tu d e o f th e p o w er o f t h e co h eren tv ibrat ions em i t ted b y the cei l s : 10 -~7 to 10 - t s W [28] .

Recen t l y esp ec i a l l y co n s id e rab l e a t t en t io n h as b een p a id t o q u es t io n s c o n cern in g t h e ac t i o n o f l o w- in t en s it y mi l l ime t e rwav e s o n b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t s , a s we see f ro m th e co n fe ren ces an d sy mp o s i a d ev o t ed t o t hi s p ro b l em [3 4 -36 ] .

Op t i ca l I n v e s t i g a t i o n s . Am o n g t h e i n ves t ig a t io n s o f p h y s i ca l f i e ld s o f b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t s , we sh o u ld i n c lu d e wo rk d o n ein t he i n f r a r ed ( IR ) an d u l t r av io l e t (UV ) r eg io n s o f t he sp ec t ru m an d a l so i n t h e v i s i b le r ad i a t i o n r an g e .

In t h e l a s t s ec t i o n , we a l r ead y co n s id e red so me q u es t i o n s co n n ec t ed wi th g en era t i o n o f t h e rm al ( i n co h eren t ) r ad i a t i onb y b io lo g ica l o b j ec t s . Th e m ax im u m wav e l en g th o f th e t h e rmal r ad i a t i o n emi t ted b y th e h u m an b o d y (o n t h e o rd er o f 1 0 0 W)i s ab o u t 10 4 n m. Qu i t e sen s i t iv e r ec e iv e r s b ased o n semico n d u c to r j u n c ti o n s co o l ed wi th l iq uid n i t ro g en h av e b ee n d es ig n edfo r th i s i n f r a r ed sec t i o n o f t h e sp ec t ru m , an d su ch dev i ces h av e b een u sed as t h e b asi s fo r t h e rmal im ag in g ap p ara tu s [2 5 , 2 7 ] .In t h e rmal imag in g d ev i ces , t h e t h e rmal f i e l d o f h u man sk in i s co n v er t ed t o a v i s i b le ima g e o n t h e sc r een o f an e l ec t ro n t ub e .

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From th i s image , we can de te rm ine the dev ia t ion o f the the rma l f i e ld s f rom the no rm in deg ree s . H ow eve r , wh i l e the de s c r ibedrad io f requency the rm om et r i c appa ra tus mak e i t poss ib le to de te rm ine hea t s ou rce s a t a s u f fi c i en t dep th , t he IR appa ra tus re f l ec t sthe the rma l s ta t e o f s ubcu taneous l aye rs , ve s s e l s, and o rgans loca ted no t ve ry deep (abou t I00 m m) . Suc h obs e rva t ions p rov ides u f f ic i en t in fo rma t ion fo r d i agnos t ic s , m on i to r ing , and t rea tmen t o f va r ious d i s eas e s . H ow eve r , t he ma jo r p rob lem now p os edf o r I R t h e r m o g r a p h y i s n o t m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e a b so l u te v a l u e o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e b u t r a t h e r i n v e s t ig a t io n o f i ts s p a c e - - t i m edynam ics fo r the pu rpos e o f func t iona l d iagnos t ic s o f b io log ical ob jec t s . Fo r s uch inves t iga tions , a s ys t em h as bee n des ignedbas ed on a the rma l imag ing dev ice and a s pec ia l compute r fo r p roces s ing the images w i th s ens i t iv i ty 0 . 03 K and s pa t i a lre s o lu t ion 100 mm [25 , 36 ] .

