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Bell-Ringer 1. Write out what you know
about astronomy.
2. How does the size of the Sun compare to the size of the Earth?
3. What types of tools do astronomers use?
Earth’s Address
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Earth
Solar System
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Milky Way Galaxy
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Milky Way Galaxy
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The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Tools of Astronomy:
Have you ever used a magnifying lens to read fine print?
If so, you have used a tool that gathers and focuses light.
Astronomers use telescopes to gather and focus light from distant objects.
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Tools of Astronomy:
What is radiation?
Astronomers study electromagnetic radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation includes visible light, infrared and ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, and gamma rays
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Parts of the wave
amplitude
trough wavelength
crest
rest position
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Wavelength measures the distance
between two equivalent parts of a wave
The distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave is called the wavelength.
In longitudinal waves, the wavelength is the distance between two compressions or two rarefactions.
The distance between two successive identical parts of a wave.
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Frequency measures the rate of
vibrations
The frequency of a wave is the number of full wavelengths that pass a point in a given time interval.
Measures how rapidly vibrations occur in the medium
Symbol for frequency is f.
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Frequency measures the rate of
vibrations
SI unit of frequency is hertz (Hz)
Unit named after Heinrich Hertz, who in 1888 became the first person to experimentally demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic waves
One vibration per second is 1 Hz
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Check for Understanding
In what ways do we
use electromagnetic
radiation on a daily
basis?
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Wavelength & Frequency
C = λf
C = speed of
light
Speed of light
C = 300,000,000 m/s
C = 186,000 miles per second
C = 671 million miles per hour
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Telescopes:
Objects in space emit
radiation in all
proportions of the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
Telescopes:
Telescopes give us
the ability to observe
wavelengths beyond
what the human eye
can detect.
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China Radio Telescope:
4m-Blanco Light Telescope:
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Hubble space telescope
:
Mars Landing Rover
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Voyager space probe
Jupitor from earth based
telescope
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Jupiter from Hubble
Jupiter from Voyager
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Telescopes:
The pupil of your eye
has a diameter of up
to 7mm when it is
adapted to darkness.
Telescopes:
If you compared the ratio of head size to eye size of a great horned owl and humans, your eyes would be the size of grapefruits.
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Telescopes:
Similarly, a telescopes opening,
called an aperture, might be as
large as 10 meters in diameter.
The larger the aperture, the more
light or electromagnetic radiation
can be gathered or collected.
Benefits of
Telescopes:
Telescopes can detect radiation beyond what the human eye can detect.
The larger aperture allows more radiation to be gathered so objects that are too dim to see can be recorded.
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Benefits of
Telescopes:
Another way that the telescope
surpasses the human eye is with the
aid of cameras, or other imaging
devices to create time exposures.
Telescopes can detect objects that
are too faint for the human eye to
see.
Time Exposure:
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Time Exposure:
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Refracting Telescope
Reflecting Telescope
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Reflecting Telescope
Interferometry:
Interferometry is a technique that
uses the images from several
telescopes to produce a single
image.
By combining multiple images,
astronomers can create detailed
images that could only be achieved
from larger telescopes.
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Bell-Ringer
What proof is there
that we have landed
on the moon?
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Refracting Telescope
Reflecting Telescope
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Interferometry:
Interferometry is a technique that
uses the images from several
telescopes to produce a single
image.
By combining multiple images,
astronomers can create detailed
images that could only be achieved
from larger telescopes.
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Reflector Array
Exploring the Moon
Astronomers have learned
much about the moon from
observations with telescopes.
Most of our knowledge about
the moon comes from
explorations by space probes
and landings by astronauts.
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Exploring the Moon
The first step toward reaching the moon was in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I
4 Years later, Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first human in space.
Sputnik 1
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Exploring the Moon
Exploring the Moon
In 1961, Alan B. Shepard, Jr.
was the first American in
space.
July 20, 1969, the Apollo 11
mission landed Neil Armstrong
and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin on
the Moon.
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Exploring the Moon
Exploring the Moon
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Exploring the Moon
The last mission of the Apollo program was Apollo 17 - December 7, 1972
Eugene “Gene” Cernan, Commander of Apollo 17, was the last person to set foot on the Moon.
No person has set foot on the Moon since 1972.
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The Lunar Surface:
Albedo is the amount of
sunlight that is reflected from
an objects surface.
The albedo of the moon is very
low. 7- 8%
Earth’s albedo is 31%
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The Lunar Surface:
The Lunar Surface:
Lunar highlands are heavily
cratered regions of the Moon
that are light in color and
mountainous.
Other regions called maria are
dark, smooth planes. 3km
lower in elevation
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A Trip to the Moon: 1902 Silent Film
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The Lunar Surface:
Craters on the Moon, called
impact craters, formed when
objects from space crashed
into the lunar surface.
The Lunar Surface:
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The Lunar Surface:
The material blasted out during
impacts falls back to the
Moon’s surface as ejecta.
