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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST1. Phagocytosis 2. Simple Di!sio" #. Osmosis
• The .................. are also used for
feeding.
• Amoeba sp. engulfs ........ by
phagocytosis.
• Amoeba sp. is a ..................
organisms which feed on microscopicorganisms such as bacteria.
• The presence of food causes Amoeba
sp.to advance by ................. its
pseupodia.
• The pseupodia encloses the food
which is then packaged in
food .....................
• The food .............. fuses with
lysosome and the food is digested by
.................. enzyme called lysozyme.
• The resulting nutrients are absorbed
into the ..............................
• Net movement of molecules or ions
from a region of ..............
concentration to a region
of ................. concentration.
• Going down concentration gradient
until an ............................. isachieved.
• The particles are
distibuted ....................... throughout
the system.
• The concentration gradient provides
energy to move the molecules into
and out of the cells.
• Net movement of freely
moving ............ from a region
of ............. solute concentration to a
region of ............. solute
concentration through
a .................................. membrane.//• Net movement of .......... from
region ............ water concentration
to a region of ................ water
concentration.//
• Net movement of .............
from ................... region
to .................... region.
$. %acilitate& Di!sio" 5. 'cti(e T)a"spo)t *. '"imal a"& pla"t cells i" a"
isoto"ic sol!tio"
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
• or ............... soluble molecules //
molecules which are not soluble
in ............. !ions" nucleic acid" amino
acids and glucose#
• $arrier %rotein The carrier protein function
by ................ to the molecules topass through the plasma
membrane. The molecules move to the
carrier protein which
is ..................... for the
molecules. &olecules bind with the carrier
protein at the ........................... $arrier protein changes
its ................... and pass the
molecules through
the ..............................................
&ovement of molecules or
ions ...................... the concentration
gradient across the plasma
membranes. 'e(uires both carrier proteins and
e)penditure of ........................ *nergy from +T% !adenosine
triphosphate# that is generated
during respiration in
the ....................................... ,as ....................... which bind to the
+T% molecules. The carrier protein
changes ................. when the
phosphate group from the +T%
molecule binds to it Then the solute is moved across the
plasma membrane.
• -olution in which the solute
concentration is .................. to that
of the cytoplasmic uid.
• ater di0use in and out of the cells
at ............. rate.
• No net movement of water.
•
$ells retain its ..................... shape.
+. ,ypoto"ic sol!tio" . ,ype)to"ic sol!tio" . P)ese)(atio" o/ sh a"&
(egetales-olution which contains a ................
concentration of solute relative to
another solution
+nimal cells
• $ell placed in hypotonic solution.
• Net movement of water ............
the cells via osmosis.
• $ell swells up.
• hen e)tremely hypotonic" cells
will eventually .....................
• $annot withstand
the ........................ because of
-olution which contains a ..............
concentration of solute relative to
another solution
+nimal cells
• Net movement of water
from ............ to the ....................
of the cell.
• $ells ...................." internal
pressure decrease.
• 'ed blood cells immersed in
hypertonic solution" the cell
shrink and ................................
ish
• ish is covered by salt solution
which is ........................ to body
uid/cell/tissue.
• &ore water di0uses ............ from
tissues into salt solution via
osmosis.• ish becomes ...........................
• %revents ................... growth in
sh tissues.
• acteria cells are also
plasmolysed // crenated.
• %revent decay // 3ast longer.
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTthin plasma membrane.
• *.g 5 red blood cells
!.............................#
%lant cells
• 6o not ................
•
'igid ....................• ater di0use into vacuole of cell
via osmosis.
• $ell swells up and
becomes ...................
• Tugor pressure in plant.
• -upporting the plant.
crinkles up.
• $ell
undergone ..............................
%lant cells
• ater di0use .............. via
osmosis.• 7acuole and
cytoplasm .................. and
plasma membrane ....................
from the cell wall.
• This process
called ............................
• $ell becomes .........................
7egetables
• 7egetables are immersed
in ................ which is acidic//has
low p,.
• .............. di0uses into vegetables
tissues.• 7egetables tissues becomes
acidic//has low p,.
• %revents ...................... growth in
tissues.
• %reventing decay//last longer.
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST10. Die)e"ces between /acilitate& &i!sio" and acti(e t)a"spo)t
%acilitate& &i!sio"
B!t
'cti(e t)a"spo)t6
1
*
1
................... the concentration gradient
&olecules moves from ................. concentration to .............
concentration
......................... the concentration gradient
&olecules moves from ................ concentration
to ................... concentration
62
*
2
&olecules move in ............... direction across the plasmamembrane
&olecules can move through pore protein or/and carrier
protein
&olecules move in ....... direction across theplasma membrane
&olecules move through carrier protein
6
4
*
4
No +T%/energy used
&olecule can move through ........................ without binding
+T%/energy is used
*nergy needed for binding/bind
with ........................
6
8
&olecules need carrier protein and pore protein to help the
movement
Need carrier protein only to help movement
69
$ould achieve .............................. ill not achieve ............................../result inaccumulation
6
:
Not depend on ................................... 6epend on ........................................
11. Simila)ities etee" /acilitate&
&i!sio" a"& acti(e t)a"spo)t
12. The Impo)ta"ce o/ ate) 1#. Ge"e)al cha)acte)istics o/
e"3ymes
• oth !ways of
transportation#need .............................
...........
• To bind with
molecules/ion/substrate/e)amples
• oth transport specic molecules only.
• ecause the carrier protein have
specic site to certain molecules.
• oth processes occur
in ..........................
• ater is a .................. molecule
and act as a solvent.
• Transport ................ in the blood"
lymphatic" e)cretory and digestive
systems and in the vascular tissues
of plant.
• +s a medium for .........................
reaction.
• ,elps in lubricant.
• 'egulates/maintaining
• +lter or .................... the rates of
chemical reactions
• 'emain ........................ at the end of
reaction.• 6o not ................. by reactions they
catalysed.
• ,ave specic sites called .................
to bind with specic substrates.
• Needed in .................. (uantities.
• 'eaction are ..........................
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
• ecause carrier protein need/can
change shape to allow substances to
move across.
body ......................
• %roviding ................. to the cell.
• ,igh surface tension
and .......................
• %roviding ..................... !respiratory
surfaces such as alveoli#.
• &aintaining ...................... balance
and turgidity.
• $an be slowed down or stopped
by ................. *.g5 lead and mercury
• 'e(uire helper molecules"
called ...................
• ;norganic cofactor 5 ferum" copper
• <rganic cofactor5 water soluble
vitamins" vitamins .
1$. E4t)acell!la) e"3yme 15. Loc6 a"& 7ey8 hypothesis 1*. Eects o/ tempe)at!)e o"
e"3yme acti(ity *)tracellular enzyme is produced in a
cell" then packed and secreted fromthe cell.;t catalyses its reaction ................. thecell. +n e)ample is amylase.
The nucleus contains ............. which
carries the information for synthesis of enzymes.
%roteins that are synthesised at
the ................ are transported throughthe spaces withinthe ...................................................
