Advanced Engineering Infrastructure

Advanced Engineering InfrastructureBredenburg International AirportDaru Nurisma Pramukti146060112111002

Manistry of Education and CultureFaculty of EngineeringCivil Engineering-Magister ProgramBrawijaya UniversityMalang2014

Airports

Map of Berlin AirportsBerlin is served by two commercial airports.Tegel Airport(TXL) is the largest and located within Berlin, while smallerSchnefeld Airport(SXF) is situated just outside of Berlin, to the south-east. Combined, they handled 22.3 million passengers in 2010. In 2011, 88 airlines served 164 destinations in 54 countries from Berlin airports, with 28 non-European connections.Tegel Airport is scheduled to close in 2013 and Schnefeld Airport will be expanded and renamedBerlin Brandenburg Airport, handling all commercial flights to and from Berlin.A third,Tempelhof Airport, formerly handled short distance and commuter flights. It was closed at the end of October 2008. Closure of Tegel and Tempelhof airports is a legal requirement for the opening of the newBerlin Brandenburg Airportsouth of the Schnefeld Airport site, in order to alleviate noise pollution throughout the city.HistoryThe first airport in Berlin wasJohannisthal Air Fieldwhich opened on 26 September 1909. Followed shortly after byStaakenAirport around 1915, known for its two zeppelin halls andDeutsche Luft Hansabase. Then came Tempelhof Airport in 1923 andGatow Air Fieldin 1934.Tegel Airportwas built during theBerlin Blockadein 1948.Tempelhof was the first airport in the world with regular passenger flights, opening in 1923 with flights to Knigsberg (nowKaliningrad).Deutsche Luft Hansastarted its operations from the airport in 1926, whilezeppelinsalso frequented the airport. The airport expanded rapidly, becoming one of the largest airports in the world in the 1930s, fittingly provided with enormous halls, which are still visible today, unfinished though they may be. Tempelhof also had another first: it was the first airport to feature its ownundergroundstation.

Berlin Tegel AirportFollowingWorld War II, Tempelhof was used as aU.S. Air Forcebase, while theSoviet air forcerelocated to Schnefeld, outside Berlin, during 1946. The Soviets had reached Tempelhof before the Western Allies.Gatow Air Field, which was taken over by theRAFin July 1945, was partially outside Berlin. At thePotsdam Conferenceit was then decided to exchange the western half ofStaaken, including Staaken Airport, for the needed territory inGatow.Staaken Airport was then used by theSoviet air forcefor some time to come.In April 1948, as a result of growing tension between the Soviet and the Western Allied occupying powers, West Berlin was closed off from the surrounding Soviet sector. Supplies were flown in for over a year; enormous numbers of transport planes flew in and out of Berlin every day of this period. The capacity of the airports then in the three Western sectors was not large enough; to relieve pressure on Gatow and Tempelhof,Tegel Airportwas built in the French sector. It was constructed by a labour force mainly consisting of Berlin women under the supervision of French engineers, within just 90 days. It featured a 2400 mrunway- the longest in Europe at the time. Because of special Allied bylaws, Lufthansa was not allowed to use Tegel until afterGerman reunification.Tempelhof was returned to civil administration in 1951, Schnefeld in 1954 and Tegel in 1960. Gatow Airport remained a military airfield, used by theRAFuntil 1994 and closed in 1995. Tegel, the newest airport, became the main civilian airport for West Berlin, while Schnefeld served the population ofEast Berlin. Since the smaller airport at Tempelhof is surrounded by urban development, it could not expand.

TheBerlin Brandenburg Airportis under construction.FollowingGerman reunificationin 1990, theinefficiencyof operating three separate airports became increasingly problematic. Berlin's airport authority (the Berliner Flughafen GmbH, a subsidiary of the Flughafen Berlin-Schnefeld GmbH) will transfer all of Berlin's air traffic to a greatly expanded airport at Schnefeld, to be renamedBerlin Brandenburg Airport.The existing airport in Schnefeld will be greatly expanded to the south from its current state to allow this. In fact, the new airport will only have the current southernrunway(the new designated northern runway) in common with the existing airport.Berlin Brandenburg Airport is predicted to be Germany's third busiest airport when it opens, as Berlin's airports served over 22.3 million passengers in 2010.Frankfurt Airport, which served 54 million passengers in 2007, is the country's busiest airport, followed byMunich Airport, which served 34 million passengers in 2007.Due to technical difficulties, the opening has been delayed a couple of times. Berlin Brandenburg Airport(IATA:BER,ICAO:EDDB) (German:Flughafen Berlin BrandenburgWilly Brandt) is an International Airportunder construction, located adjacent to the currentBerlin Schnefeld AirportinSchnefeld18 kilometres south of the city centre ofBerlin, the capital ofGermany.