O f s pec ia l i n t e re s t i s wo rk on long-d i s tance a s s e ss men t o f phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s w i th the h e lp o f s h ie ldedmic roca lo r ime te r s u s ed to re g i s t e r s ma l l t he rma l e f fec t s [13 , 38 ] . T h e ex te rna l the rma l in s u la tion o f the mic roca lo r im e te r wasa d e w a r i n w h i c h t h e m i c r o c a l o r i m e t e r p r o p e r w a s p l a ce d , c o n s is ti n g o f a h e r m e t i c a ll y se a l ed c o p p e r s h e ll a n d a n M M T t h e r m a lre s i s to r . An iden t i ca l s he ll was p laced nex t to i t , bu t con ta in ing a hea t - s t ab le re s i s to r in s t ead o f the the rm a l re s i s to r . T h i s madei t pos s ib le to de tec t changes in t emp e ra tu re on the o rde r o f 10 -5~ and e l ec t romagne t i c ac t iv i ty and no i s e d id no t r e s u l t i nan apprec iab le re s pons e in the ope ra t ion o f the s ys t em. T he the rma l re s i s to r and a hea t - s t ab le re s i s to r we re connec ted toiden t i ca l l ow-no i s e ampl i f i e r s . S igna l s f rom the phys ica l f i e ld s o f the b io log ica l ob jec t we re reg i s t e red by a mu l t i channe lr e c o r d e r . T h e o p e r a t o r w h o s e e f f e c t w a s t o b e d e t e r m i n e d w a s l o c a t e d a t a d i s t an c e o f 0 . 5 t o 2 0 k m f r o m t h e m i c r o c a l o r i m e t e r .T he s igna ls ob ta ined du r ing a c t ion o f the ope r a to r changed s ign i f i c an t ly mo re s ha rp ly (and too k on d i s c re t e va lue s , mu l t ip l e so f 2 . 10 -~*C ) than s igna l s ob ta ined du r ing conven t iona l heat ing o f the the rma l re s is to r . F u r th e rm ore , du r ing ac t ion o f theope ra to r , no t on ly an inc rea s e bu t a l s o a dec re a s e in t empe ra tu re was o bs e rved , w h i l e abs o rp t ion o f any non ion iz ing rad ia t ionby a b io log ical ob jec t c aus e s on ly an inc rea s e in t empe ra tu re .

For long-d i s t ance me as u rem en t o f in t eg ra l phys ica l f ie ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s, i n [39 ] a s ens o r w as p rop os ed bas edon a l aye red A1- -C - -A I s t ruc tu re hav ing a cons t ruc t ion w i th non l inea r con tac t s , p re s uming the ex i s t ence o f tunne l junc t ions .We kno w tha t s emicon duc to r and c on tac t s ys t ems a re hea t- s ens i tive . In the junc t ion reg ion w i th a t r ans i t ion f ro m the rm a l lyac t ive to tunne l behav io r , a n um ber o f anoma lous e l ec t r i c a l conduc t iv i ty e f fec ts a re obs e rved . T h e cu r re n t in the junc t io n reg ioni s no t the s um o f the cu r re n t s , w h i l e the po ten t i a l r eg ion i t s e l f i s cha rac te r i zed by jumpw is e ch anges in the fo rm o f the vo l t agedependence o f the he igh t o f the in t e rcon tac t ba r r i e r . T h e de s ign o f the s ens o r i s a l s o ba s ed on the p re s en ce o f th i s type o fconduc t iv ity . E xpe r im en t s on de tec t ion o f phys ica l f ie ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec ts have been d one w i th s en s o rs loca ted on a s h ie ldo f f ive l aye rs o f A1 fo i l , hea ted up to 80~ In o rde r to de te rmine the re s u l ts , an N-307 x -y reco rde r was us ed w i th s ens i t iv ity5 0 m V / c m a n d r e c o r d i n g s p e e d 2 5 s e c / c m . D u r i n g a c t io n o f t h e o p e r a t o r o n t h e s e n s o r , t h e c h a n g e i n i t s r e si s t a n c e w a s 2 0 0 -300 f l com pared w i th the o r ig ina l . Fu r the r mo re , du r ing ac t ion o f d i f fe ren t ope ra to r s , t he da ta on the change in the re s is t ancepu l se s we re qu i t e d i f fe ren t w i th re s pec t to f req uency and ampl i tude . F rom the re s u l ts o f the expe r im en t s , i t was conc lu ded tha ti t i s poss ib le to reg i s t e r the phys ica l and emot iona l s t a te o f a b io log ica l s pec im en and a l s o changes in the s e s t a t e s , s uch a sdur ing b ioene rge t i c the rapeu t i c ac t ion .