%roteins that depart from the rough *'
wrapped in .................. that bud o0from the membrane of the rough *'.
These transport vesicle then fuse withthe membranes ofthe .......................... and empty theircontents into the membranous space.
The proteins are further modied
during their transport in the Golgiapparatus. or e)ample"carbohydrates are added to protein to
The ................... molecule ts into
the ............................ of the
enzyme molecule.
The substrate is the ............... thatts into the enzyme which is
the ................. 7arious types of bonds such as
hydrogen and ionic bonds hold the
substrate The binding of substrate and
enzyme at the ...........................
forming
the ...........................................
comple). <nce the comple) is formed" the
enzyme changes the substrate to
its ........................ The product leaves
the ....................... The enzyme is not altered by the
reaction and it can
+t ............... temperature" reaction
takes place slowly. +s temperature ....................."
movement of substrate increase. ;ncrease their chances of .................
with each other and with the active
site of the enzymes. +t ......................... temperature" the
reaction is at ma)imum rate. eyond the ....................
temperature" rate of reaction will not
increase. onds that hold enzyme molecules
begin to break. +ctives sites .......................
*nzyme ...............................
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTform .......................................
......................... vesicles containing
these modied protein bud o0 fromthe Golgi apparatus and travel to theplasma membrane.
*nzymes are released.
be ........................
1+. P)ophase 1. 9etaphase 1. '"aphase♣ $hromosomes in the
nucleus ....................
♣ $hromosomes appear shorter
and ...............
♣ $onsist of sister ................. =oined at
the centromere.
♣ -pindle ............... begin to form.
♣ ........................ migrate at opposite
poles.
♣
+t the end" .................... disappearsand the .................................
disintegrates.
♣ $hromosomes ................. at the
metaphase plate//e(uatorial
plate//middle of the cell.
♣ &itotic spindle are fully formed.
♣ Two sister .................. are still
attached to one another at the
centromere.
♣ *nds when the
centromere ...................
♣ Two sister ................. separate at the
centromere.
♣ -ister ................... pulled ...............
at opposite poles.
♣ $hromatids are referred to
as ......................... chromosomes.
20. Telophase 21. :yto6i"esis 22. ;"co"t)olle& mitosis
♣ $hromosomes ................. the
opposite poles of the cell.
♣ $hromosomes .................... and
revert to their e)tended state
!......................#.♣ The spindle bres .............................
and new .....................................
forms around each set of the
chromosomes.
♣ The .............................. re>forms in
each nucleus
♣ %rocess of ............................ division
to form two ............................ cells.
♣ egins before nuclear division is
completed.
;n animal cells
♣ ................... laments in the
cytoplasm contracts and pull plasma
membrane ..........................
♣ Groove of .......................... furrow
pinches at the e(uator between two
♣ $ell divides through mitosis
repeatedly without ..................
♣ %roduce ................... cells.
♣ $ancer is a genetic disease caused
by ................................. mitosis.♣ 6isruption of cell cycle.
♣ $ancerous cells divide freely and
uncontrollably not according to the
cell ...............
♣ These cells compete with
surrounding normal cells for energy
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTnuclei.
♣ The ..................... furrow deepens
until the cell separates into
two ........................ cells
;n plant cells
♣ &embrane>enclosed .....................
gather at the e(uator between the
two nuclei.
♣ 7esicles =oin to form a
cell ...................
♣ $ell plate grows ................... until its
edges fuse with the plasma
membrane of the cell.
♣ New cell ................. and plasma
membrane are formed.
♣ The cell plate divides the cell into
two ........................ cells.
♣ .................... are produced by the cell
to strengthen the new cell walls.
and ......................
♣ $ancer cells formed ......................
♣ Tumours invade and ...................
neighbouring cells.
2#. '"imal clo"i"g 2$. Tiss!e c!lt!)e 25. '&(a"tages o/ clo"i"g
♦ -omatic cells !from the mammary
gland cells# are removed and grown
in a .....................
♦ $ells stop ..................... and enter a
♦ -mall pieces of root" shoot
or ................ tissue are taken from
the parent plant.
♦ The tissues are
♦ +llows .................................... to
multiply copies of useful genes or
clones.
♦ $lones can be produced in
@
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTnon>diving phase.
♦ ....................... egg is obtained. The
nucleus is sucked ..............." leaving
the cytoplasm and organelles without
any chromosomes.
♦ *lectric pulse stimulates
the ................. between the somatic
cells and egg cell without nucleus.
♦ $ells divide repeatedly forming
an ...................
♦ The embryo is then ........................ in
a surrogate mother.
♦ The embryo grows normally into a
cloned sheep of the somatic
cell ..................
called .........................
♦ *nzymes are used to digest
the ........................ of tissue.
♦ $ells are naked !protoplast#.
♦ *)plant/protoplast are steriled then
placed in a glass container which
contains a ................... medium.
♦ +pparatus must be steriled to make
sure free from .......................
♦ p, and temperature must be at
optimum level.
♦ *)plants divide by .................... and
develop into .................
!undi0erentiated mass of tissue#
♦ ............... develops into somatic
embryo and plantlet.
♦ %lantlet can be transferred to the soil
for growth.
a ................. time and in large
numbers.
♦ $reates ........................ crops which
are resistant
to .........................." .................
and ..............................
♦ $loned plants" can produced owers
and fruits within a shorter period.
♦ $lones are better (uality.
♦ 6elayed ...................
♦ 6oes not need ............... agents.
♦ %ropagation can take place at any
time.
A
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST2*. Disa&(a"tages o/ clo"i"g 2+. 9eiosis I 2. 9eiosis II
B 3ong>term side e0ects are not yet
known.B &ay undergo natural ...................
6isrupt the natural e(uilibrium of an
ecosystem.B $lones do not show any
genetic .....................B ,as the ................. level of
resistance towards certain disease.B $ertain transgenic crops contain
genes that are resistant
to .............................B These genes may be transferred
to .................. through viruses. These
weeds would then become resistant
to herbicides.
B $loned animals hasshorter .........................
1. 6uring prophase ;" homologouschromosomes pair up !................#and ........................ between non>sister chromatids occurs.
2. 6uring &etaphase ;" homologouschromosomes .............. at the
metaphase plate !e(uator" middle#of the cell.4. 6uring +naphase ;" homologous
chromosomes ................ and moveto opposite poles. -ister chromatidsare still attached together andmove as a unit.
8. +t the end of Telophase;" .....................and ....................................... re>appear.
9. $ytokinesis occurs and
two .................. daughter cells areformed.
1. 6uring %rophase ;;" synapsis of
homologous chromosomes and
crossing over between non>sister
chromatids ................. take place.2. 6uring &etaphase ;;" chromosomes
consisting of two sister .................
align at the metaphase plate
!e(uator/middle# of cell.4. 6uring +naphase ;;" sister chromatids
separate" becoming .....................
chromosomes that move to opposite
poles.8. +t the end of Telophase
;;" .....................
and ....................................... re>
appear.