Airport typePublic

OperatorFlughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH

ServesBerlin,Germany

LocationSchnefeld,Brandenburg

ElevationAMSL157ft / 48m

Coordinates522200N0133012ECoordinates:522200N0133012E

Websiteberlin-airport.de

Plans for a new Berlin Airport

Map showing the infrastructure of the Schnefeld area and the relationship between the new and old airportsFollowing theGerman reunificationin 1990, Berlin once again became the German federal capital and leaders made plans to recognise the city's increased importance by constructing a large commercial airport, asTegel Airport,Schnefeld Airportand Tempelhof Airportwere aging and becoming increasingly congested due to rising passenger numbers. To ensure the economical viability of the project, they pursued thesingle airport concept, which meant that the new airport would become the sole commercial airport for Berlin and Brandenburg. As a consequence, they planned to close Tegel, Schnefeld and Tempelhof upon opening the new airport, and to ban commercial aviation from any other airport in Brandenburg.Airport overview

Planned layout of the airport 2012RunwaysBerlin Brandenburg Airport will have two parallel runways. With a spacing of 1,900 metres (6,200ft), these will allow independent flight operations without interference fromwake turbulence.The northern runway of BER is the southern runway of the old Schnefeld Airport, and has been in use since the 1960s. To adapt to the new airport, it has been renovated and lengthened from 3,000 to 3,600 metres (9,843 to 11,811ft). The newly built southern runway has a length of 4,000 metres (13,123ft) and was officially commissioned on 31 May 2012. Until the opening of Berlin Brandenburg Airport, it is closed perNOTAM.

Air traffic control

The air traffic control tower of Berlin Brandenburg Airport (2012).TheDeutsche Flugsicherungis responsible forair traffic controlandapron controlat Berlin Brandenburg Airport. At 72 metres (236ft), the control tower is the third highest in Germany (only surpassed byMunich AirportandDsseldorf Airport). On 25 March 2012, the new tower opened replacing the former facility at Schnefeld.

Passenger terminal

The main pier

Terminal layout (from left to right: level 2, level 1, intermediate level Z and level 0)The U-shaped terminal building of Berlin Brandenburg Airport was designed bygmparchitects, which previously designed the hexagonal Terminal A at Tegel Airport, opened in 1974. At BER, the terminal sits between the two runways, creating a so-called midfield airportabove the underground train station. The terminal has four public levels designated 0, 1, 2 and 3.The check-in area is located in the public area at Level 1 and houses 118 counters organised in eight clusters, calledcheck-in isles. Planners anticipate that a significant number of passengers will use the more than 100 self check-in machines which will be installed.The airside area will be accessible only to ticketed andscreenedpassengers.Securitas Germanywill staff the 35 screening stations. BER is equipped with 25jet bridges, with another 85 aircraft stands on the apron. The boarding and arrival areas are divided into three piers with the main pier at 715 metres (2,346ft) long and the north and south piers at 350 metres (1,150ft) each. The main pier contains 16 jet-bridges; all but one have two levels, thus separating arriving and departing passengers. Level 1 is intended forSchengen passengers(gates A01A20, B01B20), while Level 2 (gates C01C19, D01D17) is for non-Schengen passengers.Eight of the gates can accommodatewide-body aircraftand one gate has been designed to accommodate theAirbus A380, the largest commercial airliner currently in use. The apron has sufficient space to allow installation of a dual jetway allowing a quick boarding and disembarking process. A mezzanine (Level Z) at gates A2122 and B21 allows for additional pre-boarding security checks for high-risk flights to the United States and Israel. Air Berlin, Lufthansa andAir France/KLMwill operateairport loungesin the main pier, which will also be open for passengers of the respectivealliance partners.

The main hall of the terminalThe south pier is reserved for near-exclusive use ofAir Berlinand itsOneworldpartners and contains nine single-storey jet bridges (gates A30A38). The north pier features a more minimalist design compared to the other two piers, meeting the demands oflow-cost carriersand has no jet-bridges, butwalk-boarding-gates(B3045) with direct apron access. Cargo and general aviation[edit]The initial module of the midfield cargo facilities has a capacity of 60,000 tonnes (59,000 long tons; 66,000 short tons) of cargo per year. With the completion of all planned expansions, this could handle up to 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Thegeneral aviationterminal is located in the northern part of BER.Airport tourism facilitiesThe Infotower is a 32 metres (105ft) observation tower located adjacent to the northern cargo terminal. It includes a museum and a gift shop, and is the only portion of the airport currently open to the public. FBB also offers guided tours of the airport which have grown in popularity since the delayed opening.

