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LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
What is a lithostratigraphy ?
• Lithostratigraphy is a stratigraphy units based on characterization of lithologic
• Lithostratigraphy unit are consist of one or more lithologi
• Formation or rock unit is a main unit of lithostratigraphy
• Name of geography or lithologi dominant are used to giving the name of formation or the name of rock unit
• Their have occurred vertical lithofacies change for examples from A Formation to B and continued to C. This changes are given depositional evironment change of each formation or rock unit
Origin data of stratigraphy to biostratigraphy analysis
• Surface data : origin from the field investigation some surface
section stratigraphy (outcrop on side hill or outcrop on
stream). A measuring stratigraphy section will be result
a stratigraphic column. Usually, surface data is biocoenosis
assemblage.
• Subsurface data : origin from boring some wells cuttings or
core sample. Usually, subsurface data is biocoenosis assem-
blage, sometimes thanatocoenosis or mixed assemblage
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
What is a biostratigrapy ?
• Biostratigraphy is a stratigraphy units based on characterization of fossils.
• Fossils can be derived from an organism life to the past, it is consist of macrooraganism or microorganism.
• Sedimentary rocks and including fossils have the same age,as indicator of biostratigraphy
• Macroorganism and microoragsnism have first appearance (FA) and last appearance (LA)
• FA and LA are used to made zone of biostratigraphy
• Zone is a main unit of biostratigraphy
Show on figure
• Kebumen section :
One lithostratigraphy (Penosogan Formation) is consist of more one litology. Penosogan formation is divided two rock units. The lower part is consist of interbedded marl and sandstone, and the upper part is consist of interbedded marl and sandstone, sometimes volcanic tuf. Kebumen section has 6 biozonation
Kalijaya section :
Penosogan Formation only one rock unit, is consist of interbedded tufaceous marl and tufaceous sandstone. Kalijaya section has 5 biozonation
Pereng section :
Sentolo Formation only one rock unit, is consist of marl with sandstone intercalation. It is section not tufaceous. Pereng section has 8 biozonation
• Based on stratigraphic correlation, it has occurred vertical and lateral
lithofacies change. Vertical lithofacies change can be seen at Kebumen
section and lateral lithofacies change can be seen at Kebumen section to
Pereng section.
• Datum of correlation is based on biostratigraphy zone (P or N Blow
zonation,1969), like as N9
• Limit of lithostratigrapic units not will same limit of biostratigraphic units
Organism
• Macroorganism : vertebrate fossils molusca, coelenterata
Distribution of vertebrate fossils in sedimentary rocks are very rare to rare, because it is influenced by preservation process
or post mortem process (the process after death of orsgsnism),
for eaxample : abration of wave, compacting of sediment, diagenetic etc
• Microorganism : planktonic foraminifera
benthonic foraminiferasmall foraminifera
large foraminifera
nannoplankton
radiolaria
spores and pollens
Distribution of microfossils in sedimentary rocks are very abundance to abundance, because size them very little good preservation
Habitat of organism
• Planktonic : to floating or a bit under water
example : planktonic framinifera,calcareous
nannoplankton. It is indicator of biostratigraphy
or relation to age sedimentary rock
Control of ecologic factors : termal of water,latitude,current
• Benthonic : to tie up on sediment
example : bentonic foraminifera, larger bentonic
foraminifera, plants. It is indicator of depositio-
nal environment.
Control of ecologic factors : all ecologic factors,like as
salinity,pH/acidity,turbidity,O2 content, sediment materials,
nutrients, etc
Components of sedimenetary rocks
(silisiclastic rocks)
• Primary minerals : piroksin,hornblende,biotit,muskovit,K
feldspar,Na feldspar,Ca feldspar,opak minerals/ores minerals
• Secondary minerals : calcite,hematit,pirit,glauconite,calcite
and clay mineral
• Lithic fragments : igneous rocks,metamorphic
rocks,sedimenetary rocks,colcanic rocks
• Fossils : microfossils or macrofossils
Fossil is a part (component) of sedimentary rocks
Distribution of fossils in sedimentary rocks
Silisiclastic rocks :
• Claystone
• Siltstone
• Sandstone
• Conglomerate
Content microfossils increasing from conglomerate to claystone
Calcareous to limestone
• Calcareous claystone and marl
• Calcareous siltstone
• Calcareous sandstone
• Limestone
Content microfossils increasing from calcareous sandstone to calcareous claystone or marl
Distribution of microfossils in sedimetary rock is influenced by texture (grain size,sorting,form of grain, and fabric). Texture will be influence for microfossil preservation process.