9. $ytokinesis occurs andfour .................. daughter cells are
formed.
2. $omparison between meiosis and mitosis
9EIOSIS Die)e"ces 9ITOSIS<ccurs in ....................... organs 3ocation of cell division <ccurs in ..............................cells%roduces .................... for se)ual
reproduction%urpose
%roduces new cells for ...................
and ................
Number of cell division/cytokinesis.......................................... pair up
through synapsis
during ...................................
-ynapsis...................................... do not pair up
through synapsis
<ccurs between ...................................
during ............................$rossing over 6oes not occur
,omologous chromosomes line up side
by side at the metaphase plate
+rrangement of chromosome The individual chromosomes are
arranged ................... at the metaphase
1C
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTduring ............................... plate during .......................
Number of daughter cell producedNumber of chromosomes of the
daughter cells............ from the parent cell and from
one anotherGenetic content of daughter cells
........................... to the parent cell and to
one another7ariation
#0. Digestio" i" mo!th #1. Digestio" i" stomach #2. Digestio" i" small i"testi"e
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
♠ -ecretion of ............. by three pairsof salivary glands
♠ -aliva contains the enzymesalivary ................
♠ egins the hydrolysis of ..............to ...............
-tarch D water maltose
♠ +n additional digestive processoccurs further along the alimentarycanal to convert .............to ..................
♠ p, is maintained at .................
♠ *pithelial lining of the stomachcontains ................. glands.
♠ These glands secrete ......................$onsists of mucus" ,$3 and enzymepepsin and renin.
♠ ,$3 make the p, around 2.C.
♠ ,igh acidity destroys bacteria.
♠ +cidity stops the activity of salivaryamylase enzyme.
%rotein D water polypeptides
♠ 'enin coagulate milk by convertingthe soluble milkprotein" ..................... intosoluble .......................
♠ -tomach contents become a semi>
uid called ..................♠ $hyme gradually enter
the ...............................
♠ 6uodenum received chyme fromstomach and secretion fromthe ................... and .................
♠ -tarch" protein and lipids aredigested.
♠ ............ which produced by the liver
and stored in the gall bladder enter
the duodenum via the bile duct.♠ ile helps .................. the acidic
chyme and optimise the p, forenzyme action in duodenum.
♠ ile salts ..................... lipids"
breaking them down into tinydroplets.
♠ %roviding high T-+ for digestion.
♠ %ancreas secretes ......................
=uice into duodenum via pancreaticduct.
♠ %ancreatic =uice contains pancreaticamylase" ................ and ...................
♠ %ancreatic amylase complete thedigestion of starch to .....................
♠ Trypsin digests polypeptidesinto ...................
♠ 3ipase completes the digestion oflipid into ..................and ....................
♠ Glands in the ileum !small intestine#secrete intestinal =uice which contain
digestive enzyme needed tocomplete the digestion of ..................and ...........................
♠ %eptides digested by ............ intoamino acids.
♠ &altose digested by .............. intoglucose.
♠ 6isaccharides digested by its own
12
-alivary
pepsin
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTenzyme into monosaccharide andglucose.
##. Digestio" o/ cell!lose y #$. Digestio" o/ cell!lose y )o&e"t #5. Digestio"
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST)!mi"a"t
%artially chewed food is passed to
the ............. !largest compartment of
the stomach#. $ellulose is broken down
by .................... produced by
bacteria. %art of the breakdown products are
absorbed by bacteria" the rest by the
host. ood enters the ..............................
$ellulose undergoes further
hydrolysis. The content of the reticulum" called
the cud" is then ....................... bit by
bit into the mouth to be thoroughly
chewed.
,elps soften and break downcellulose" making it more accessible
to further microbial action. The cud is reswallowed and moved to
the ................................... ,ere" the large particles of food are
broken down into smaller pieces by
peristalsis. ..................... is removed from the
cud.
ood particles movedinto ..................." the true stomach of
the ruminant. !e.g 5 cow#. Gastric =uices complete the digestion
of protein and other food substances. The food then passes through the
small intestine to be digested and
absorbed in the normal way.
................... and ................... are
enlarged to store the cellulose>
digesting bacteria. The breakdown products pass
through the alimentary
canal ................. The faeces in the rst batch are
usually produced at night. aeces are then eaten again. To
absorb the products of bacterial
breakdown. The second batch of the faeces is
harder and .................. +llows rodent to recover the
nutrients initially lost with the faeces.
P)otei"
> ;n stomach" ................ breakdown
protein into polypeptides.> ,$3 being secreted to provide acidic
medium for the digestion to occur.> ;n duodenum" ...................
breakdown polypeptides intopeptides.
> ;n small intestine" .............. break
down peptides into amino acids.
%ats
> ................ salts breaking up fats into
small fat droplets in the duodenum.> ;n duodenum/small
intestine" ................... breaks lipids
into fatty acids and glycerol.
:a)ohy&)ates
> ;n mouth" salivary ....................
hydrolyse starch into maltose.> ;n duodenum" ..................... amylase
hydrolyse starch into maltose.> ;n small intestine" .....................
hydrolyse maltose into glucose.
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST#*. 'so)ptio" o/ &igeste& /oo& #+. 'ssimilatio" o/ &igeste& /oo& #. %o)matio" /aeces
+bsorption of digested food occur in
the ...................... Glucose/amino acids initially di0use
into ....................................... The remaining of the glucose/amino
acids actively transport into blood
capillaries. +ll blood capillaries converge into
hepatic portal vein" which lead to the................ !and transport to all partsof the body#.
Glycerol and fatty acids di0use to the
epithelial cell which lining the ileum#and combine toform ..............................
atty acids and glycerol then enter
the .................... !lymphatic system#. 'eturn back to the blood stream at
left ............................. vein.
*)plain the assimilation of glucose and
amino acid in body cells.
• Glucose is o)idised to
produce ................." ..........................
. and ................... by cellular
respiration.
• +mino acid is used to
synthesis ............................ !the
component of cell#. y this way new
cells will be synthesised causing
growth.
• +mino acid also can be used to
synthesis .........................." ...............
......... or ......................
aeces which contain dead cells that
are shed from intestinal linings" to)ic
substances and bile pigments enter
the .................. by action
of ........................ ;n colon" more water
is ......................... The undigested
food residues harden to become
faeces. aeces contain indigestible residues
that remain after the process of
digestion and absorption of nutrients
that take place in the small intestine.
#. Die)e"ces etee" the st!)!ct!)e o/ &igesti(e a"& &igestio" p)ocess o/ )!mi"a"ts a"& )o&e"ts
'spects <!mi"a"t =has>
B!t
<o&e"t =has>Number of stomach chamber 61
*1
.............. stomach chamber
,ave to digest .....................
.................... stomach chamber
6o not have to digest .........................-ize of caecum 62
*2
................./................ caecum
6o not digest cellulose
.................../..................... caecum
+ place to digest celluloseacteria 64
*4
;n .....................
or secrete cellulase enzyme
;n ........................
or secrete cellulase enzymeNumber of times the food
passes through the stomach
chamber
68
*8
.....................