T he v i s ib l e po r t ion o f the w ave leng th s pec t rum i s u s ed to gene ra te v i s ua l s ens a t ions , and the cha rac te r i s t i c f ea tu re s o fthe f requen cy com pos i t ion o f the l igh t r e f l ec ted f rom d i f fe ren t ob jec ts de te rm ine the co lo r s hades o f the s u r rou nd ings . T he co lo ro rde rs the b io log ica l ob jec t i n s pace an d the s equence o f a c t ions and even t s . I t a cqu i res the s e capab i l it i e s w i th the he lp o f at -me and ex t reme ly s ens i t ive op t i ca l " in s t rumen t" : t he eye . In [40 ] , i t i s no ted tha t t he human eye i s c apab le o f d i s t ingu is h ingthe s even p r imary co lo rs o f the s pec t rum , wh ich can be ob ta ined by decomp os i t ion o f wh i te l i gh t w i th the a id o f a re f rac t ingop t i ca lly t r ans pa ren t body , and a l s o tuminous s ens a t ions . T ha t i s , t he re a re two m ore co lo rs : wh i t e , cha rac te r i z ing the p re s en ceof l igh t ; and b lack , wh en l igh t i s abs en t . T he cons t ruc t ion o f the eye makes i t pos s ib le to c rea te a pa t t e rn w i th in the un i fo rmlyd i s t r~u ted a r range me n t o f l i gh t -pe rce iv ing pho to recep to rs , wh ich a re a l s o in a pos i tion to s ubd iv ide , encod e , and t rans mi tfu r the r the in fo rm a t ion ob ta ined [16 ] . T h e exc i t a t ion pu ls es a re t r ans mi t t ed a long the op t i c ne rve , cons i s t ing o f app rox ima te ly800 , 000 ind iv idua l f ibe r s , e ach o f w h ich i s i n a pos i tion to t r ans mi t f ro m 20 to 50 s t imu la t ions / s ee . On ly s om e o f th is l a rgein fo rma t ion flow i s s ub jec ted to fu r the r p roces s ing . I t depends on the in fo rma t ion a l ready accumu la ted by the b io log ica l ob jec t ,and a l s o on i t s i nd iv idua l cons t i tu t ion and a t t en t ivenes s . In th i s c a s e , t he v i s ua l pa t t e rn ( the pe rce ived impre s s ion ) may no tco inc ide w i th the ob jec t becaus e o f , fo r example , no ncor re s pon dence to the laws o f geome t r i c pe rs pec t ive . Su ch pheno men aa l so a r i s e wh en a s s e s s ing the b r igh tnes s o f l igh t, t he ve loc i ty o f m o t ion , e t c .

B as ed on the con cep t o f gene ra l i z ed c rys t a l log raphy p ropos ed by Be rna l and Ca r l i s le , a t a b ranch o f the I~NIO M -U RALSc ien t i f i c -R es ea rch C en te r a c rys t a l op t i c s me thod has been deve loped fo r de tec t ion o f phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s [41 ] .In o rde r to t ake the c rys t a l log ram s , they us ed a mu l t i componen t c rys t a l - fo rm ing mix tu re ba s ed on s i l i ca ox ide . T h e l iqu idob ta ined was app l i ed a s a d rop le t t o s l ide s w h ich we re p laced in s pec ia l p ro jec t ion zones o f the b io log ica l ob jec t . T he expos u re704


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t ime was 5 min . Th e n t h e p rep ara t i o n s were d r i ed a t r o o m t em p era tu re i n su n l ig h t an d were o b se rv ed u n d er a mic ro sco p e i np o l a r i zed l i gh t . T h e ac t i o n o f t h e p h y s i ca l f ie l d s o f th e b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t cau sed ch an g e s i n t h e c ry s t a l l o g ra ms , wh ich wereap p aren t i n t h e p red o min an ce o f t h e co lo r i n t e r f e r en ce p a t t e rn s (v a r i eg a t ed co lo r s ) an d a l so i n t h e sp ec i a l o rd er i n g an do r i en t a t i o n o f t h e s t ru c tu res o f t h e c ry s t a l l o g rams .