Relation between microfossils and deposional
environments
• Terestrial and transition environment : fluvial,lake/lacustrine,
delta there are dominated by spore/pollens and a little
of small bentonic foraminifera
• Marine environment : shelf, slope, and abysal there are do-
minated by planktonic foraminifera, bentonic foraminifera,
and calcareous nannoplankton. Special shelf environment
(inner to middle shelf) is dominated by larger foraminifera
Assemblage of fossils
• Biocoenosis (Insitu assemblage fossils) : An assemblage fossils, which their do not transported to other place from the life place, the death place and to be formed a fossil.
• Thanatocoenosis (transported assemblage fossils) : An assemblage fossils were transported from some place to other place.
1.exotic : a mixed fossils have different of bathymetric ecology. A shallow
orgasnism were mixed deep oragnanism by sedimentation process
as like slumping sedimentation or sliding sedimentation.
2.remanie : a mixed fossils have different age. The oldest fossils were
mixed young fossils by transported process in new depositional
environment
3.leaked : a mixed fossils have different age, but the youngest fossils were
mixed old fossils by translocated procees from the upper part to
the lower part of stratigraphy, because lithological condition, as
like from marl (fine texsture) to sandstone (coarse texture)
Steps of a paleontological working
• Paleontological discriptive : to preparing and to determining of rock
samples taxonomi of paleontology the name of species. This work is
doing by laborant (servicer laboratories)
My asumption : You are an andvanche paleontological descriptive
• Paleontological applied (analyzed) : to using data of paleontological for
interpretation of age and depositional environment stratigraphic column, to
correlation between some stratigraphic columns history of sedimentation
To make biostratigrafi zone
• Taxon range zones : based on range between the FA and LA of
any species or range between the FA and
LA of any new species
• Concurent range zone : based on the FA any species and the
LA of other species (two taxon) or some
taxon
• Opel zones : based on range the FA and LA of some species
• Lineage zones : based on the FA of any newspecies as
boundary of biostratigraphy zone
The development of concurent zone
• One trend, based on the FA from two taxon or based on the
LA from two taxon
• Opposite trend, based on the FA any taxon and the LA of other
taxon or return.
TIME GEOLOGY
PRE CAMBRIAN (PROTEROZOIK & ARCHEAN)
CAMBRIAN
ORDOVICIAN
SILURIAN
DEVONIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
PERMIAN
570
245
505
438
408
360
286
M E S O Z O I C
ERA PALEOZOIC
WR/2009/GEOLOGI SEJARAH
PALEOZOIK
T R I A S
J U R A
KAPUR (CRETACEOUS)
245
65K E N O Z O I K
213
144
KURUN MESOZOIC
WR/2009/GEOLOGI SEJARAH
PALEOCENE
EOCENE
OLIGOCENE
MIOCENE
PLIOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
65
HOLOCENE
54.9
38
24.6
5.1
2
0.01
0
PEMBAGIAN ERA CENOZOIC
WR/2009/GEOLOGI SEJARAH
The kind of biostratigraphy
• Larger bentonic foraminifera (Adams,1970; Clarke and
Blow,1967)
• Small planktonic foraminifera (Blow,1969)
• Nannoplankton (Martini,1971)
• Spores and Pollens (Morley,1978; Mudjito et.al,1995)
Biostratigraphy of Larger Foraminifera
• Based on vertical distribution of larger foraminifera, usually is
named Letter Tertiary Clasiffication. It is made by Bemmelen
(1949), Marks (1957), Clarke and Blow,1967) and Adams
(1970)
• Notation of Tertiary by Adams (1970) are like Ta1
(Paleocene),Ta2,Ta3,Tb (Eocene),Tc,Td,lower Te
(Oligocene),upper Te,lower Tf,upper Tf, and lower Tg
(Miocene), Th (Pliocene) and Pleistocene
• Each the maker have a difference notation of Letter Tertiary
Classification
Important species as indicator biostratigraphy larger