To complete the digestion//
.......................
To absorb digested food
'egurgitated 69 ................ in mouth cavity .................. in mouth cavity
1:
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
$0. Simila)ities etee" the st!)!ct!)e o/ &igesti(e a"& &igestio" p)ocess o/ )!mi"a"ts a"& )o&e"ts
-1 oth alimentary canal contains bacteria/protozoa
%1 •
To secrete ................... enzyme%2 • To digest cellulose into ...................
-2 oth have large surface area%1 • To increase rate of .................. // hydrolysed food
$1=a> .Photosy"thesis
mecha"ism
$1=>. Photosy"thesis
mecha"ism
$2. ;ses o/ e"3yme =:hapte) $>
• %1 5 The formation of starch inplants is by the process ofphotosynthesis which occursin .................................
• %2 5 The two stages inphotosynthesis are the light anddark reactions.
3ight reaction5
• %45Takes place in ...............
• %85 ................ captures light
energy which e)cites theelectrons of chlorophyll moleculesto higher energy levels.
• %95 ;n the e)cited state" the
electrons can leave thechlorophyll molecules.
• %:5 3ight energy is also used tosplit ............. molecules intohydrogen ion !,D# and hydro)ylions !<,># !%hotolysis of water#.
• %?5 The hydrogen ions thencombine with the electrons
6ark 'eaction5
• %115 Take place in ..............
• %125 6o not re(uire ................
energy.• %145 The hydrogen atoms are
used to ) ............................ in aseries of reactions catalysed byphotosynthetic enzymes
• %185 and caused the reduction ofcarbon dio)ideinto ...........................
• %195 The glucose monomers thenundergo condensation toform ................... which is
temporarily stored as starchgrains in the chloroplasts.
• *nzymes are used as biological detergents.E ................ degrades coagulated proteinsinto soluble short>chain peptides.E .................... degrades fat or oil stains into
soluble fatty acid and glycerol.E ..................... degrades starch into solubleshorter>chain polysaccharides and sugars.
• *nzymes are used in the baking industry.E %rotease is used in the breakdownof ................. in our for the production ofbiscuits.E +mylase is used in the breakdown of somestarch to .................... in our for makingwhite bread" buns and rolls.
• *nzymes are used in the medical eld.E ...................... is used to remove bloodclots and to clean wounds.E 7arious other enzymes are used inbiosensors.
• *nzymes are used in industries because5EThey are e0ective.
1?
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTreleased by chlorophyll to formhydrogen ..................
EThey are cheap and easy to use.EThey can be ......................" thus only smallamounts are needed.E They donFt re(uire high ...........................to work" thus this reduces fuel costs.
$#. 'e)oic )espi)atio" $$.'"ae)oic )espi)atio" i"
h!ma" m!scle
$5. '"ae)oic )espi)atio" i" yeast
• $ontinuous supply of o)ygen.
• Glucose molecules are o)idisedby .......................
• $omplete breakdown of glucose inthe presence of o)ygen.
• + large amount of .....................released.
• $arbon dio)ide and water areproduced as .................. products.
• &ost of the energy released is used
to synthesise adenosine triphosphate!+T%# from adenosine diphosphate!+6%# and inorganic phosphate.
• +T% acts as instant energy source.
• +T% consists of phosphate bondswhich can be easily broken down torelease energy.
+T% +6% D phosphate Denergy
• 6uring a vigorous e)ercise!running#" the ........................ rateis increased.
• This is to supplymore .................... to the musclesfor rapid muscular contraction.
• ,owever" the supply of o)ygen tomuscles is still insucient.
• The muscles have to carry outanaerobic respiration to
release ................• The glucose is converted
into .................." with only alimited amount of energy beingproduced.
• +n o)ygen .............. builds up inthe body" when no o)ygen use inenergy production.
• ,igh level of ............... in the
muscles cause them to ache.
• +fter running" the athlete breathesmore rapidly and deeply thannormal fortwenty minutes.
• There is ............... period after 1C
minutes until it reaches 2Cminutes when o)ygen is paid backduring aerobic respiration.
• +bout 1/: lactic acid is o)idized tocarbon dio)ide" water and energy.
• Heast normally respires aerobically.
• Inder anaerobic condition" yeast carryout anaerobic respiration.
• %roduces ...................
• %rocess known as ....................
• $atalysed by the enzyme .....................
> *thanol produced can be used inmaking ................. and ........................
> ;n bread making" the carbon dio)ide
released during fermentation of yeastcauses the dough to .....................
1@
*nergy
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
$*=a>. B)eathi"g mecha"ism i"ma"
$*=>. B)eathi"g mecha"ism i" ma" $+. T)a"spo)t o/ O2 a"& :O2 i" h!ma"o&y
• 6iaphragm is a muscular sheet in
the body cavity separatingthe ............... from the abdomen.
• +t the start of inhalation" the
muscles of thediaphragm ................ " making itless arched.
• This helps to increasethe ................ of the thoraciccavity and reduce the .................of the thoracic cavity.
• +ir rushes into the ..................
• hen the muscles of the
diaphragm ............... " it returns toits arched condition" reducing
the ............... of the thoracic cavityand increasing the ................ ofthe thoracic cavity.
• +ir is forced out of the ................
• The muscles between the ribs areknown as ......................... muscles.
• 6uring inhalation the ......................
intercostals muscle contracts andraise the lower ribs.
• This helps to increase the ..................
of the thoracic cavity and reducethe ..................... of the thoraciccavity.
• +ir rushes into the lungs.
• 6uring e)halation the ..................intercostals muscles rela)es" the ribsreturn to their original position"reduce the ............... of the thoraciccavity.
• +ir is forced out of the lungs.
•
The alveoli are thin>walled air sacswith the lungs.
• These sacs are surrounded by anetworkof ...........................................
• 6uring inhalation the alveoli are lledwith air and gaseous e)change occursbetween the alveoli and thecapillaries.
• ..................... from the alveoli di0uses
into the capillaries
while .............................. di0usesfrom the capillaries into the alveoli.
• Gaseous e)change across the alveolus
occurs by ......................
• 6i0usion of gas depends ondi0erences in .....................................
between two regions.• The partial pressure/concentration of
o)ygen in the air of the alveoliis .................. compared to the partialpressure/concentration of o)ygen inthe blood capillaries.
• Therefore" o)ygen di0use across thesurface of the alveolus and bloodcapillaries into ................
• The transport of o)ygen is carried outby the blood circulatory system.
•
<)ygen combines with respiratorypigment called ..................... in the redblood cells.
• To form .................................
• hen the blood passed the tissue with.............. partial pressure ofo)ygen" ................................dissociates to release o)ygen.
• $arbon dio)ide released by repairingcells can be transported by J> dissolve carbon dio)ide in the blood
plasma.> bind to the haemoglobinas ..............................> in form of ......................... ions.