Am o n g t h e i n v es t i g a t io n s o f t h e p h y s i ca l f ie l d s o f b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t s d o n e i n t h e v i s i b l e an d U V ran g es , wo rk i n [4 2 ]s t an d s o u t o n t h e e f f e c t o f p h y s i ca l f i e l ds o f b io lo g ica l o b j ec ts o n m o n o ch ro ma t i c l a se r r ad i a t i o n wi th i n s t ru men ta l d e t ec t i o no f t h e p ro p er t i e s o f t h e m ed iu m a n d t h e p ro p ag a t i o n o f th e r ad ia t i o n . Th e r eg io n u n d er i n v es t ig a t i o n was p ro b ed wi th r ad i a t i o nf ro m s t ead y - s t a t e l a se r s LG -1 2 6 , LG -2 3 a t wav e l en g th s 0 .6 3 , 1 .1 5, 1 0 .6 m m. A f i v e -w ay o p t i ca l g as cu v e t o f l en gth 1 0 0 m ma n d d i a m e t e r 6 0 m m w a s u s e d a s t h e m e d i u m , i n w h ic h t he a i r w a s p u m p e d o u t b e f o r e t h e r u n b y a f o r e v a c u u m p u m p d o w nto a p res su re o f 5 -1 0 -2 t o r r an d t h en i n d i f f e r en t ru n s was f i l led wi th a i r , n i t ro g en , o r ca rb o n d io x id e . As a r esu l t o f t h eex p er imen t s , t h e ab se n ce o f an y a t t en u a t i o n o f t h e r ad ia t i o n was n o t ed d u r in g ac t i o n o n t h e o p t i ca l cu v e t u n f il l ed wi th g as wh i l es t ro n g a tt en u a t i o n was n o t ed wh en t h e cu v e t was f i l led ( esp ec i a ll y a t 1 0 .6 mm ) , w h ich a l so r esu l t ed i n a p u l sed t y p e o f p ro cess .Th e e f f ec t o f th e ac t i o n w as ap p aren t i n t h e v i su a l l y o b se rv ab l e " sca t t e r in g " b u r s t s an d t h e s t ro n g f l i ck er o f t h e l a se r sp o t o nth e sc r een . Th i s a l l o w ed t h e a u th o r s t o h y p o th es i ze a ch an g e i n t h e p h y si ca l s t a t e o f t h e med iu m an d t h e p res en ce o f ab so rp t i o nand l igh t scat ter ing .