foraminifera
• The FA of Miscellanea miscella, Operculina canakifera, and Operculina salsa at upper Paleocene (Ta1)
• The FA of Operculina granulosa, Nummulites atacicus at lower Eocene (Ta2)
• The FA of Discocyclina javanus, Discocyclina dispansa, Discocyclina sowerbyi at middle Eocene (Ta3)
• The FA of Discocyclina omphalus, Discocyclina sella, D archiaci, Bipalinispira spp at upper Eocene (Tb)
• The FA of Nummulites vascus, N trochcew, Heterostegina bantamensis at lower Oligocene (Tc)
• The FA of Austrotrilina asmariensis, Cycloclypeus openorthi,Lepidocyclina isolepidinoides at middle Oligocene (Td)
• The FA of Miogypsinoides complanatus, Heterostegina
borneensis, Cycloclypeus eidae at upper Oligocene (lower Te)
• The FA Miogypsina spp, Miogypsinoides
dehaarti,Flosculinella reicheli at lower Miocene (upper Te)
• The FA of Lepidocyclina martinii, Cycloclipeus
indopasificus,Flosculinella bontangensis at middle Miocene
(lowerTf)
• The FA of Cycloclypeus carpenteri, Alveolinella quoyei at
upper Miocene (upper Tf )
• The FA of Borellis schlumbergerii at upper Miocene (Tg)
• The FA of Calcarina spangleri, Borellis pulchra at
Pleistocene (Th)
Biostratigraphy of planktonic foraminifera
• Based on vertical distribution of planktonic foraminifera and
biostratigraphic zone was ha made by Blow (1969)
• To using notation P (P1-P20) for Paleogen and N (N1-N23)for
Neogen. Between Paleogen and Neogen are found overlaping,
like as P20/N1, P21/N2, P22/N3
• Blow zonation has 26 biostratigraphic zone, usually their was
made by concurent range zone
Important species as indicator biotrstigraphy planktonic
foraminifera
• The LA of Hantkenina primitiva at upper Eocene or limit between Eocene
and Oligocene (P16/P17)
• The LA of Preorbulina barbadoensis, and the FA of Globorotalia
tapuriensis, Globorotalia selii at lower Oligocene (P18 to P19)
• The FA of Globogerina angulisuturalis,Globorotalia
siakensis,Globigerinoides primordius at upper Oligocene
(P20/N1),(P21/N2),(P22/N3)
• The LA of Globorotalia kugleri, Globigerinita dissimilis, and the FA of
Globigerinatella insueta, Globigerinoides sicanus at lower Miocene (N4 to
N8).
• The FA of Orbulina universa, Globorotalia peripheroacuta,Globorotalia
prefohsi, Sphaeroidinella subdehiscens, and the LA of Globigerinoides
subquadratus, Globorotalia siakensis at middle Miocene (N9 to N15)
• The FA of Globorotalia acostaensis, Globorotalia plesiotumida,
Globorotalia tumida at upper Miocene (N16 to N17)
• The FA of Sphaeroidinella dehiscens, Globorotalia tosaensis, at Pliocene
(N19 to N21)
• The FA of Globorotalia truncatulinoides, Sphaeroidinella excavata at
Pleistocene (N22 to N23)
Biostratigraphy of (calcarepus) nannoplankton
• Based on vertical distribution calcareous nannoplankton and
biostratigraphic zone has made by Martini (1971)
• To using notation NP (Nannoplankton Paleogen, NP1to NP25)
and NN (Nannoplankton Neogen, NN1 to NN 21).
• Martini zonation has 46 biostratigraphic zone, usually their
was made by concurent range zone.
Important species as indicator biostratigraphy
(calcareous) nannoplankton
• The LA of Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis, and the FA of Crucupaculithus tenuis, Chiasmolithus danicus,Ellipsolithus macellus, Fasciculithus tympaniformis, Heliolithus kleinpelli at lower Paleocene (NP1 to NP6)
• The FA of Discoaster gemmeus, Heliolithus riedelii and the LA of Heliolithus riedelii, Fasciculithus tympaniformis, Marthasterites contortusat upper Paleocene (NP7 to Np10).
• The FA of Discoaster lodoensis, Disoaster sublodoensis and the LA Marthasterites tribrachiatus at lower Eocene (NP11 to NP 11)
• The LA of Discoaster lodoensis, Rhabdosphaera gladius, Chiasmolithus solithus at middle Eocene (NP12 to NP16).