• The partial pressure/concentration ofcarbon dio)ide in the blood capillariesis .................. compared to the partialpressure/concentration of carbondio)ide the air of the alveoli
2C
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
• $arbon dio)ide is e)pelled with watervapour from the lung.
$. E4plai" ho e"e)gy ?os th)o!ghthe /oo& chai" a"& ho it is lost to the
e"(i)o"me"t.
$. :olo"isatio" a"& s!ccessio" i" ma"g)o(e samps
• *nergy ows through the food chain inone direction.
• ;n the rst food chain" the plant isthe ............" the rat is the ...............consumer" the snake is the ....................consumer and the eagle is
the ....................... consumer.• ;n the second food chain" the plant is the
.................." the ...................... is theprimary consumer" the .............. is thesecondary consumer and the snake/eagle is the .............. consumer.
• *ach level of food chain is calleda ................. level.
• The ........................ species of a mangrove swamp are the Sonneratia sp.
and Avicennia sp.
• The presence of this species gradually changes the physical environment of
the habitat.
• The e)tensive root systems of these plants trap and collects sediments"including organic matter from ...................... plant parts.
• +s time passes" the soil becomes more compact and rm. This condition
favours the .............. of Rhizophora sp. Gradually the Rhizophora sp.
replaces the pioneer species.
• The .................. root system of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt and mud"
creating a rmer soil structure over time.
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
• *nergy is transferred fromone ................ level toanother ..................... level.
• hen energy is transferred fromone ................ level to another level asmuch as ACK of the chemical energy inthe food consumed by primary consumer
is used for its metabolic activities andlost as .......................
• <nly 1CK of the energy in an organism is
passed on to the organism at the
ne)t .................. level.
• The ground becomes higher. +s a result" the soil is .............. because it is
less submerged by sea water.
• The condition now becomes more suitable for the Bruguiera sp." which
replaces the Rhizophora sp.
• The ................. root system of the Bruguiera sp. forms loops which e)tend
from the soil to trap more silt and mud.
• +s more sediment is deposited" the shore e)tends further to the sea. The
old shore is now further away from the sea and is like ........................
ground.
• <ver time" terrestrial plants like nipah palm and Pandanus sp. begin to
replace the Bruguiera sp.
50. G)ee" ho!se eects 51. E4plai" )ie?y hy h!ma"sca))y o!t the acti(ity as sho" i"
&iag)am ao(e
52. E4plai" the impacts o/ theacti(ity sho" ao(e o" the
e"(i)o"me"t
• Iltra violet !uv# from solar radiation
is absorbed by the ................ andsome of them is reected back to theatmosphere in the form ofheat/infrared.
• ,eat or infrared radiation cannot bereected back to the atmospherebecause it is trappedby ....................... gases such as$<2" nitrogen dio)ide and methane.
• ,eat/infrared warmed the surface ofearth.
•
*arth temperature .............................
• The human population grows rapidly. The demands for food and housing
areas have ......................• 7ast areas of forest are ....................
for agricultural and commercialpurposes.
• Irbanization and industrializationhave caused more forests to becleared for road ..................... andhousing areas.
• 6eforestation causes
soil ........................"landslides" ................... oods andglobal..........................
• $auses the soil to become loose andless stable.
• ithout the protection of greenplants" the soil is e)posed to theforces of ............. and ............
• The top layer of soil is washed away
gradually by the .........................
• This is known as soil erosion.• -oil erosion causes the ............... of
minerals from the soil" therefore thesoil becomes ........................ andunsuitable for agriculture.
• ..................... may happen on steephillsides during heavy rain.
• ;t is because rainwater ows (uickly
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
• ............................ is also caused bythe demands for timber and fuelwood.
and causes the top layer of the soilto crumble.
• 'ivers and drains are silted and theow of water is ...........................
• Therefore" water ows inland andthis causes ash oods in the lowerareas during ....................... seasons.
%O<9 5
5#. ,!ma" loo& (essels 5$. :i)c!lato)y system i" sh a"&
h!ma"
55. Bloo& clotti"g
+rteries
carries blood ............. from heart
transport blood (uickly" at .............
pressure
muscle of tissue enables the artery
to constrict and dilate
walls of arteries are strong
and ............" have ................. lumen
$apillaries
.................. walled blood vessels
allow rapid gaseous e)change
via ....................
nutrients" wastes and hormones are
-imilarities
♦ both have .................. circulation
♦ both have a .................
6i0erences
%ish,as ............ circulation ,as ............ circulation,eart divides into .......... chambers ,eart is divided into ............
chambers-eptum is ................ -eptum is ..................6eo)ygenated blood ows from
heart to ................
6eo)ygenated blood ows from
heart to ..................
♣ $lumped platelets" damaged cells"
clotting factors form
activators " ..............................
♣ ........................... together
with .................. ions and vitamin
L" converts .......................... to
thrombin
♣ Thrombin catalyses the conversion
of soluble protein" ....................
into insoluble protein" brin
♣ ibrin is a brous protein which
combines to form a mesh of long
threads over the wounds"
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTalso e)changed across here
............... cell thick
7eins
blood returns from capillaries
to .................. through veins
blood ows in ................ pressure
have ................ lumensand .................. !prevent bloodMs
back ow#
<)ygenated blood ows from gills
to ...................
<)ygenated blood ows from lungs
to ................
trapping ......................... cells and
sealing the wound.
♣ lood clot hardens when e)posed
to air forming .................
5*. Die)e"ce etee" loo& a"&lymph
5+. Type o/ imm!"ity 5. Phagocytosis
3ymph has a ................ numbers of
lymphocyte compare to blood
3ymphocyte is produced by
lymph ................. in lymph system
3ymph has ........................ content of
o)ygen compare to blood
+ctive immunity" body .................. its
own antibodies in response to
stimulation by an antigen
%assive immunity" body ......................
an antibodies from outside source
The phagocyte is attracted by
chemicals produced by bacterium
%hagocytes e)tend
its ........................ !legs# towards
bacterium to engulf it.
;ngestion of bacterium forms
phagosome
%hagosome combines with
lysosome
3ysosome releases .....................
into phagosome
acterium inside the phagosome
will be destroyed
by ......................
%hagocyte releases the digested
products from cell
5. Lymph @ /o)me& - )o!ght
ac6 i"to the loo& ci)c!lato)y
system.
*0. <espi)ato)y gases *1. 'cti(e imm!"ity @ Passi(e
imm!"ity
hen blood ows from arteries
into capillaries" there is
Transportation in respiratory gas.
<)ygen enters alveoli
+ctive immunity
☺ <btained by .............................
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESThigher ...........................
pressure at arterial end of
capillaries
,igh pressure causes some
plasma to pass through
capillary walls
into ......................... spaces
............................ uid lls the
spaces between cells and
constantly bathes the cells
ACK of interstitial
uid ...................... back into
blood capillary
1CK of interstitial uid goes into
the lymph capillaries and known
as .................
3ymph capillaries unite forming
larger lymphatic vessels
rom lymphatic vessels" lymph
eventually passes
into ....................... duct
,ence lymph drains back into
blood via ............................ vein
during ..........................
