Biochemistry

Periodic Table First functional one developed by

____________ ______________ in 1869. What’s its primary purpose?

Brief history of P.T. (3:39)

The genius of Mendeleev (4:24)

Biochemistry According to the Oxford Dictionary,

biochemistry is “the branch of __________ concerned with the _____________ and physicochemical processes that occur within _________ _________________”

Chemical Equations Write down everything you know

about this equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

What is this? Why did I put it on this slide?

The Atom The term “atom” comes from the Greek

word atomos, which means “unable to be _______”.

First coined by Greek philosopher ___________ 2500 years ago. ατομοσ

Subatomic Particles Three main subatomic particles

• What are they? • What are their charges?

Neutrality of atoms – What causes this? Atomic number? Atomic mass? How small is an atom? (5:27)

You can't touch anything! (5:29)

Element A pure substance consisting entirely

of one type of ___________

Isotopes Atoms of the same element that

differ in the number of ___________ (See Fig 2-2 on p. 36.)Isotopes of hydrogen

Compound Substance formed by the chemical

union of two or more _____________

Chemical structure of NaCl

Chemical Formula Way of showing the chemical

______________ of a compound (C6H12O6) It tells us the _____________ in the

compound and their __________ (how many atoms there are of each element).

Ionic Bond Bond formed when one or more

electrons are _____________ from one atom to another

Covalent Bond Bond formed when electrons are ___________

between atoms; stronger and far more common in organisms than ________

Know difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds

Ionic and covalent bonds (1:57)

Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonds form when a _____ atom

covalently bonds to an O or N atom in another molecule.

H bonds form because the larger atoms (with more protons) pull the _____ from the H atoms closer to them, making them partially _____ and the H atoms partially _____.

H bonding (:56)

Van der Waals Force Slight attraction that develops between

____________ ____________ regions of molecules (mainly ______ molecules)

Van der Waals and the gecko (8:22)

Gecko's foot

Cohesion Attraction between molecules of the

___________ substance

BELLY FLOP!!

Surface Tension Surface tension: property of a ___________

that allows it to resist an external force due to internal cohesive forces = smallest surface area possible

Surface tension (1:24)

Adhesion Attraction between molecules of

_____________ substances; makes life possible – How??

Notice how the water adheres to the glass and forms a _________.

Solution Even distribution of a solute in a

________• Example: Saltwater (Salt is the __________

and water is the __________.)

Suspensions Heterogeneous mixture of

undissolved ___________ in a solvent

pH Scale Indicates the concentration of ______ ___________ in a solution

Acid – any compound that forms _____ _________ in a solution (________ on pH scale)

Base – any compound that forms ______ __________ in solution (________ on pH scale)

Buffers – weak _______or ________ that counteract strong acids or bases to prevent sudden, sharp changes in ______

Versatility of Carbon The study of all compounds containing

carbon is called __________ ___________. Carbon has four valance ___________

that can covalently bond with electrons of other atoms

It readily combines with other _________ atoms to form straight and branching _________ and will also form _________.

Forms single, double, and triple covalent _________

Versatility of Carbon

Carbon nanotube bandage for preemies (coated w/ iodine solution)

PNCL Park Proteins: Always made of an __________ group

(NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and an R-group. The _____-__________ is what differentiates one

amino acid from another. Proteins needed for growth, repair,

_______________ production, etc, etc…. Amino acids held together by covalent bonds

called _____________ bonds Monomer: _________ ________ End with –ine (ex: valine) CHONS What do proteins do? (4:07)

Levels of Protein Structure There are four

levels of protein structure (from simple to complex):• Primary• Secondary• Tertiary• Quaternary

PNCL Park Nucleic acids: Monomer:___________

(consists of a 5-carbon ____________, a ________________ group, and a ________________ base)

They store and transmit ___________ information.

Two kinds of nucleic acids: ______ and _______

PONCH DNA and proteins (3:24)

Nucleic Acid Structure

PNCL Park Carbohydrates: formed from C, H, and

O most often in the ratio of _________ (example: glucose – C6H12O6)

Main source of __________ and give cells _______ (cell walls, parts of cytoskeleton)

Monomer: __________________ Many have the suffix -_______ di-, and polysaccharides (__________) Cellulose – most abundant organic

chemical on Earth (polysaccharide) CHO

PNCL Park Lipids: Large, mostly insoluble molecules Fats, oils, and waxes Used to store _________ and make up

important parts of membranes, especially _______ membrane

Monomer: _____________ combined with a ________ acid

Saturated and ______________• Chemically speaking, what’s the difference?

CHO

Lipid Structure

Chemical Reactions Processes that ___________ one set of

chemicals into another

Chemical Reactions Reactant – element or compound

that ___________ a chemical reaction

Product - element or compound _____________ by a chemical reaction

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (_________) (__________)

Enzymes Biological (organic) catalysts that

__________ up chemical __________ by lowering the activation ___________

End with –________ and their name is related to the compound they act upon

Example: lactase – speeds up the reaction that breaks down the disaccharide __________ into the monosaccharides galactose and glucose

Introduction to enzymes (4:46)Roles of Enzymes (3:35)

Enzymes Affected by __________, ______________, and

______ These factors can change the ___________ of

the enzymes (_____________), making them non-functional.

Substrates and active site – What are they? Lock-and-key model becomes _______-_____

model Protein (enzyme) denaturation (3:55)