• The FA of Chiasmolithus camaruensis, Isthmolithus recurvus, Sphenolithus pseudoradians at upper Eocene (NP17 to Np19)
• The LA of Discoaster saipanensis,Ericsonia subdisticha, Reticulofenestra umbilica and the FA Sphenolithus ciperoensis at lower Oligocne (NP20 to NP 23)
• The LA of Sphenolithus distentus, Helicopontosphaera recta at upper
Oligocene (Np24 to NP25)
• The FA of Discoaster drugii, and the LA of Triquietrarhabdulus carinatus,
Sphenolithus belemnos, Helicopontosphaera ampliapertura at lower
Miocene (NN1 to NN 4)
• The LA of Sphenolithus heteromorphus, Discoaster hamatus and the FA of
Discoaster kugleri, Catinaster coalitus, Discoaster hamatus at middle
Miocene (NN5 to NN9)
• The FA of Discoaster quinqueramus, Ceratolithus rugosus, Discoaster
asymetricus at upper Miocene (NN10 to NN14)
• The LA of Ceratolithus tricorniculatus, Reticulotenestra pseudoumbilica at
lower Pliocene (NN15 to NN16)
• The LA of Discoaster surculus, Discoaster pentaradiatus, Discoaster
brouweri at upper Pliocene (NN17 to NN19)
• The LA of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa and the FA of Emiliania huxleyi at
Pleistocene (NN20 to NN21).
Biostratigraphy of spores and pollens
• Based on vertical distribution of spores and pollens, and
biostratigraphic zone has made by Morley (1978) and Mudjito
et.al (1995)
• Morley zonation has 7 biostratigraphic zone and Mudjito et al
zonation has 8 biostratigraphic zone
Important species as indicator of biostratigraphy of
spores and pollens
• The FA and LA of Mayeripollis naharkotensis is represented
biostratigraphy zone at Oligocene (by Mudjito et.al,1995), but by Morley
(1978) it is represented Florschuetzia trilobata zone
• The FA Florschuetzia levipoli and Florschuetzia meridionalis are named
Florschuetzia levipoli zone at lower Miocene
• Florschuetzia meridionalis zone is divided 2 biozones, their are F trilobata
and F meridionalis zone. The upper limit of F trilobata zone is
characterized by LA of F trilobata, and the upper limit F meridionalis zone
is characterized by FA Stenochlaenidites laurifolia or Stenochlaenidites
areolaris at lower Pliocene
• Podocarpus imbricatus zone is represented biostratigraphy zone at
Pleistocene
Important species as indicator of depositional
environments
• Teristrial and transition : spores and pollens
• Marine : larger foraminifera, bentonic foraminifera
VEGETATIONZONE
ENVIRONMENTALUNIT
SEDIMENTARYFACIES
TIDALINFLUENCE
SALINITY
HEDGLEPETH’S CLASSIFICATIONOF MARINE ENVIRONMENT
alluvial plain
channel dep., flood plain dep.lakes, ponds
supratidal
fresh water
supralittoral
backmangroveforest
mangroveforest
coastal plain
upp. estuarine lower estuarine
intertidal
brackish
littoral
channel deposits, interdistributarybay fill, lagoons etc.
tidal flat
no vascular vegetation
shallow marine
offshore bars,etc.
subtidal
brackish-marine
sublittoral
beach forest
lowlandforest
alluvialswampforest
peatswampforest
riparianforest
Fig. 1. Clasification of Marginal Marine and Nearshore Continental Environment ( Modified Morley, 1991 and Hedgepeth’s, 1957 )
upper delta plain lower delta plain delta front
By Haseldonckx (1974)
• Marine : It is dominated by small foraminifera, marine plankton, and calcareous nannoplakton (Dinoflagelata). In here is found mangrove pollens, from Rhizopora, which to be transported in marine shelf environment.
• Coastal plain : It is consist of three sub environment with difference association pollens in lower delta plain/estuarine, lagoon and coastal swamp.
• Mangrove and backmangrove :
Mangrove environment is characteristic pollens from Avicenia,Soneratia and Rhizoporaceae. Sometimes it is found microforaminifera association
Backmangrove environment is characteristic pollens from Nypa fruticans,
(Spinizonocolpites echinatus),Oncosperma palm,Brownlowia argentata (Discoides borneensis), Bruguera (Rhizoporaceae), and Pediastrum algae
• Delta and estuarine : It is chracteristic mixed pollens from fresh water pollens with brackish water pollens in fluvio-marine environment, like as lower delta plain or estuarine. Upper delta plain environments is charateristic fresh water swamp pollens.
