Best Relay Setting File ABB Perfroma

UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS

Part-1

LIST OF PROTECTIONS

1) 132 kV Ramnagar line protection

a) REL 511 (distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay

2) 132 kV Kashipur-1 line protection


3) 132 kV Kashipur-2 line protection


4) 132 kV Baspur Nagar line protection

a) REL 511(distance protection terminal) b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay

Checked by Nagendra Description

UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref

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YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk

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5) 400kV Rishikesh line protection

a) REL 521(distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay f) LZ96 Distance Relay

6) 400kV Moradabad line protection


7) 220kV Haldwani line protection


8) 220 kV Almora line protection


1 (a) REL 511 (21) - RAMNAGAR FEEDER



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System Particulars :-A)Line parameters

1)Rated line voltage - 132 kV2)Line length - 18.56 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 1301.14 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.16221744 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.386116 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.405631 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.622174 ohms/km

B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A2)CT secondary rating - 1A3)PT primary rating - 145000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V

C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.1 MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.1 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)

D)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms (Assumed)2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms (Assumed)

Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V

Calculations :-

Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/1) /(145000/110)

= 0.758621Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.16221744 x 18.56 x 0.758621

= 2.2840 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.386116 x 18.56 x 0.758621

= 5.4365 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.405631 x 18.56 x 0.758621

= 5.7112 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.622174 x 18.56 x 0.758621

= 22.8402 ohms

Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.758621= 15.1724 ohms



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Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.758621= 3.7931 ohms

Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction

Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 2.2840

= 1.8272 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 5.4365

= 4.3492 ohms/phase Zero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 5.7112

= 4.56896 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 22.8402 = 18.2722 ohms/phase

Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }

= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 4.3492 x 0.4663 + 1.8272) , 3 x 4.3492}= 2 x Min {3.855232 , 13.0476 }= 7.7104 ohms / loop

Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }

= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 4.3492 x 0.4663 +1.8272) , 4.5 x 4.3492}= Min { 15.1724 , 19.5714 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop

Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2.2840 + 0.2 x 2.2840

= 2.7408 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 5.4365+ 0.2 x 5.4365

= 6.5238 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 5.7112 + 0.2 x 5.7112

= 6.8534 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 22.8402 + 0.2 x 22.8402

= 27.4082 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 6.5238 x 0.4663 + 2.7408) , 3 x 6.5238}= 2 x Min { 5.7828 , 19.5714 }= 11.5696 ohms / loop



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= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 6.5238 x 0.4663 + 2.7408) , 4.5 x 6.5238}= Min { 15.1724 , 29.3571 }= 15.1724 ohms/ loop

Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2.2840+2.2840

= 4.568 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 5.4365+5.4365

= 10.873 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 5.7112+5.7112

= 11.4224 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 22.8402+22.8402





= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 10.873 x 0.4663 + 4.568) , 4.5 x 10.873}= Min { 15.1724 , 48.9285 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop

Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 2.2840


= 1.0873 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 5.7112

= 1.1422 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 22.8402

= 4.5680 ohms/phase



Resistive reach for phase-earth,



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RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X } = Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 1.0873 x 0.4663 + 0.4568) , 4.5 x 1.0873}= Min { 15.1724 , 4.8928 }= 4.8928 ohms / loop

General Fault Criteria (GFC)

GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection, regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristic does not enter the load area.

Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction, X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 10.873= 21.746 ohms/ phase

Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction, X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 1.0873 = 2.7146 ohms/ phase

Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach, RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = (2 [2 x 4.568 + 19.276] )= 56.824 ohms/loop

Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach, RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03) +RFPE])= (2[1/3(2x4.568+ 11.4224) +15.1724])= 44.0504 ohms/loop

Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 45.6804 =91.3608 ohms/phase

The resistive reach in the load impedance area, RLd = Max (RFPP,RFPE) = Max (19.276, 15.1724) = 19.276 ohms/loop

Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)

Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner

characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones, which are to be blocked by the PSD function. At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.

Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element, X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 10.873 = 11.9603 ohms/phase

Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element, R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 (2 x 4.568 + 19.276)



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= 31.2532 ohms/phaseReach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125 %( recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125 %( recommended)

Setting Recommendations:-

1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.8272X1PP & X1PE = 4.3492R0PE = 4.56896X0PE = 18.2722RFPP = 7.7104RFPE = 15.1724

2) Zone-2:-R1PP & R1PE = 2.7408X1PP & X1PE = 6.5238R0PE = 6.8534X0PE = 27.4082RFPP = 11.5696RFPE = 15.1724t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)

3) Zone-3:-R1PP & R1PE = 4.568X1PP & X1PE = 10.873R0PE = 11.4224X0PE = 45.6804RFPP = 19.276RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.4568X1PP & X1PE = 1.0873R0PE = 1.1422X0PE = 4.5680RFPP = 6.5238RFPE = 4.8928t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)

5) GFC:-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 17.606X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 0.6212RFPP = 43.752RFPE = 26.48



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X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 57.63RLd = 43.752ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)

6) PSB:-X1IN = 9.677R1IN = 24.064KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s (Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s (Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s (Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings

The time delays tP1, tP2, tW, tH, tEF, tR1, tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.

1(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA

Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3ATime delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs

System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 1A

Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current

The rated current is (1301.14 x 106) / (√3 x 132 x 103) = 5691.18 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 5691.18 = 284.559 AThe secondary current is 284.559 / 1000 =2.85 A

Setting recommended = 3 ATime Delay : The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)

= 150ms



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1(c) Auto reclose RAAAM

Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.

1(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG

Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V

Calculations:Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.

Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec

1(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:

Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5



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Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30

.

Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5

Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected

2(a) REL 511 (21) - KASHIPUR-1 FEEDER



B) CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A2)CT secondary rating - 1A3)PT primary rating - 145000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V

C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1301.4 MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1301.4 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)

D)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms


Calculations :-




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= 8.6758 ohms









= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 1.652x 0.4663 + 0.694) , 3 x 1.652}= 2 x Min {3.7931 , 4.956 }= 7.5862 ohms / loop







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= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 2.4780 x 0.4663 + 1.041) , 3 x 2.478}= 2 x Min { 3.7931, 7.434 }= 7. 5862 ohms / loop


= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 2.478 x 0.4663 + 1.041) , 4.5 x 2.478}= Min { 15.1724 , 11.151 }

= 11.151 ohms/ loop

Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 0.8675

= 1.735 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 2.065

= 4.13 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 2.1694

= 4.339 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 8.6758








= 0.413 ohms/phase



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Zero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 2.1694 = 0.4338 ohms/phase

Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 8.7658 = 1.7352 ohms/phase




= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 0.413x 0.4663 + 0.1735) , 4.5 x 0.413}= Min { 15.1724 , 1.8585 }= 1. 8585 ohms / loop


GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.

Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 4.13= 8.26 ohms/ phase

Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.413 = 0.826 ohms/ phase

Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 1.735 + 7.5862] )= 22.1124 ohms/loop

Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 1.735+ 4.339)+15.1724])= 35.5508 ohms/loop

Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 17.3516 =34.7032 ohms/phase

The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (7.5862 ,15.1724) = 15.1724 ohms/loop




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characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.

Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 4.13 = 4.543 ohms/phase

Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 ( 2 x 1.735 + 7.5862)= 12.1618 ohms/phase

Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)



2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 1.041X1PP & X1PE = 2.478R0PE = 2.6033X0PE = 10.4109RFPP = 7.5862RFPE = 11.1151t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)

3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 1.735X1PP & X1PE = 4.13R0PE = 4.339X0PE = 17.3516RFPP = 7.8562RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.1735X1PP & X1PE = 0.413



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R0PE = 0.4338X0PE = 1.7352RFPP = 2.478RFPE = 1.8585t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)

5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 8.26X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 0.826RFPP = 22.1124RFPE = 35.5508X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 34.7032RLd = 15.1724ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)

6) PSB :-X1IN = 4.543R1IN = 12.1618KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings

The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.







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Setting recommended = 0.4 ATime Delay: The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)

= 150ms2(c) Auto reclose RAAAM

Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionization. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionization time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.




Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)



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RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec




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3(a) REL 511 (21)- KASHIPUR – 2 FEEDER




C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)

E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms



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2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms


Calculations :-






= 19.2161 ohms







= 3.8441 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 19.2161 = 15. 3729 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 3.6591x 0.4663 + 1.5373) , 3 x 3.6591}= 2 x Min {3.7931 10.9773 }= 7. 5862 ohms / loop




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RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X } = Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 3.6591 x 0.4663 +1.5373) , 4.5 x 3.6591}= Min { 15.1724 , 16.4659 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop







= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 5.48868 x 0.4663 + 2.3059) , 3 x 5.48868}= 2 x Min { 4.8653, 16.466 }= 9.7306 ohms / loop




= 3. 8432 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 4.5739









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RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X } = Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 9.1478 x 0.4663 + 3.8432) , 4.5 x 9.1478}= Min { 15.1724 , 27.4434 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop





= 3.8432 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 0.9148 x 0.4663 + 0.3843) , 3 x 0.9148}= 2 x Min { 3.7931 , 2.7444}= 5.4888 ohms / loop






Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.9148 = 1. 8296 ohms/ phase





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Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 38.4332=76.8664 ohms/phase

The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (16.2176,15.1724) = 16.2176 ohms/loop










3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.8432



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X1PP & X1PE = 9.1478R0PE = 9.6102X0PE = 38.4322RFPP = 16.2176RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3843X1PP & X1PE = 0.9148R0PE = 0.961X0PE = 3.8432RFPP = 5.4888RFPE = 4.1166t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)





Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3A



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Time delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs




Setting recommended = 0.4 ATime Delay: The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Margini.e., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms (Assuming 3 cycle breaker)





Calculations:



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Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.





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4(a) REL 511 (21) - BASPUR NAGAR FEEDER



B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A



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2)CT secondary rating - 1A3)PT primary rating - 145000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V


E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms


Calculations :-






= 19.2161 ohms









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= 3.8441 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 19.2161 = 15. 3729 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 3.6591x 0.4663 + 1.5373) , 3 x 3.6591}= 2 x Min {3.7931 10.9773 }= 7. 5862 ohms / loop













= 3. 8432 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 4.5739




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= 3.8432 ohms/phase







Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE



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= 2 x X3 =2 x 9.1438= 18.2876 ohms/ phasePositive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE

= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.9148 = 1. 8296 ohms/ phasePositive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP

= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 3.8432 + 16.2176] )= 47.808 ohms/loop














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3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.8432X1PP & X1PE = 9.1478R0PE = 9.6102X0PE = 38.4322RFPP = 16.2176RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3843X1PP & X1PE = 0.9148R0PE = 0.961X0PE = 3.8432RFPP = 5.4888RFPE = 4.1166t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)


6) PSB :-X1IN = 10.0582R1IN = 26.2944KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)



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tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings







Setting recommended = 0.4 ATime Delay : The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)


Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which



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specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.





4(e)Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:



.



5(a) REL 511 (21) - RISHIKESH FEEDER



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1)Rated line voltage - 400 kV2)Line length - 189 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 7109.02 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.029792 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.332 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.16192 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.24 ohms/km





Calculations :-


= 0.045833Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.029792 x 189 x 0.045833

= 0.2580 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.332 x 189 x 0.045833

= 2.8759 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.16192 x 189 x 0.045833

= 1.4026 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.24 x 189 x 0.045833

= 10.7414 ohms





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= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291, 2.3007 x 0.4663 + 0.2064) , 3 x 2.3007}= 2 x Min {1.2792, 6.9021 }= 2.5584 ohms / loop













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= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 5.7518 x 0.4663 + 0.516) , 4.5 x 5.7518}= Min { 3.1981, 25.8831 }= 3.1981 ohms / loop



= 0.5752ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 1.4026

= 0.2805ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 10.7414

= 2.1483 ohms/phase




= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 0.5752 x 0.4663 + 0.0516) , 4.5 x 0.5752



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= Min { 0.9167 , 2.5884 }= 0.9167 ohms / loop




Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.5752 = 1. 1504 ohms/ phase

Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = (2 [2 x 0.516 + 6.3962])= 14. 8564 ohms/loop

Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 0.516+ 2.8052) + 3.1981])= 8.9541 ohms/loop







Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 (2 x 0.516 + 6.3962)= 8.168 ohms/phase




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3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 0.516X1PP & X1PE = 5.7518R0PE = 2.8052X0PE = 21.4828RFPP = 6.3962RFPE = 3.1981t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.0516X1PP & X1PE = 0.5752R0PE = 0.2805X0PE = 2.1483RFPP = 0.6396RFPE = 0.9167t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)

5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 11.5036X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 1.1504RFPP = 14.8564RFPE = 8.9541X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 42.9656RLd = 6.3962ARGLd = 25º



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tPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)







The rated current is (7109.02 x 106) / (√3 x 400 x 103) = 10261.29 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 10261.29 = 513.06 AThe secondary current is 513.06 x 6 / 1000 =3.0786 A





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Calculations:



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Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30

.



5(f) LZ96 Distance Relay



B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000 A2)CT secondary rating - 6 A3)PT primary rating - 400000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V




Calculations :-





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= 93.744 ohms


Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 0.8 x 0.258073

= 0.206459 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 0.8 x 2.87595

= 2.30076 ohms/phase Z1 = 0.206459+j 2.30076 ohms/phase │Z1│= 2.31 ohms/phase Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 1.2 x 0.258073

= 0.309668 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 1.2 x.2.87595

= 3.45114 ohms/phase Z2 = 0.309668+j3.45114 ohms/phase

│Z2│ = 3.46501 ohms/phaseZone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 2 x 0.258073

= 0.516146 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X2 = 2 x 2.87595

= 5.7519 ohms/phase Z3 = 0.516146+j5.7519 ohms/phase │Z3│ = 5.77501 ohms/phaseZone-4 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 0.2 x 0.258073

= 0.05162 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1 = 0.2 x 9.74175


│Z4│ = 0.5723 ohms/phase

Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 1,10,100 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM)



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= 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 100 N1 = 87 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 100 N2= 58 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1) m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 35 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.02 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85

Setting Of Under Impedance Starter

ZA= (0.258073+j*2.87595)+(1.2*(0.029792+j*0.332)*189*0.045833) Load Impedance = 400*400/ 7109.02 ZA= 0.567761 +j 6.32709

ZA is less than 0.65 * Load Impedance. ZA is set according to the formula : ZA = 50 * ZM * 100/NA NA = 50*100*0.02/6.35251 Reverse to forward reach ratio kB = ZB/ZA = 0.3

Setting Of Zero Seq. Compensation Factor: ko= Z0-Z1/3*Z1 =((0.16192+j*1.24)-(0.029792+j*0.332))/(3*(0.029792+j*0.332)) =0.3

The Recommended Settings m1 = 100

N1 = 87

m2 = 100

N2 = 58

m3 = 100



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N3 = 35

ZM = 0.02

6(a) REL 511 (21) - MORADABAD FEEDER







Calculations :-







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= 5.2434 ohms









= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291, 1.1231 x 0.4663 + 0.10072) , 3 x 1.1231}= 2 x Min {0.6244, 3.3693 }= 1.2488 ohms / loop







= 6.2921 ohms/phase



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= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.2291 , 2.8078 x 0.4663 + 0.2518) , 4.5 x 5.7518}= Min { 1.5611, 25.8831 }= 1.5611 ohms / loop




= 0.1369ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 5.2434

= 1.0487 ohms/phase

Resistive reach for phase-phase faults,



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RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X } = 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291 , 0.2808 x 0.4663 + 0.0252) , 3 x 0.2808}= 2 x Min { 0.2291 , 0.8424}= 0.4582 ohms / loop










The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (3.1222.1.5611) = 3.1222 ohms/loop




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3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 0.2518X1PP & X1PE = 2.8078R0PE = 1.3694X0PE = 10.4868RFPP = 1.3222RFPE = 1.5611t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.0252X1PP & X1PE = 0.2808



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R0PE = 0.1369X0PE = 1.0487RFPP = 0.4582RFPE = 0.9167t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)






System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 6 A




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The rated current is (17084.91 x 106) / (√3 x 400 x 103) = 24660.67 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 24660.67 = 1233.03 AThe secondary current is 1233.03 x 6 / 1000 =7.398 A







Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)



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RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec




.