We esp ec i a l l y sh o u ld n o t e a n u m b er o f i n v es ti g a ti o n s o f t he p h y s i ca l f i e l d s o f b io lo g ica l o b j ec t s d o n e b y e l ec t ro -p h o to g rap h y m eth o d s , u s in g t h e ch arac t e r i s t i c f ea tu res o f b o th th e o p t ica l an d t h e r ad io f r eq u en cy r an g es [1 4 , 1 6 ]. T h e p h y s i ca lf i e ld s o f b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t s were f i r s t d e tec t ed p h o to g rap h i ca ll y b y th e Cze ch N av ra t i l , wh o u sed h ig h v o l t ag e an d cu r r en t fo ramp l i f i ca t io n , wh ich p e rm i t t ed p h o to g rap h in g t h e f i el d o f o n ly d ead mat t e r . T h e Ki r l i ans (h u sb an d an d wi fe ) fu r t h e r d ev e lo p edth e e l ec t ro p h o to g ra p h y me th o d a t t h e en d o f t he 1 96 0 s. I n t h is meth o d , b l ack & w h i t e o r co lo r f i lm was p l ace d emu l s io n s i d eu p o n a meta l p l a t e t h ro u g h wh ich h ig h - f r eq u en cy v ib ra t i o n s were p assed wi th v o l t ag e o n t h e o rd er o f 1 0 k W. Th e o b j ec t o fi n v es ti g a t io n was p l aced o n t h e em u l s io n s i d e o f t h e fi lm, i l lu min a t ed wi th r ed l i g h t , an d k ep t t h e re fo r 1 /2 5 o f a seco n d . Af t e rd ev e lo p men t , t h e d e t ec t ed p h y s i ca l f i e l d o f t h e b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t r emain ed o n t h e f i lm. Th e Ki r l i an meth o d h as b een p u r su edesp ec i a l l y in t en s iv e ly i n t h e US A, b u t so f a r n o sa ti s f ac to ry ex p lan a t i o n h as b e en fo u n d fo r t h e r esu l ts o b t a in ed . Cu r ren t l y , a ne l ec t ro b io lu min escen c e me th o d d ev e lo p ed b ased o n t h e Ki r l i an e f f ec t i s w id e ly u se d t o ev a lu a t e t h e b io en erg e t i c s t a t e o f o b j ec t s,an d a l so fo r s t u d y in g t h e mech an i sms b y wh ich t h e b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t p e rce iv es t h e ac t i v i t y o f t h e f i e l d en v i ro n men t [4 3 -4 5 ] .

X - R a y a n d R a d i a t i o n I n v e s t i g a t i o n s . T h e r a d i at io n d is c o v e r e d b y W . C . R o e n t g e n (x - r a y s ) i n 1 89 5 h a s b e e n u s e dfo r a lo n g t ime i n m o d e rn med ic in e fo r d iag n o s t ics an d t h e rap y o f v a r i o u s d i seases . Th e mo s t p ro mi s in g m eth o d fo ri n v es ti g a t io n o f t h e b io e l ee t ro ma g n e t i c ac t i v i t y o f l i vin g o rg an i sms i n t h i s r an g e i s x - r a y t o mo g r ap h y , b ased o n t h e p rac t i ca l l yl i n ea r d ep en d en ce o f t he ab so rp t i o n o f r ad i a t i o n o n t h e co mp o s i t i o n an d d en s i t y o f t h e o b j ec t u n d er s t u d y . W h en co n s id e r i n gap p ara tu s fo r u l t r aso u n d t h e rap y , i t was p o in t ed o u t t h a t su ch a meth o d d o es n o t mak e i t p o ss ib l e t o co mp le t e ly e l imin a t esu p erp o s i t io n o f p ro j ec t i o n s o f o th e r sec t io n s o n t h e sec t i o n u n d er s t u d y . F u r th e rmo re , t h e ex p o su re t ime ( i n c reas in g co n t r as0fo r li v in g o rg an i sm s i s l imi t ed t o p e rm i ss ib l e rad i a t io n d o ses . Ho w ev er , a so m ew h at d i f f e r en t ap p ro ach i s u sed as t h e b as i s fo rt h e o p era t i o n o f mo d ern x - r ay t o mo g rap h s , b a sed o n th e u se o f p o wer fu l co m p u te r meth o d s fo r p ro cess in g t h e d a t a o b ta in edb y t o mo g rap h i c scan n in g . In o rd er t o sp eed u p t akin g th e p i c tu res , s ev era l so u rces o r a m o v in g so u rce a r e u sed w i th a d iv e rg en t( f an - sh ap ed ) b eam , t h e i n t en s i t y d i s tr i b u ti o n i n wh ich i s measu red b y a two -d imen s io n a l sen s i t iv e d e t ec to r . Th e n sy n th es i s o ft h e d en s i ty d i s t r ib u t i o n o f t h e t i s su es o r o rg an s o f t h e b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t is d o n e u s in g sp ec i a l a l g o r i t h ms o n a co m p u te r [4 6 -4 8 ] .