Fresh water swamp pollens are consist of Gonystilus,Dactylocladus,Shorea,
Stemonurus,Parastemon,Tristania,Combretocarpus,Melaleuca
leucadendron,Pandanus sp,Shorea rugosa,Fragrea crenutata,and
Tetramerista globa
• Lagoon : It is dominated mangrove and backmangrove pollens and a little
fresh water swamp pollens, like as Hytrichosphere, microforaminifera and
Pediastrum algae
• Sandy beach and barrier island : It is characteristic sandy beach
vegetation,like as Casuarina equisetifolia,Pandanus fascicularis,Eugenia
sp,Shorea materialis, and Hope amutans
• Floodplain or alluvial plain : It is found fresh water swamp forest, like as
Dipterocarpaceae,Annonaceae,Euphorbiaceae,Flacoutiaceae,Sapotaceae,
Callophylum sp,and Callamus sp
• Hinterland : It is dominated montane forest pollens from Gymnosperm, like
as Podocarpus imbricatus,Pinus sp (Pinuspollenites),Picea sp,Ephedra sp
(Ephedripites sp),Fagaceae and Lauraceae
Marine environment (Typsword et.all., 1966)
Foraminiferal Indices in Paleoecology
By Bandy,O.L,1967
The used of biostratigraphy
• To determined relative age (time geology) and
paleoenvironments stratigraphy products (sedimentary rocks)
• To determined development history (distribution and
evolotion) of organism (fossils)
• To determined time datum plane (the plane has same time) to
correlation stratigraphy between some wells or some sections
• To determined relation between stratigraphic units and vertikal
or lateral lithofacies change (historical of sedimentation)
Procedure to making biostratigraphy zone
• We have a data of lithostratigraphy from surface datas (by
measuring stratigraphy section) or sub surface datas (by
cutting or cores of drilling)
• To making lithologic column and ploting boundary formation
or rock units/lithofacies units, ploting position or bathymetri of
rocks samples.
• To determining species of fossil from each sample, so to
making distribution chart
• From distribution chart, so to determining the FA and the LA
of each species based on objectif datas of fossils
distributionwe are founding biostratigraphic zones
• To determining of relatif age (in geologic time) with to
comparing a biostratigraphic zones by objectif datas with
standard biostratigraphic zones.
• Standard biostratigraphic zones consist of biostratigraphic of
planktonic foraminera (Blow,1969), bentonic fotraminifera
(large foraminifera) (Adam,1970), nannoplankton
(Martini,1971), spores/polllens (Morley,1977,1998)
• To determining of paleoenvironment based on index species or
association of species from characteristic environment.
Case study of biostratigraphy
• We have 3 stratigraphic column : 1.section Kebumen
(Taryono,1988),2.section Kalijaya (Titisari,1989) and section
Pereng (Kadar,1976). Section Taryono and Titisari are a part
of Penosogan Formation, so section Kadar is a part of Sentolo
Formation.
• Penosogan Formation (by Taryono) are consist of marls with
sandstone intercalation, while Penosogan Formation (by
Titisari) are consist of interbeded marl and sandstone in the
lower part and tuff intercalation in the upper part. Sentolo
Formation (by Darwin) are consist of marl with limestone
intercalation.
• The FA of Orbulina suturalis (lower limit of N9, Blow,1969)
as datum plane to correlation 3 startigraphic column.
• We can see development of sedimentation (rate of
sedimentation, lithofacies, and a difference of depositional
environments) at time geologic episode, like at N9 to N12.
• Relation of stratigraphic unit between Penosogan Foramtion
and Sentolo Formation are interfingering relationship
Limit of lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy
• Limit of lithostratigraphy is based on difference lithologics characteristic
• Limit of biostratigraphy is based on difference fossils characteristic
• Limit of lithostratigraphy is not same (is not very close together) with limit of biostratigraphy
• We can see on fig to be continue
References
Adams, C.G,1970.A reconsideration of the east Indian Letter of the Tertiary : Bull.the British Museum,London
Clarke,W.J and Blow,W.H,1967.The interrelationship of some late Eocene,Oligocene,and Miocene larger Foraminifera and planktonic biostratigraphic indices : Proc.fierst internat.Conf.Microfoss.Geneva
Bolli,H.M,Saunders,J.B and Nielsen,K.P, 1985.Plankton stratigraphy. Cambrige Univ.Press
Martini,E, 1971.Standard Tertiary and Quarternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In : A.Farinacci (ed), Proc.II Planktonic Conf.,Roma,1970
Blow,W.H,1969.Late Eocene to Recent planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy. Proc.Fisrt Intern.Conf.on Plankt.Microfoss.,Geneva,1967
Morley,R.J,1978.Palynology of Tertiary and Quarternary in SE Asia.Proc.IPA
Morley,R.J,1991,Tertiary Stratigraphic Palynology in SE Asia : Current status and New directions. Geol.Soc.Malaysia Bull,28 Nov 1991
Bandy,O.L,1967.Foraminiferal Indices in Paleoecology,Esso Prod.Research Co
PROBLEM AND SOLVING
(Please, to gathering before examination in
administration staf, Miss.Rini)