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Calculations :-


= 0.275Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.029792 x 107.794x 0.275




= 5.2434 ohms









= 2.80778 ohms/phase Z3 = 0.251976+j2.80778 ohms/phase │Z3│ = 2.81906 ohms/phase



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Zone-4 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 0.2 x 0.125978




Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 10 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM) = 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 10 N1 = 18 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 10 N2= 12 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1) m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 71 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.02 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85


ZA= (0.125978+j*1.40389)+(1.2*(0.029792+j*0.332)*92.26*0.0458333) Load Impedance = 400*400/ 17084.91 ZA= 1.60232 +j 18.7968


Setting Of Zero Seq. Compensation Factor: ko= Z0-Z1/3*Z1 =((0.16192+j*1.24)-(0.029792+j*0.332))/(3*(0.029792+j*0.332)) = 0.3



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N1 = 18

m2 = 10

N2 = 12

m2 = 100

N1 = 71

ZM = 0.02

PHI-M = 85

kB = 0.3

7(a) REL 511 (21) - HALDWANI FEEDER





E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms



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2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms


Calculations :-






= 28. 6595 ohms

Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.4= 8 ohms

Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.4= 2 ohms







= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2, 6.8352 x 0.4663 + 1.28184) , 3 x 6.8352}= 2 x Min {4.4691, 20.5056 }= 8.9382 ohms / loop




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= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 6.8352 x 0.4663 + 1.28184) , 4.5 x 6.8352}= Min { 8 , 30.8754 }= 8 ohms / loop







= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 10.2648 x 0.4663 + 1.9228) , 3 x 10.2648}= 2 x Min { 6.7093, 30.7944 }= 13. 4186 ohms / loop


= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 10.2648 x 0.4663 + 1.9228), 4.5 x 10.2648}= Min { 8 , 46.1916 }= 8 ohms/ loop





= 57. 319 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 17.108 x 0.4663 + 3.2046) , 3 x 17.108 }= 2 x Min { 11.1821 , 51.324 }= 22.3642 ohms / loop




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= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8, 17.108 x 0.4663 + 3.2046) , 4.5 x 17.108 }= Min { 11.1821, 76.986 }= 11.1821 ohms / loop





= 5.7319 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 1.7108 x 0.4663 + 0.3205) , 3 x 1.7108}= 2 x Min { 2 , 5.1324}= 4 ohms / loop


= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 1.7108 x 0.4663 + 0.3205) , 4.5 x 1.7108 }= Min { 8 , 7.6986 }= 7. 6986 ohms/km





Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 3.2046 + 22.3642] )= 57. 5468 ohms/loop

Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 3.2046 + 9.415)+11.1821])= 34. 391 ohms/loop

Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE



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= 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 51.319 = 102.638 ohms/phase









1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.2818X1PP & X1PE = 6.8352R0PE = 3.766X0PE = 22.9276RFPP = 8.9382RFPE = 8

2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 1.9228X1PP & X1PE = 10.2648R0PE = 5.649X0PE = 34.3914RFPP = 13.4186RFPE = 8t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)

3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.2046X1PP & X1PE = 17.108



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R0PE = 9.415X0PE = 57.319RFPP = 22.3642RFPE = 11.1821t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3205X1PP & X1PE = 1.7108R0PE = 0.9415X0PE = 5.7319RFPP = 2.2364RFPE = 1.1182t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)





Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3A



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Time delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs









Calculations:



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Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.





.