Gaseous e)change occurred at alveoli
!o)ygen di0used into blood capillaries
while carbon dio)ide di0used out#
The di0usion of these gases caused
by ...................... of partial pressure of
both gaseous
%artial pressure of o)ygen in alveoli
is .................. than partial pressure of
o)ygen in blood capillaries
<)ygen di0used in cytoplasm
of .............................
<)ygen combines with haemoglobin
forming ..................................
.................................. then sent to all
parts of body
,eart pumped the o)ygenated blood toall body cells
<)ygen di0used from blood capillaries
to cell because partial pressure of
o)ygen in blood capillaries
is ................... than in cell
$arbon dio)ide di0use from cell to blood
capillaries because partial pressure of
carbon dio)ide in cell is ............... than
in blood capillaries
6eo)ygenated blood going back to heartby ........................... and to lungs by
pulmonary artery
!articially ac(uired#
☺ 7accine contains dead/weakened
bacteria/pathogen/virus
☺ hite blood cells stimulated to
produce ............................. against
pathogen
☺ +lso obtained when an individual has
............................ from certain
diseases!naturally ac(uired#
☺ + readymade supply of antibody will
give immunity towards the disease
%assive immunity
☺ <btained by in=ecting
antibodies /...................... !articially
ac(uired#
☺ No antigen is put into body" so body
does not produce its
own .......................
☺ <btained by a baby when antibodies
from motherMs blood plasma di0use
into foetus through ....................
!naturally ac(uired#
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST*2=a> 9o(eme"t o/ ate) /)om )oot
to lea(es*2=>. 9o(eme"t o/ ate) /)om )oot
to lea(es*#. Eect o/ "o lig"i" /o)matio" o"
the /!"ctio" o/ tiss!e 4ylem&ovement of water from root to leaves
aided by root pressure" capillary action
and .......................... pull.
'oot pressure
• cell sap of root
hair!usually# ........................ to
surrounding soil solution
• water di0uses into root
by ..........................
• cell cap becomes more dilute
compared to neighbouring cell
• water moves to these ad=acent cells
which become more diluted
themselves" so osmosis continues
across the corte)
• !at the same time# ions from soil are
actively secreted into )ylem vessels
and causes osmotic pressure
to ..............................
• ater ows continuously into )ylem
and create a pressure!root pressure#
• 'oot pressure gives an initial upward
force to water and mineral ions in
)ylem
$apillary action
• water moves up through )ylem in
stems by capillarity
• capillary action is due to combined
force of ......................!water
molecules have attraction for each
other# and ..................... !water
molecules are attracted to the side of
vessels#
• water molecule form a continuous
water column in )ylem vessel !due to
cohesion and adhesion#
• the cohesion of water prevent the
water column in )ylem breaking
apart
• the adhesion of water prevents
gravity from pulling the water down
the column
Transpirational pull
• the lost of water from ..................
cells during transpiration is replaces
by water which ows in from )ylem
vessels in leaves
•
this creates a tension/suction force inwater column because water has
cohesive properties called
transpiration pull
• the transpiration pull draws water
from ............ in the
leaves/stem/roots
• lignin is important to make tissue)ylem strong> without lignin" tissue )ylem
will ................
> therefore" it cannot form a
continuous hollow tube> to allow water to ow upwards
continuously
• lignin makes the tissue become
impermeable
> materials cannot pass in )ylem
cells
> causes the tissue to
become ....................> allows continuous ow of water
2:
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
• the continuous ow of water through
plant is known as transpiration
stream
2?
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST*$. Light i"te"sity a"& stomata a"&
cells eect the )ate o/ ate) loss
*5. '&aptatio" o/ the m!scle hich
e"ales it to co"t)acts
**. 9o(eme"t ta6es place i"(ol(es
m!sclesA te"&o"sA o"esA ligame"ts
a"& oi"ts1> from C9CC to C1?C!time/hours#" rate
of water loss increases
• *1> light intensity ..........................
• *2> stimulates photosynthesis in
guard cells
• *4> this makes energy available for
potassium to move into guard cells
by ..............................
• *8> guard cells
become ....................... !compared to
cell sap# of epidermal cells
• *9> water molecules from epidermal
cells di0use into guard cells
by .............................
• *:> causing guard cells tobend .......................
• *?> stoma ................. !allows water
to escape#
2> from C1?C to C4CC!time/hours# rate
of water loss decreases
• *@> light intensity ................. / rate of
photosynthesis ..........................
• *A> guard cells become accid and
bend ........................• *1C> stoma ....................." prevents
water from escaping
• Notes5 !1 D any 9*s# D !2 D 4*s#
> the skeletal muscle consist of
bundles of muscle bres and a large
supply of nerves
and ........................................
> a muscle bre is made up of bundles
of smaller units
called ............................
> each myobril is made up of 2 types
of protein laments5 the ................
and the ........................... which
interact and cause muscle
contractions
> the muscleMs nerve endings control
its contractions
9!scle
> (uadriceps femoris .................. while
biceps femoris muscles ...............
!leg straightened#
> biceps femoris ................ while
(uadriceps femoris .............. !leg
bent#
> calf muscles contract to lift up
the ...............
> feet push downwards
and ........................
> repeated contraction and rela)ation
of muscle result in running
movement
Ligame"ts> it connects two .................. together
> give support and strength
to ............... for movement
> strong and ....................
Coi"ts
> a .................. =oint allow the
movement of leg to swing back and
forth
Te"&o"
> connect muscles to ...................> strong and .............................
> force is transferred to bones through
tendons
Bo"es
> femur/ thigh bone is long" heavy
and ..............
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST> provide ................... to body weight
2A
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST*+. '&aptatio" o/ pla"t hich
e"ale it to ?oat
*. S6eletal system o/ ea)tho)m
a"& sh a&apte& /o) its mo(eme"t
*. '&apti(e /eat!)es hich helpsi" i)&s a"& sh locomotio"
♣ have ne ....................... a tissues
!plants become more lighter#
♣ have air spaces/air sacs !becomes
more easy to oat#
♣ have big and swell stem/petiole
!increase the air to help plant
oating#
♣ have ne and many ................ !trap
gas bubbles#
Movements in earthworm
♣ earthworm has ..........................
skeleton
♣ moves by changing hydrostatic
pressure of uid in its segment
♣ each segment of the body has its
own set of muscles
♦ an outer layer of ........................
muscles running around the body
causes the worm to become long
and thin when they contract
♦ an inner layer of ..........................
muscles causes the worm to get
short and thick when they
contract♣ as the circular
muscles ......................" the
longitudinal muscles
will .................... simultaneously in
antagonistic action
♣ causes the hydrostatic pressure to be
transferred from .................. part
to ...................... part causing the
worm to move forward
Movements in fsh
♣ sh has an ....................................
