Biochemistry

Lena Vincent Christina Rohall

David Han Steven Hausman

Period 2

Ionic bonds

• Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

• An atom losing electrons becomes positively charged

• An atom gaining electrons becomes negatively charged

• These positively and negatively charged atoms are known as ions

Forms when electrons are shared between atoms

Structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called a molecule

Covalent Bonds

pH Scale Used to indicate the concentration of

H+ ions in a solution Acidic solutions contain higher

concentration of H+ ions than pure water, then it will have pH values below seven

Basic, or alkaline, solutions that contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water, then it will have pH values above seven

Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen atoms Living things use carbohydrates as their

main source of energy Plants and some animals also use

carbohydrates for structural purposes Are made up of monosaccharaides and

polysaccharides

Lipids Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen

atoms Lipids can be used to store energy Some lipids are important parts of

biological membranes and waterproof coverings

Fatty acid chains make up lipids

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit

hereditary, or genetic, information Two types of nucleic acids: ribonucleic

acid(RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

Made up of nucleotides

Proteins Made up of amino acids Some proteins control the rate of

reactions and regulate cell processes Others transport substances into or out

of cells or help fight disease

Chemical Reactions Processes that change or transform one

set of chemicals into another Chemical reaction always involves

changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds

Lewis Dot Shows the number of electrons in the

“outer shell” (valence electrons) Can be used to determine how elements

bond

VOCAB Mixture: material with two or more

elements that are physically mixed, but not chemically mixed

Solution: mixture of two or more substances that are evenly distributed

Solute: substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

Solvent: substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

EVEN MORE VOCAB Acid: compound that forms hydrogen

ions(H+) in solutions Base: compound that produces

hydroxide ions(OH+) in solutions

Elements

Element Symbol

Element Name

Atomic Mass

Atomic Number

Periodic Table

Multiple Choice Questions!1. What are the subatomic particles of

an atom?a) Protons, neutrons, electronsb) Nucleus, protons, electronsc) Only protons and neutronsd) None of the above

2. What is the definition of cohesion?

a) When there is uneven distribution of electrons

b) Compound that produces hydroxide ionsc) Attraction between molecules of the

same substanced) Attraction between molecules of

different substances

3. What does pH measure?

a. Concentration of only negative ions in a solution

b. Concentration of H+ ions in a solutionc. Concentration of OH- ions in a solutiond. None of the above

4. Which is the most acidic?

a) Lemon Juiceb) Stomach acidc) Acid raind) Bleach

5. Proteins are formed from…

a) Lipidsb) Nucleic acidsc) Carbohydratesd) Amino acids

6. Which of these is the most basic?

a) Stomach acid b) Waterc) Lemon juiced) Soap

7. What molecules make up lipids?

a) Carbon and hydrogen atoms b) Hydrogen and oxygenc) Sugars and DNAd) RNA and DNA

8. What is the structure of water?

a) O2Hb) HO2

c) H2Od) HHO

9. What can destroy enzymes?

a) Heat and acidb) Explosivesc) A rockd) Sound

10. Where are the noble gases located in the periodic table?

a) The far left b) The far rightc) The middle d) The stair step

Answers1. A2. C3. B4. B5. D6. D7. A8. C9. A10. B