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8/3/2019 Biological Science- Intro
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Biological Science
Introduction
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Divisions of Biology
Cytology the study
ofcells, its parts,
function, and
composition.
Histology the study
ofgroup ofcells
performing a specific
orspecialized
function/s.
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Divisions of Biology Anatomy the physical
structure, especially the
internal structure, of an
organism, or of any of its
parts
Physiology study of the
functions and processes
of living things including
such functions as
metabolism, respiration,and reproduction.
Morphology - the study of
the form and structure of
organisms
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Divisions of Biology
Genetics heredity
and variationinthe
geneticmaterialofan
org
Embryology the
study ofthegrowth
anddevelopmentof
anorg.
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Divisions of Biology
Paleontology study
oflifein prehistoric
times by usingfossil
evidence
Evolution study of
origin and
diversificationoforg
from simpleto
complex structure.
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Divisions of Biology Ecology : the study
oftherelationshipsandinteractionsbetweenliving
organisms andtheirnaturalordevelopedenvironment
Taxonomy the
scienceofclassifyingandnamingoforg
Biogeography - studyofdistributionofplants and animals
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Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
Carcinology - study
ofcrustaceans
Conchology - shells
Entomology insects
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Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
Helminthologyworms
Herpetology reptiles
and amphibians
Ichthyology - Fish
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Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
Mammalogy warm-
blooded animals
Malacology
mollusks
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Sub Sciences Related to Zoology
Parasitology org.thatdepends on a
hostforsurvival.
Protozoology
Unicellularorg
Ornithology - birds
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Sub Sciences of Botany
Mycology Fungi
Phycology algae
Bacteriology -
microorganism
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Origin of Life Man has always been
curious to find answers
to the mysteries posed
by the reality he lives in.
One of the deepest andmost profound is the one
that in itself searches for
the answer to how he
came to be, to how his
world originated, to howand when he and all
living beings emerged
from the nature they live
in.
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Theories About the Origin of Life
1.Divine
Creation
Theory The
firstformoflifewas createdby
a SUPER
NATURAL
BEING calledGOD.
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Theories About the Origin of Life
2.Spontaneous
Generation Theory
heldthatliving
organisms aregeneratedby decaying
organic substances,
e.g.thatmice
spontaneously appearin
storedgrainormaggots
spontaneously appearin
meat.
That plantlice arise
fromthedewwhichfalls on plants,
thatfleas are
developedfrom putrid
matter,
thatmicecomefrom
dirty hay, and soforth
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The theory was refuted by the
following scientist:
1. Francesco Redi,
2. Lazzaro Spallanzani,
3. Louis Pasteur
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Theories About the Origin of Life
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Pasteur
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Theories About the Origin of Life
3.Marine Life Theory
thefirstformoflife
originatedfromthe
sea.
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Theories About the Origin of Life
4.Cosmozoic =Interplanetary =
known also as
Panspermia is a
hypothesis thattheseeds oflife are
prevalentthroughout
the Universe, and
furthermorethatlifeonearthbeganby such
seeds landingon Earth
and propagating.
Panspermia canbe saidtobeeitherinterstellarorinterplanetary.
Thereis as yetno
compellingevidencetosupportorcontradictit,althoughtheconsensusviewholds that
panspermia - especiallyinits interstellarform - isunlikely giventhechallenges ofsurvivalandtransportin space.
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Theories About the Origin of Life
Hoylebecame astaunchcriticofhypotheses of
Chemical Evolutiontoexplainthenaturalisticoriginoflife.
Panspermia,per se, is
not actually inconflict
withtheidea of
abiogenesis, thoughHoyle's interpretationof
panspermia does
conflict.
Generally, Panspermia
simply moves theorigin
oflifeelsewhereinthe
universe.
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Theories About the Origin of Life
5.Physico-Chemical Theory = Oparins Theory
lifecamefrom a series ofchemicalreaction.
AleksanderOparin and JBS Haldanewhointhe1920s postulatedthatlifeformed as a resultof
"chemicalevolution," wherenaturalreactions
betweenthechemicals presentontheearly
eartheventually formedlife.
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Oparins Theory
Formationofthe GalaxyFormationoftheSolarSystem
Formationof
the Earth
Formationof
atmosphere &
Prebiotic Synthesis
Polymerization
Chemical Origins ofLife
(Pre-RNA World)
RNA World DNA / Protein World
Bacteria, Invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Primates, Human
Big Bang
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Chemical Reaction Series
H
0 H
H
C
N
0
C+
+
+
+
CH4
H2O
CO2
NH3
C6H12O6 Amino Acid
Carbohydrates Protein
PLANTS ANIMALS
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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
1. Metabolism The vital life processes which
includes all the changes that the materials
taken as food undergoes.
The two PhasesA. Anabolism constructive phase, building up phase
Ex. Assimilation of food, photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight --- C6H12O6 + energy
B. Catabolism Destructive phase, breaking downphase
Ex. Digestion, respiration
C6H12O6 - CO2 + H2O
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2. Reproduction the ability of
organismtocreate anotherorganismof
the same kind
Kinds of Reproduction
1. Sexual
2. Asexual
Differentiate Living from Non Living
Things
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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
3. Growth any
increasein size
Accretion external
growth
Intussusceptions
internalgrowth
4. Form and Size
Shape and structure
LT - definite
NLT vary
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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
5. Organization arrangementofmaterials
Cell Tissues Organs System
Atoms Molecules/Compounds Mixture/Complex
Molecules
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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
6. Chemical Composition whatmatterismadeof
LT organiccompounds
- oil, fats, sugar. Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids,
protein
NLT inorganiccompounds
- Acid, base, salt, metals, water
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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
7. Irritability
ability oforganisms to
reacttochanges in
theenvironment.
Stimuli
anythingthatwill
cause anorganismtoreact/respond
Tropism
plants
Taxis
animals
Kinds of Irritability
1.Phototropism
2.Thermotropism3.Thigmotropism
4.Geotropism
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Phototropism
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Thermotaxis
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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things
8. Life Span
periodofexistence
LT- Definite
NLT -
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End of presentation.
Exam next meeting!
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http://www-acs.ucsd.edu/~idea/origlife.htm
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Cosmicevolution theoriginoftime, space andmatter(essentiallyreferringtotheBig Bang).
Stellarand planetary evolution Originofstars and planets.
Chemicalevolution theoriginofhigherelements fromhydrogen.
Organicevolution Originoflifefrominanimatematter.
Macroevolution Originofmajor'kinds' (fora creationisttreatment seeCreated kinds).
Microevolution Variations within'kinds'.
Thefirstfourofthe abovedefinitions aretakenfromdisparatefields ofscience, includingcosmology, astronomy, geology, andchemistry, andhavelittletodowiththemorerestrictivedefinitionofbiologicalevolutionas perthemodern synthesis. Biologists whohaverespondedtocreationistcriticismdisputethatthereis any meaningfuldifferencebetweenthelasttwotypes, notingthatmicroevolutionovera longerspanoftimeis macroevolution. Many creationists currently acceptthe sixthaspect as beingfact (microevolutionis definedby them as thecreationofnewbreeds ofdogorthedivergenceofthehumanraces)buttendtoreject someoralloftherest.