Bilingualism Updated]

8/14/2019 Bilingualism Updated]

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BY:BY: Yean Kek Fong Yean Kek Fong (B10204)(B10204)Subashiny KrishnamurthySubashiny Krishnamurthy (B10153)(B10153)SudheepSudheep RamasamyRamasamy (B10127)(B10127)Alice Durga Rathinam (B10128)Alice Durga Rathinam (B10128)


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DiscussDiscusscognitive advantagescognitive advantages

&&disadvantages of bilingualismdisadvantages of bilingualism

ininchildren and adultschildren and adults


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What is bilingualism ?What is bilingualism ?

Ability to communicate naturallyAbility to communicate naturally and fluently in more than oneand fluently in more than one

languages in all area of lifelanguages in all area of life


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ChildrenChildren

Learned 2 languages at theLearned 2 languages at thesame time in earlysame time in early

childhood.childhood.

Simultaneous bilingualsSimultaneous bilinguals


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Advantages Advantages

Metalinguistic

Awareness


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Cognitive flexibilityCognitive flexibility

Divergent thinking Convergent thinking

Measured by providinga person with a starting

point for thought and

asking them to generatea whole series of permissible solutions.

Measured by providinga number of pieces of information where a

person must synthesizeto get the correctanswer.


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Cognitive flexibilityCognitive flexibility


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Communicative SensitivityCommunicative Sensitivity

Participants level of awarenessParticipants level of awarenessabout what is going on in anyabout what is going on in any

particular language interaction.particular language interaction.


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Communicative SensitivityCommunicative Sensitivity

More sensitiveto the needs of listeners

Pick up cluesand cues aboutwhen to switchlanguages .

Code switchingsolve cognitivetasks.

ResearchLiterature


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Cummins & Gulutsan(1974)

Enhance greater

ability & verbaloriginality .


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Field IndependenceField Independence

Children

more fieldindependent


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Common Underlying Common Underlying

Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP) Developed by Jim Cummins

Shows the working of the mindin

relation to bilingual acquisition

Also known as the IcebergAnalogy.


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Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP) The level of competence achildattains at a certain point inasecond language dependentonthe level of competencealreadyachieved in their firstlanguage.


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Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP)The interdependent of concept skills andknowledge found in a centre processing system.

Cognitive and literacy skills established in themother tough or first language will transfer across

languages


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CUP Model CUP Model

2 iceberg 2 languages which overlapand share

Water line A common underlyingproficiency or

operating system


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Both language are outwardlydistinct

But supported by sharedconcepts

and knowledge derivedfrom

Learningandexperience

Cognitive andlinguistic abilitiesof the learners


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Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP)Deeper level of cognitive processing

e.g. : synthesis, analysis, evaluationis necessary to academic progress

Children &

adults :If achieved threshold of cognitiveproficiencyNo difficulties in achieving bilingualproficiency


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Bilingualism creates connective reserve


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Enhance attention and cognitive control Enhance attention and cognitive control (children and adult)(children and adult)

sharpen the brain & the ability to

focus while ignoring irrelevantinformationbetter learner in school.

Cognitive advantages

Children


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New neurobiology research :New neurobiology research :

Bilingualism particularly in earlyBilingualism particularly in earlychildhood enhance the concentrationchildhood enhance the concentration

and protect against the onset of and protect against the onset of dimensia and other age relateddimensia and other age relatedillness.illness.

Delays the age related

diseases


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Potential Disadvantages Potential Disadvantagesof Bilingualism among of Bilingualism among

children and adultschildren and adults


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Disadvantages Disadvantages

Acquire language more slowlyAcquire language more slowlythan monolinguals.than monolinguals.

(collier 1995: Hamayan & Damico 1991)(collier 1995: Hamayan & Damico 1991)


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Start speaking 3-6 months later Start speaking 3-6 months later

Learn one language first & add aLearn one language first & add asecond one later during school time.second one later during school time.


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Temporary mixing of Temporary mixing of Languages till the age of 4.Languages till the age of 4.



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The size/ amount of vocabularyThe size/ amount of vocabulary

(Pearson Fernandez Collar 1993)(Pearson Fernandez Collar 1993)

Preschool bilingual children's vocabularyPreschool bilingual children's vocabularyscores are often lower than monolingualscores are often lower than monolingualchildren.children.



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Di dDi d


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Bilingual children use fewer Bilingual children use fewer correct past tense-speciallycorrect past tense-speciallyirregular past tense.irregular past tense.

gooded gooded

runned runned


Di dDi d t


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Smaller *receptive & productiveSmaller *receptive & productivevocabularies.vocabularies.

**Receptive: willing to listen to or Receptive: willing to listen to or accept new ideas or suggestions.accept new ideas or suggestions.Verbal fluency tests.Verbal fluency tests.



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Di d tDi d t g


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Added academic loadAdded academic load

Reading/writingReading/writing



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Usually are either better at oneUsually are either better at onelanguage & worse at the other.language & worse at the other.

Example: Let's say a person knows EnglishExample: Let's say a person knows English& Chinese. He may be more comfortable& Chinese. He may be more comfortablereading English newspapers & take morereading English newspapers & take more

time with chinese newspaper.time with chinese newspaper.



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ConclusionConclusion

Various studies have proven thatVarious studies have proven thatbilingualism is not a disadvantagebilingualism is not a disadvantage

where there is need to prevent fromwhere there is need to prevent fromchildren & adult.children & adult.

It is aIt is a gift of life gift of life to be bilingualto be bilingual ..


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Bilingualism Updated]