♣ it provides place for attachment of
muscles
♣ when the left myotome .................."
right myotome will .................. in
Bird
♣ ................ wing to generate the
upward lift
♣ a pair of antagonistic muscle
!....................... ma=or and minor#
pulled down and up the wings
♣ single organ !one
testes/kidney#//small skull to
reduce .........................
♣ ........................... body shape
reduce air resistance
♣ waterproof feather avoid increase
in body weight
during ...............................
Fish
♣ ........................... body reduce
water resistance
♣ myotome muscle are /7 shaped
which act antagonistically
♣ air sac maintain ..................... in
water
♣ ns
dorsal and ventral n
prevent/helps in ........................and .....................
tail n provides thrust and
controls .................................
pelvin and pectoral n act as
brakes/to .................................
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTantagonistic action
♣ causes the vertebral column to curve
toward the ......................
♣ the sh also has ..................... with
di0erent functions for locomotion
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST+0. S!ppo)t is achie(e& i"
s!me)ge& a"& ?oati"g pla"ts
+1. Osteopo)osis a"& osteoa)th)itis
happe" - p)e(e"te&
+2=a>. Impo)ta"t to ha(e healthy
m!sc!los6eletal system - ays
mai"tai"i"g a healthy
m!sc!los6eletal-ubmerged plants
• posses ................... within the leaves
and the stem to help the plant to
stay upright in water
• water buoyancy provides support
• have very few woody tissue/vascular
tissue
• thin/narrow/e)ible leaves provide
little ............................... to water
ow
loating plants
•
stem have plenty of ........................• ................................. tissues helps to
stay aoat in water
• do not have ...................... tissues
• natural water buoyancy to help them
oat
• have ................. leaves that are rm
but e)ible to resist being torn by
wave action
Osteopo)osis
• a disease in which bone mass is
reduced and the boned
become ................... and lighter
• occurs most often in old people"
partially women who have
gone .................................
• bodies of postmenopausal women do
not produce se)
hormone" .............................
• causes more bone minerals to be lost
than deposited
•
as a results" bones become softand ................
• can be prevented by
♦ doing weight>bearing e)ercise"
strengthen the muscles
and ...................
♦ taking diet rich in ......................"
phosphorus and vitamin 6
♦ taking in vitamin $" increase bone
mass
♦ refraining from smoking
Osteoa)th)itis
• <steoarthritis is part of ageing
process due to wear and tear
of .......................... between bones at
certain =oints
The musculoskeletal system where
bones" ............................." ligaments
and ....................... work together like a
machine to bring about movement
☺ musculoskeletal helps to ...................
our body
☺ if any part of system in=ured" we will
e)perience discomfort" pain and loss
of ..................................
☺ it also a0ect other organs and
physiological processes in body
!respiration/digestion#
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
• %atient has ......................" swollen
sti0 knees which restrict daily
activities !walking" climbing#
• ;f treatment fails to relieve the pain"
a surgeon can replace the damaged
=oints with .......................... ones
made of plastic or metal
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST+2=>. Impo)ta"t to ha(e healthym!sc!los6eletal system - ays
mai"tai"i"g a healthym!sc!los6eletal
+#. 9!sc!la) &yst)ophy a"&
osteopo)osis
+$=a>. S!ppo)t system i" oo&y
pla"ts &ie)s /)om that o/ "o"-
oo&y pla"ts
Ways to maintain
☺ having balanced .............. Take diet
rich in proteins" vitamins +" $ n 6
together with minerals !calcium"phosphate n iron# for building strong
bones. 6rinking ....................... water
will also harden the bones
☺ adopt a good posture while standing"
sitting" walking and while performing
certain tasks to ensure that our body
is always supported. This is
important because bad posture will
put undue pressure on our musclesand .............. and this will in turn
a0ect the functions of our internal
organs !lungs" heart and stomach#
☺ wear proper attire for daily activities.
ear loose and comfortable clothes.
Tight clothes .................... our
movement. oman wearing high
heels tilt the body forwards. To
counteract this" the woman bendsher knees and throws her trunk
forwards" causing the spine to curve
even more
☺ taking precautions during .................
activities
9!sc!la) &yst)ophy
muscle destroying disorder
weakness/weakening of muscles
mostly in ......................... a0ect the heart muscle
heart .....................
results in poor balance/wobbling/poor
movement
Osteopo)osis
condition characterized by lost of
normal density of bone
resulting in ...................... bone
bone fracture
no symptom before any bone
fracture
conse(uences fracture of
vertebrae//reduction of in height over
time//stooped posture
o"-oo&y pla"ts =he)aceo!s
pla"ts>
• !support in herbaceous plants is#
provided by the .................................of parenchyma/collenchyma cells
• !when there is enough warm in the
ground# the cells take in water
by ....................... and become turgid
• The turgor pressure of uids in the
vacuoles pushes the cell
contents/plasma membrane against
the ................................
• $reating support for its
stem/roots/leaves• The thin thickening die cell walls with
cellulose/collenchyma cells gives
support to herbaceous plants
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
☺ practice correct and safe techni(ues
when e)ercising to prevent
serious ..................... to the
musculoskeletal system
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST+$=>. S!ppo)t system i" oo&ypla"ts &ie)s /)om that o/ "o"-
oo&y pla"ts
+5. Sy"apse @ The e(e"t as a "e)(e
imp!lse is t)a"smitte& ac)oss a
sy"apse
+*. 7"ee e)6
oody plants
• woody plants have specialized
tissues/...............................
tissues/)ylem vessels/tracheids to
give them support
• these tissues have ...........................
walls which have deposits of lignin
for added strength
• ............................. cells have very
thick walls !do not allow water to
pass through#
• !these cells are dead cells# their
function is to provide support
• Oylem vessels have thick walls of
lignin which are deposited during the
plantMs ............................ growth
• The lignied )ylem vessels form the
woody tissues of the stem
• This makes the plant stronger and
also provides support for the plant
• Tracheids are also dead cells with
thick walls and very
........................diameters• They are found with )ylem vessels
and together they support the plants
-ynapse is a narrow .......... between
an a)on terminal and a dendrite of
another ad=acent neuron.
+ chemical is used by neuron to
transmit an impulse across a
synapse. The chemical is
called ..............................................
The transmission of information
across a synapse involves the
conversion of electrical signal
into ........................... signal in the
form of neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter is produced in
vesicles in a swollen part of the a)on
terminal called
synaptic ......................
-ynaptic knob contains
abundant .................................. to
generate energy for the transmission
hen an impulse arrived at the
synaptic knob" the vesicles release
the neurotransmitters into the
synapse
The neurotransmitters molecules
di0use ............................. the
synapse to the dendrite of another
neurons
The dendrite of another neurons is
stimulated to trigger a new impulse
which travel down a long neuron
the knee =erk action involves two
types of neurons
named .....................
and ............................. neurons
a hammer hits a tendon that connect
to (uadriceps muscle in the thigh to
a bone in the lower leg
as the hammer strike" the force
stretches the (uadriceps muscle and
stimulates the stretch receptors in
the muscles" triggering nerve
impulse
a0erent neurons transmit the
information to the (uadriceps muscle
and the muscle contracts swing the
leg .............................
if the patient is able to swing the leg
forward" it indicates that the
patientMs nerve system is still
functioning
if there is no response" it shows that
the patientMs nervous system fails to
function properly
4:
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST
4?