An im porta n t p rob lem ar is ing in the invest igat ion of the physical f ie lds o f b io log ical ob jects i s the need to el iminateth e e f f ec t o f t h e f i e l d o f t h e o p era to r o n t h e d e t ec t io n sy s t em, wh ich c an l ead t o o b t a in in g r ep ro d u c ib l e b u t i n v a li d r esu lt s .Acco rd in g ly , i n v es t i g a t i o n meth o d s h av e b een d ev e lo p ed u s in g r ad io ac t iv e d ecay as t h e r e f e r en c e p ro cess . I t is k n o wn th a t n o n eo f t h e f ami l i a r p h y s i ca l f i e l d s o r co mb in a t i o n s o f t h ese f i e l d s g en era t ed b y a b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t a f f ec t t h is p ro cess . A p o s i ti v ep o in t is a l so t h e f ac t t h a t t he p ro c ess o f r ad io ac t i v e d ecay h as b een r a th e r we l l s t u d i ed an d r e l i ab le m eth o d s h av e b e end ev e lo p ed fo r d e t ec t i n g i t a s we l l a s math emat i ca l ap p ara tu s fo r p ro cess in g t h e measu remen t r esu l t s .

In [4 9 ], t h e fo l l o win g r ad io ac t i v e i so top es wi th d i f f e ren t d ecay sch em es were u sed : 9 ~Tc , 3 1 p , 9 0 S r ' t 3 7 C s " Th e p ro cesswas r eg i s t e r ed u s in g Geig er co u n t e r s an d sc in t i l l a t i o n d e t ec to r s . Th e emi ss io n sp ec t r a were s imu l t an eo u s ly r eco rd ed wi th t h eh e lp o f an IN-9 0 m u l t i ch an n e l am p l i t u d e an a ly zer (F ran ce) . S ev era l p a ra l le l d e t ec t i o n sy s t ems o p era t i n g o n d i f f e r en t p r i n c ip l eswere m o u n ted a ro u n d t h e r ad i a t i o n so u rce . Th ese ex p er ime n t s p ro v id ed d a t a su gg es t i n g t h a t th e o p era to r s d id a f f ec t th ed e t ec t io n sy s t em. Th i s ma d e i t p o ss ib l e t o co n c lu d e t h at i t was n ecessa ry t o d es ig n p a ra l l e l ch an n e l s fo r d e t ec t io n o f t h e p h y s ica lf i e ld s o f b io lo g i ca l o b j ec t s u s in g d i f f e r en t p h y s i ca l e f f ec ts , wh ich w o u ld m ak e i t p o ss ib le t o e l imin a t e l a rg e sy s t ema t i c e r ro r sand inval id resu l t s .

70 5


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With the he lp o f the the rm olum ines cence dos im e t ry me thod , in [50] the au tho rs s tud ied the compon en t s o f ion izingrad ia tion in the phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s. T he cha rac te r i s ti c s o f the rmolum ines cen t dos ime te r s p rov ided a w ork ingrange fo r the meas u rab le dos e s f ro m 10 -z to IO rad , de tec t ion o f e l ec t romag ne t i c rad ia t ion w i th ene rg ie s up to 1 keV, cha rgedpa r t i c l e s w i th ene rg ie s f rom a few e lec t ron -vo l t s up to t ens o f megae lec t ron -vo l t s . T he expe r imen ta l r e s u l t s r evea led thep re s ence o f ion iz ing rad ia t ion in ind iv idua l s ec t ions o f the body o f the b io log ica l ob jec t o f power t ens o r hundreds o f t imesg rea te r than the power o f the background rad ia t ion o f the env i ronmen t . I t was no ted tha t when the b io log ica l ob jec tconcen t ra t ed the ene rgy , the a ve rage rad ia t ion dos e ra t e was hund reds o f t imes o r m ore than the l eve l r eg i s t e red a t t he s amep lace when the o rgan i s m was in the pa s s ive s t at e. I t was con c luded tha t t he rad ia t ion l eve l in the phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica lob jec t s is a mu l t i f ac to r i a l pa ram e te r .