Aircraft maintenanceThe two large hangars at BER will be used by Lufthansa and Air Berlin respectively. Both provide enough space for maintenance work on four to fivenarrow-body aircraft. Government useThe air transport wing of theGerman Defence Ministry(Flugbereitschaft), responsible for government flights, will move to Berlin Brandenburg Airport from its current base atCologne Bonn Airport. It operates a fleet ofBombardier Global Express,Airbus A319,Airbus A310andAirbus A340-300VIP configured aircraft.The Bundesanstalt fr Immobilienaufgaben (Federal Agency for Real Estate) is planning to construct a terminal on the northern edge of the airport for use by government officials and to welcome foreign dignitaries duringstate visits. The glass-and-wood building is expected to be completed by 2016. The former Terminal A of Schnefeld Airport is serving as an interim terminal. AccessSee also:Transport in BerlinRail

Map of future bus and rail connections into and around Berlin. An express line will serve theBerlin Hauptbahnhofin 30 minutes.Main article:Berlin Brandenburg Airport railway stationThe terminal connects to a 3.1 kilometres (1.9mi) east-west railway tunnel under the apron and the terminal complex. As the nine tunnel sections were the first structures to be built, they were constructed by conventional excavations.Arailway stationwith six tracks forms the lowest level of the terminal.Two tracks serve as a terminus for theS-Bahn with theS9serving the northern and theS45serving the southernpublic transit ring, while the other four tracks handleEuroCity,InterCity,Intercity-ExpressandRegional-Expresstrains.

Deutsche Bahnconfirmed in August 2011 that multiple daily Intercity-Express and InterCity trains will connect the airport to Bielefeld,Hannover,Hamburg,Dresden,Leipzig,Halle,Wolfsburg, as well as EuroCity trains connecting toWroclawandKrakowinPoland,Amsterdamin theNetherlandsandPraguein theCzech Republic. About half of the passengers are expected to access BER by rail. An express line (Regionalbahn) will connect the airport with theBerlin Hauptbahnhof(Berlin main station) in 30 minutes.Two more stops,Potsdamer PlatzandBerlin Sdkreuz, will be part of the Airport Express, which is planned to make the distance in just under 20 minutes by 2015, when a new train track will be inaugurated.Over 10% of passengers are expected to come from Poland, also thanks to upgraded highways on the Polish side of the border, making the airport accessible for air travellers from the western regions of that country. Regional trains

Regional train (Regionalbahn)Berlin is the centre of a system of regional trains operated byDeutsche Bahn, which operate to destinations within the Berlin-Brandeburg suburban area beyond the range of the S-Bahn. There are two kinds of regional trains, the stoppingRegionalbahn(RB) and the fasterRegional-Express(RE).Unlike the S-Bahn, the network of regional trains does not have its own segregated tracks, but rather shares tracks with longer distance passenger and freight services. Within Berlin, regional services stop less frequently than S-Bahn services, especially where they run parallel to U-Bahn or S-Bahn lines.Regional trains often continue outside the Berlin-Brandenburg suburban area, but within that suburban area they use the common public transport tariff managed by theVerkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg(VBB). This covers the city of Berlin and approximately 20 kilometres (12mi) beyond the city boundaries. These tickets are not valid on DBInterCitytrains,Intercity-Expresstrains and international trains, even within Berlin.Trams