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST++. he" the ha"& to!ches a hot
oect
+. <oles o/ ce)eell!m a"&
me&!lla olo"gata - )e?e4 actio"
he" "ge) ei"g st!"g y a ee
+. %o)matio" o/ glome)!la) lt)ate
♠ the heat on the ob=ect stimulates the
nerve endings !receptors# in skin
♠ impulses are .............................
♠ impulses travel along the
sensory/a0erent neuron
to .................................
♠ in spinal cord" the impulses are
transmitted rst across a synapse to
the ............................ and then
across another synapse to the
motor/e0erent neurone
+t synapse
♠
when an impulse reach a presynapticmembrane" it triggers the synaptic
vesicles to
release ............................... into the
synaptic cleft
♠ the neurotransmitter di0use across
the synaptic cleft
♠ and bind to receptors which are
attached to the postsynaptic
membrane
♠ the binding of the neurotransmitterto the receptors leads to the
generation of a new impulse
♠ impulses leave the spinal cord along
the motor/e0erent neurone to
the ........................
♠ the e0ector is the biceps muscle
:e)eell!m
............................... of movement
controls of balance/posture
9e&!lla olo"gata
controls/increase ...............................
.
controls/increase heart rate
controls blood pressure/sweating
<e?e4 actio"
receptors in the skin of the nger
detects ........................
nerve impulse is generated in pain
receptor
electrical impulses are sent via
the ........................!sensory# neurone
to spinal cord
impulses are transferred to
the ......................................in the
spinal cord
interneurone sents impulses to
the ........................... neurone
e0erent neurone sents impulses tobiceps/muscle
biceps/muscle contract !triceps
rela)# causing the arm
to ............................
when blood enters the
glomerulus" .......................................
.. takes place
because blood from the aorta
reaches the nephron/glomerulus at
high ...........................
and due to the di0erent a0erent
arteriole and e0erent arteriole" the
high pressure forces uid through the
ltration membrane into capsular
space forming glomerular ltrate
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTwhich then .............................. This
brings about a sudden withdrawal of
the hand
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST0. St)!ct!)e a"& the )ole o/
"eph)o" - /o)matio" o/ !)i"e
1. %o)matio" o/ !)i"e 2. :o"seF!e"ces o/ 6i&"ey
/ail!)eStructure and the role of nephron
> nephron is the functional unit of
a ......................
> a nephron consist of 4 ma=or parts →
glomerulus" the owmanMs capsuleand its associated vessels
> a long narrow tube called the renal
tubule" which made up of pro)imal
convoluted
tubule" .................................... and
distal convoluted tubule
> the distal convoluted tubules of
several nephrons =oin to a common
collecting ....................................
> the loop oh ,enle is a long hairpin>shaped region of the nephron that
descends into the medulla and then
returns to
the .......................................
☺ ultraltration" reabsoprtion andsecretion
☺ blood is under relatively high pressure
when it reaches the ..............................
☺ high blood pressure in glomerulus"forces uid to lter through the
ltration membrane into the lumen of
owmanMs ............................
☺ forming glomerular ltrate
☺ contains water" glucose" amino acids"
mineral salts and other small molecules
☺ the glomerular ltrate will ow
into ................ convoluted tubule
☺ selective reabsoption occurs
☺
by active and passive transport☺ forming relatively high solute
concentration in the peritubular
capillaries
☺ thus large volume of water is
reabsorbed into the blood
by .................................
☺ increase the concentration
of .................. in the convoluted tubule
☺ glomerular ltrate then ow
into ...................... and distalconvoluted tubule
☺ more water and minerals
being ......................... back into the
blood
☺ take place in the distal convoluted
tubule
> if both kidneys stop functioning"
the blood ......................... pressure
and blood volume cannot be
maintained
> the built up of to)ic wastes in the
body can result in life>threateningconditions
> they have to
undergo ..................................
> another treatment for impaired
kidney functions is
the ............................. of a healthy
kidney from a donor to the patient
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BEST☺ urea/to)ins/ammonia/ect being
secreted by passive di0usion and
active transport from blood capillary
into distal convoluted tubule
☺ ltrate reaches the
collecting ................. !now called
urine#. ows down the ureter" the
bladder and urethra and is nallye)creted
#. '(oi& &)!g a"& alcohol @ hy @
aects - coo)&i"atio" systems
$. Geot)opism is )o!ght ao!t i" a
pla"t )oot a"& shoot - a&(a"tages
5. Tips o/ shoot co"t)i!te to
g)oth i" oat see&li"gs6rugs
B some drugs are stimulants/cocaine
B ......................... the activities of thecentral nervous system
B e)cessive use leads to
temporary .................. followed by
depression
B causes the user to see/hear/perceive
things that do not e)ist
B some drugs like
narcotic/heroin/morphine
B ...................... pain signals
B induce feelings of euphoria/slowsdown nerve impulses
+lcohol
B strong depressant
B a0ects coordination and =udgement
B ........................... releases of +6,
Shoot
the ............... that is produced at the
tip of shoot au)in moves ....................../accumulate
on the underside of the shoot tip due to
the pull of gravity
the high concentration of
au)in ......................... the growth
stimulating greater
cell ........................... on the underside
relative to the cells on the upper side
this di0erential elongation causes the
shoot to bend ................... fromgravity/grow upwards
Root
the ..................... that is produced at
the tip of root
au)in moves
Pwithout tip of a shoot" an oat
seedling cannot grow
• this proves elongation of plumuleis dependent on the presence of
the tip of the shoot
Pif the tip of the coleoptile is rst
removed and placed on an agar block
which is transferred onto the cut
stump of another oat seedling the
plumule still grows straight upwards
• this means that the tip of the
shoot carried chemical
messengers which has di0usedinto the agar block
• the chemical messenger then
di0uses into the plumule and
causes the plumule to elongate
Pif the agar block is placed
asymmetrically !a little to one scale of
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BIOLOGY 2015 - BESTfrom posterior pituitary
B ................. water will be absorbed
into blood stream/ .....................
urine produced
B alcohol/drugs are addictive
B develop dependence on
alcohol/drugs/develop severewithdrawal e0ects
B long term usage can damage organs
B brain damage/stomach ulcers
........................../accumulates on the
underside of the root tip due to the pull
of gravity
the high concentration of
au)in ..................... the growth
slowing down cell ....................... on the
underside relative to the cells on the
upper side
this di0erential elongation causes the
shoot to bend ....................... gravity
the center#" the shoots bend away
from the scale with the agar block as
though it is growing towards the light
• This is because a higher
concentration of the growth
promoting chemical messenger
accumulates below the agar block
• This means that the agar block
contains a chemical messenger
produced in the shoot
• The chemical stimulates growth as
it di0uses down into the shoot
• The chemical messenger is au)in
82