I BIOENERGY SYMPOSIUM

PhD Program USP-UNICAMP-UNESP

Bioenergy and Brazil: an environmental and public policy approach

Prof. Dr. Luiz César Ribas

Departamento of Economy, Sociology and Technology

School of Agriculture. São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Campus of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

E-mail: lcribas@fca.unesp.br

BIOENERGY - WHY BRAZIL?

Join us on a daytrip exploring the past, present and future of Bioenergy

https://sites.google.com/view/bioenergysymposium/home

December, 12th of 2017

Salão Nobre - FEA - UNICAMP – Campinas

Introduction

Bionergy... Within a past, presente and future point of view? Why Brazil?

Let´s start to answer this question from a historic forestry perspective:

i) Import Substitution Proccess (1965);

ii) Environmental Waive (Rio de Janeiro Meeting, at 1992);

iii) Energetic Strategies (Paris Agreement, 2016), and finally;

iv) Forestry Perspective again at this moment (The New Forestry Law –

NLF-, at 2012, Industrial Forest National Program (PNF, at 2000) and

Forestry Biofuels National Policy (PNBF or PL 1291, at 2015).

Assumptions

1. Economic Policy (Public Policy) = i) Economic growth; ii) Income

sharing; iii) Economic process stability, and; iv) Employment and wealth

generation;

2. Concepts of Policy (Public business management - natural resources, for

instance -) and Politics (political party involvement in a parliamentary

debate, institutional government dispute);

3. Criteria: efficiency, efficacy, equity, permanency, administrative costs,

incentives for maximum effort, public approval and minimum

interference in private decisions.

Discution

60`s years - Process of Import Substitution - Forest Sector was one of the

economic segments selected to take part of this brazilian growth process model

Paper and cellulose production

Forest researches and forest Colleges

The New Forestry Code, at September, 15th of 1965.

Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) and Legal Reserve área

(RL)

Powerful fiscal instruments, that is, partial federal taxes

exemption (by both people and companies), in order to be

invested in forestry projects to produce raw material (wood) to

paper and cellulose mills

Implantation of the present brazilian exotic forestry species basis (Eucalyptus

spp and Pinus spp) – see also PNF and PNBF

Around the same time and within the same model, the Brazilian steel sector

was also contemplated by a strong energetic substitution proccess

Eucalyptus spp Vegetal (not mineral) charcoal production

Outcomes (good and bad environmental impacts)

Good

Reduction of environmental pollution (carbon emission, for instance

although this aspect was not so important at that time)

Bad

Important forest (environmental) instruments of the New Forestry

Code (APP and RL areas) have not been attended by the rural

properties since the 60´s years until now, even after the publising of

the New Forestry Law (Law n. 12.651, May, 25th of 2012).

Forest subsidies were eliminated at 80´s decade (PNMA was publishe at

the same time)

“Environmental Waive” (90´s decade), mainly after Rio de Janeiro

Meeting, at 1992

New focus for the Forest Sector: the sustainable point of view (Clean

Developing Mechanism/CDM, Shared but Different Responsabilities/SDR

between developed and developing countries, etc.).

Anyway, the main aspects wich have brought the forest sector to the national

and international scenario again were:

1) Climate change (social, economic and environmental) mitigation (not

the elimitation or even the reduction) approach, since 90´s years, mainly by

European countries (fossil fuels substitution by renewable sources such as

natural raw material/wood/trees, for instance);

2) Environmental Services (Environmental Assessment);

3) REDD mechanism (developing countries / participation of forests in the

carbon market proposal) ;

4) Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (iNDCs)

(at the world front or, more accurately, within the Paris Agreement)

AND;

1) Brazilian legal instruments of forest / environmental policies such as

PNF, New Foretry Law and PNBF

(at the national front)

Evolution of REDD concept:

i) REDD Forest valuation element is the emission reducing due to deforestation and forest

degradation, on developing countries (COP - 16, Cancun)

ii) REDD+ REDD plus sustainable forest management plus carbon stock increase, on

developing countries, and:

iii) REDD ++ REDD + plus agriculture (appropriated use of the lands), included the

carbon stock increase on the developing countries forests (COP – 19, Varsovia)

Besides, the main Brazilian sources of the quantities of CO2 emission relative

contributions, considering 2000, were:

8 LULUCF - Land use, land use change and forestry activities.

The American economy, for instance, is supported by coal, natural gas,

nuclear and others energy sources. These kinds of energy are responsible by

the CO2 emission how can be seen at Table 02.

By the way, the Brazilian iNDC´s (in forest basis, not industrial basis, untill

2030), according to MMA (2017,a) are:

a) Consumption of biofuels Increasing in the Brazilian energetic

matrix (participation of 18%);

b) Enforcement of Forest and Land Use Change Legislation (Zero

Ilegal Deforestation;

c) Compensation for greenhouse gas emission by ilegal deforestation,

and;

d) Forest (natural, native, ecological) restoration of 12 million of

hectares (with several instruments for environmental control and

monitoring such as georeferencing, traceability and other ways to

discourage ilegal and not sustainable pratices).

So, with regard to relative any event, the government policies and actions

linked to Climate Change, under the Paris Agreement, is something so

many complex because involve social, economic and environmental

measures that depend strongly by the legal support.

Concluding Remarks

Finally, in front of this screen, Why Brazil?

Because, why not Brazil?

We have all the natural (not industrial proccess/cleaner production/ product

lyfecicle management, in contrast, for instance) competitive conditions to

help the world climate change mitigation proccess.

The country needs, from now on, effective and eficiente Governance

Conditions in terms of Policy and Politics [Natural Reserve of Copper and

Associated Mining Resources – RENCA; Reduction of Natural Areas by

Provisional Measures (MP 756 e MP 758); MP 795/2017; native forests

participation in the carbon Market / REDD+ / Green Climate Fund, etc.)

MP 795/2017 - Trillion Provisional Measure (MP do Trilhão).

References

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December, 8th of 2017.

Muito Agradecido!!!!

Luiz César Ribas