B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 800 A



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2)CT secondary rating - 1 A3)PT primary rating - 220000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V




Calculations :-






= 28. 6595 ohms




= 6.8352 ohms/phase Z1 = 1.2818+j6.8352 ohms/phase │Z1│= 6.9543 ohms/phase Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 1.2 x 1.6023





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Z2 = 1.9228+j10.2648 ohms/phase │Z2│ = 10.4315 ohms/phase

Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 2 x 1.6023




= 1.7108ohms/phase Z4 = 0.3205+j1.7108 ohms/phase


Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 10 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM) = 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 10 N1 = 14 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 100 N2= 96 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1) m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 58 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.1 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85


ZA= (1.60232+j*8.54399)+(1.2*(0+j*0.399252)*53.5*0.4) Load Impedance = 220*220/ 2870.56 ZA= 1.60232 +j 18.7968



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N1 = 14

m2 = 100

N2 = 96

m3 = 100

N3 = 58

ZM = 0.1

PHI-M = 85

ko = 0.3

kB = 0.3

8(a) REL 511 (21) – ALMORA FEEDER



B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 800 A



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2)CT secondary rating - 1 A3)PT primary rating - 220000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V




Calculations :-

Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR = (800/1) /(220000/110)

= 0.4Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.0748748 x 61x 0.4

= 1.8269 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.399252 x 61x 0.4

= 9.7417 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.219978 x 61x 0.4

= 5.3675 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.339228 x 61x 0.4

= 32.6772 ohms

Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.4= 8 ohms

Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.4= 2 ohms





= 4.294 ohms/phase



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Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 32.6772 = 26.1418 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2, 7.79336 x 0.4663 + 1.4615) , 3 x 7.79336}= 2 x Min {5.0955, 23.3801 }= 10.191 ohms / loop


= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 7.79336 x 0.4663 + 1.4615) , 4.5 x 7.79336}= Min { 8 , 35.0701 }= 8 ohms / loop







= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 11.69 x 0.4663 + 2.1923) , 3 x 11.69}= 2 x Min { 7.6433, 35.07 }= 15.2866 ohms / loop


= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 11.69 x 0.4663 + 2.1923), 4.5 x 11.69}= Min { 8 , 52.61 }= 8 ohms/ loop




= 10.735 ohms/phase



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Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 32.6772= 65.3544 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 19.4834 x 0.4663 + 3.6538) , 3 x 19.4834 }= 2 x Min { 12.7389 , 58.4502 }= 25.4778 ohms / loop


= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8, 19.4834 x 0.4663 + 3.6538) , 4.5 x 19.4834 }= Min { 12.7389, 87.6753 }= 12.7389 ohms / loop





= 6.5354 ohms/phase


= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 1.9483 x 0.4663 + 0.3564) , 3 x 1.9843}

= 2 x Min { 2 , 5.9529}= 4 ohms / loop


= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 1.9483 x 0.4663 + 0.3564) , 4.5 x 1.9483 }= Min { 8 , 8.7674 }= 8 ohms/km






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Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 3.6538 + 10.735)+12.7389])= 37.5062 ohms/loop

Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 65.3544 = 130.7088 ohms/phase

The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (25.4778,12.7389) = 25. 4778 ohms/loop








1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.4615X1PP & X1PE = 0.7934R0PE = 4.294X0PE = 26.1418RFPP = 10.191RFPE = 8

2) Zone-2 :-



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R1PP & R1PE = 2.1923X1PP & X1PE = 11.69004R0PE = 6.441X0PE = 39.2126RFPP = 15.2866RFPE = 8t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)

3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.6538X1PP & X1PE = 19.4834R0PE = 10.735X0PE = 65.3544RFPP = 25.47`78RFPE = 12.7389t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3654X1PP & X1PE = 1.9483R0PE = 1.0735X0PE = 6.5354RFPP = 4RFPE = 8t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)


6) PSB :-X1IN = 21.4317R1IN = 36.0639KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)



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tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings







Setting recommended = 0.62 ATime Delay: The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)

= 150ms

8(c) Auto reclose RAAAM

Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionization. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionization time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which



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specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.








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Calculations :-






= 32.6772 ohms

Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)



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Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction












Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 10 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM) = 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 10 N1 = 13 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 100 N2= 84 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1)



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m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 50 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.1 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85


ZA= (1.82695+j*9.74175)+(1.2*(0.0748748+j*0.399252)*61*0.4) Load Impedance = 220*220/ 3783.99 ZA= 1.60232 +j 18.7968




N1 = 13

m2 = 100

N2 = 84

m3 = 100

N3 = 50

ZM = 0.1

PHI-M = 85

ko = 0.3

kB = 0.3



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