Berlin tramsBerlin has atramnetwork comprising 22 tram lines serving 377 tram stops and measuring 293.78 kilometres (182.55mi) in length. All these services are operated by theBerliner Verkehrsbetriebe(BVG) and use the common public transport tariff run by theVerkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg(VBB). Of the 22 BVG-operated tram routes, nine are designated as part of the MetroNetz, which provide a high frequency service in areas poorly served by the U-Bahn and S-Bahn. TheseMetroTramtram lines are recognisable by an M prefix to their route number, and are the only tram routes to operate 24 hours a day. Berlin's firsthorse tramopened in 1865, running fromBrandenburger TortoCharlottenburg. In 1881, the world's first electric tramway was opened byWerner von SiemensinGro-Lichterfelde, now part of Berlin. By 1910, the horse trams had been entirely replaced by electric trams.Prior to the division of Berlin, tram lines existed throughout the city, but all the tram lines in the formerWest Berlinhad been replaced by bus or U-Bahn services by 1967. HoweverEast Berlinretained its tram lines, and the current network is still predominantly in that area, although there have been a few extensions back across the old border.Besides the BVG tram routes, two further tram lines (numbered 87 and 88) cross the Berlin city boundary in order to connect suburban S-Bahn stations within the city to the Brandenburg towns ofWoltersdorf,SchneicheandRdersdorf. Asimilar lineoperates within the nearby town ofStrausberg, whilst the adjacent city ofPotsdamhasits own sizable tram network. Whilst none of these lines is operated by the BVG, they all use the VBB common tariff.

BusPublic transport connections at the new airport will include numerous bus services. Express buses X7 and X11 will connect BER andU-Bahn Rudowof underground lineU7, every five minutes. The X11 bus continues toLichterfelde-Westand toDahlem. Other bus lines also stop at a number of stations, providing connections with Berlins public transport network and destinations in Brandenburg.

A Berlin double-decker busBerlin has a network of 149 daytime bus routes serving 2634 bus stops and with a total route length of 1,675 kilometres (1,041mi). All these services are operated by theBerliner Verkehrsbetriebe(BVG) and use the common public transport tariff run by theVerkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg(VBB). Of the BVG-operated bus routes, 17 are designated as part of the MetroNetz, which provides a high frequency service in areas poorly served by the U-Bahn and S-Bahn. Like theMetroTramtram routes, theseMetroBusroutes can be recognised by an M prefix to their route number. A further 13 BVG-operated bus routes are express routes with an X prefix to their route number. At nighttime, Berlin is served by anight busnetwork of 63 bus routes serving 1508 stops and a total route length of 795 kilometres (494mi). One night bus runs parallel to each U-Bahn line during the weektime closing hours. Most of theMetroNetzbus and tram routes operate 24 hours a day, and form part of both the day and night networks. Again services are operated by BVG and use the VBB tariff. BVG bus service is provided by a fleet of 1349 buses, of which no fewer than 407 aredouble-decker buses. Whilst such buses are common in bothIrelandand theUnited Kingdom, their use elsewhere inEuropeis extremely uncommon. Road

Map of motorways in BerlinThe Berlin Brandenburg Airport is connected by its own exit to thefreeway A113, which carries traffic into Berlin to thecity freeway A100and out to theouter city freeway ring A10where it continues south as thefreeway A13in the direction of Dresden. Thehighway 96aalong the north side of the airport is being expanded to four lanes towardsPotsdam.Four car parks and a car rental centre will be completed by the opening of BER. Around 10,000 parking spaces will be available in four multi-storey car parks.Berlinhas developed a highly complex transportation infrastructure providing very diverse modes of urban mobility. 979 bridges cross 197 kilometers of innercity waterways, 5,334 kilometres (3,314mi) of roads run through Berlin, of which 73 kilometres (45mi) are motorways.Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines provide access to the surrounding regions ofBrandenburgand to theBaltic Sea.Road transport

In 2006, 1.416million motor vehicles were registered in the city. With 416 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants (587/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a German state and as a major European city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita. AutobahnBerlin is linked to the rest of Germany and neighbouring countries by the country'sautobahnnetwork, including the: A2toHannoverand theRuhr area, with links toFrankfurt am Mainand western Germany A9toLeipzig,NurembergandMunich, with links to Frankfurt am Main and southern Germany A11toSzczecin, with links to north-east Germany andPoland A12toFrankfurt (Oder), with links to Poland A13toDresden, with links to Poland and theCzech Republic A24toHamburg, with links to Rostock and north-west GermanyAll of these autobahn terminate at theA10 Berliner Ring, a 196-kilometre-long (122mi) autobahn that encircles the city at some distance from the centre, and largely in the surrounding state ofBrandenburg. Central Berlin is connected to the A10 by several shorter autobahns: A111to the northwest (towards the A24 andTegel Airport) A113to the southeast (towards the A12, A13 andSchnefeld Airport) A114to the north (towards the A11) A115to the southwest (towards the A2 and A9)The A111, A113 and A115 connect with theA100 Berliner Stadtring, an autobahn that forms a half circle to the west of the inner city, and is one of the busiest motorways in Germany.There are plans to extend this motorway to form a full circle around the inner city.