In conc lus ion , w e s hou ld no te tha t ou r ana ly t ic a l r ev iew o f the s t a t e -o f - the -a r t o f in s t rumen ta l m e thods f o r de tec t ionand ampl i f i c a t ion o f the p hys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s , de s p it e the d ive rs i ty o f the m e thods and dev ice s cons ide re d ind i f fe ren t wave leng th ranges , a l lows us to d raw conc lusions conce rn ing the advan tages and d i s advan tages o f the s o lu t ions chos enfo r the p rob lems and a l s o to s ugges t pos s ib le t r ends and p ros pec t s fo r deve lop men t in th i s d i rec t ion .

T he au tho rs o f mos t o f the s tud ie s and pape rs cons ide red us e va r ious phys ica l p roces s e s wh ich can be reg i s t e red byequ ipmen t fo r study ing the b ioe lec t roma gne t i c ac t iv i ty o f the ob jec t s. T h i s i s becau s e o f the ava i l ab i l i ty o f s t anda rd meas u r ingand am pl i fy ing appa ra tus and a l s o the pos s ib i l it y o f u s ing ex i s ting me tho ds fo r m e t ro log ica l p roces s ing o f the re s u l ts . W henus ing equ ipmen t , t he f o rc e e f fec t i s r eg i s t e red , wh ich i s de te rmined b y the in t ens i ty o f the s igna l and i s r a the r s ma l l , s ocons ide rab le d i f f i cu l t ie s a r i s e in s epa ra t ing the us e fu l s igna l f rom the backgroun d .

T he d i rec t u s e o f l i v ing o rgan i s m s fo r de tec tion o f the phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t s (becaus e o f the i r s t rongs ens i t iv i ty to weak ex te rna l e f fec t s ) ha s a lways been the t a rge t o f c r i t i c i s m. T h i s i s e s pec ia l ly s o becaus e o f the need toe l imina te a l l add i tiona l chan ne l s fo r in fo rm a t ion t rans mis s ion , an d a l s o the p rac t i c a l ly comp le te l a ck o f me tho ds fo r s t a ti s ti c a lt r ea tmen t o f the re s u l t s o f s uch meas u remen t s .

T hus eu r rendy the mos t p romis ing me thods in ou r op in ion fo r inves t iga t ing the phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica l ob jec t sa re in s t rumen ta l me thods , u s ing b io log ica l s t ruc tu re s fo r the p r imary conve rs ion fo l lowed by s econda ry conve rs ion o f thein fo rma t ive signa l ob ta ined by equ ipm en t , w i th the pos sib i li t y o f s yn thes is o f the s t eps o f the p r oces s an d s t a t i st i c al t r e a tmen to f the re s u l t s w i th the he lp o f a comp ute r . T he us e o f s uch me tho ds a l lows us to t ake in to accoun t the in fo rm a t iona l cha rac te ro f the in t e rac t ion be tween b io log ica l ob jec t s , i . e . , t o de te rmine the qua l i t a t ive cha rac te r i s t i c s o f the phys ica l f i e ld s o f b io log ica lob jec ts r a the r than the abs o lu te va lue o f the e f fec t . Fu r the r deve lopm en t o f in s trumen ta l m e thods fo r s tudy ing the phys ica l f i e ld so f b io log ica l ob jec t s invo lves s o lv ing the p rob lems a r i s ing in s ea rch ing fo r adequa te me thods fo r de tec t ion o f s igna l s w i thb ios ens o rs , mak ing i t pos s ib le to ob ta in rep roduc ib le re s u l ts and to e l imina te the e f fec t o f the ope ra to r s on the d e tec t ion s ys t em.

R E F E R E N C E S

2 ..

4 .

.

6 .7 .8 .9 .

I0 .11 .12 .13 .

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14 .15 .16 .17 .18 .

19 .20 .

21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26.27 .28 .29 .30.31.32 .33.34 .35.36 .37.38 .39 .40 .41 .42.43.44.45.46.47 .48 .49 .50.

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