Some craters have long trails
of ejecta, called rays, that
radiate outward from the
impact site.
Fresh ejecta
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The Lunar Surface:
Rilles are meandering,
valleylike structures that might
be collapsed lava tubes.
Lunar Properties
Our moon is unique among all
the moons in the solar system.
It is one of the largest moons
compared to the mass of the
planet it orbits.
It is solid and rocky, in contrast
with the icy composition of
most other moons.
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Lunar Properties
Our moon orbits very far from
Earth relative to other moons
and the planets they orbit.
Composition
The moon is made up of
minerals similar to those found
on Earth (mostly silicates).
The maria are mostly basalt,
but unlike basalt on earth, they
contain no water.
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Far Side
Far Side
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History of the Moon
The lunar surface is about the same
age of Earth (3.8-4.6 billion years)
We know this by radiometric dating
of rocks from the surface.
Based on the frequency of impact
craters, scientists theorize the Moon
was heavily bombarded during its
first 800 million years.
History of the Moon
A layer of loose
ground up rock
(regolith) several
meters thick formed
on the surface of the
moon due to heavy
bombardment of
asteroids.
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Layered Structure
Scientists infer from seismic data
collected by seismographs left on the
Moon that the Moon has a layered
structure, similar to Earth.
Layered Structure
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Formation of Maria
After the period of heavy bombardment,
lava welled up from the Moon’s interior
and in the large impact basins.
This created the dark smooth plains of
the maria that we see today.
Tectonics
The moon is no longer
tectonically active (No
volcanoes, no magnetic
field)
However, the moon
experiences an annual
moonquake.
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Giant Impact Theory
There are several theories to
explain how the moon came
into existence.
The most accepted theory by
astronomers is the “Giant
Impact Theory”
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Driving Question
Why is there no change of
season at the equator?
Effects of Earth’s Tilt:
Earth is tilted 23.5° relative to the ecliptic
plane
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Effects of Earth’s Tilt:
The ecliptic plane is the plane of Earth’s
orbit.
Effects of Earth’s Tilt
Earth’s orbit around the Sun and the tilt
of Earth contributes to the changes of
season we are familiar with.
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Effects of Earth’s Tilt:
At a solstice, the Sun is overhead at its
farthest distance either north or south of
the Equator.
Effects of Earth’s Tilt:
At an equinox, Earth’s axis is
perpendicular to the Sun’s rays and at
noon the sun is directly overhead at the
equator.
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Lunar Motions
Synchronous rotation explains why
only one side of the moon always faces
Earth.
It is the state at which the Moon’s orbital
period and rotation periods are equal.
The Moon’s orbital period (lunar month)
is 27.3 days.
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Today: Turn in any worksheets:
Eclipse simulation from Friday.
Lunar Phases
Lunar Phases Quiz Tomorrow!
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Tides:
The Sun and the Moon both contribute
to Earth’s tides by their gravitational pull
which creates bulges of ocean water.
Tides are observed every 12 hours as
the Earth rotates and the Moon orbits
the Earth.
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Spring and Neap Tides:
Solar Eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon
passes directly between the Sun and the
Earth.
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Types of Solar Eclipses
Depending on whether the Moon is at
perigee or apogee during a solar
eclipse, we may experience a total
eclipse or an annular eclipse
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Types of Solar Eclipses
A total eclipse occurs when the moon is
lined up directly between the Earth and
the Sun while at Perigee.
Types of Solar Eclipses
An annular eclipse occurs when the
moon is lined up directly between the
Earth and the Sun while at Apogee
During an annular eclipse, a ring of light
is visible.
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Lunar Eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon
passes through Earth’s Shadow
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ECLIPSE CALANDER
May 25, 2013 - Penumbral Lunar Eclipse.
The eclipse will be visible throughout most of
North America, South America, western
Europe, and western Africa.
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ECLIPSE CALANDER
August 21, 2017 - Total Solar Eclipse. This is a
rare, once-in-a-lifetime event for viewers in the
United States. The last total solar eclipse visible in
the United States occurred in 1979 and the next
one will not take place until 2024. The path of
totality will begin in the Pacific Ocean and travel
through the center of the United States. The total
eclipse will be visible in parts of Oregon, Idaho,
Wyoming, Nebraska, Missouri, Kentucky,
Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina
before ending in the Atlantic Ocean. A partial
eclipse will be visible in most of North America and
parts of northern South America.
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Foucault Pendulum
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Foucault Pendulum
For the Test: What you need to know:
Types of electromagnetic radiation
Types of telescopes
Surface features of the moon
Theory of the formation of the moon
Motion of the earth and moon around the sun.
Solstices, equinoxes, and eclipses
Phases of the moon
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1. Linking telescopes to
improve the detail in the
images obtained is called
________________.
Interferometry
Review:
2. A telescope that uses
curved lenses to focus
visible light is called a(an)
______________________
Refracting Telescope
Review:
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3. The Moon’s __________ is
the amount of sunlight
that its surface reflects.
Albedo
Review:
4. The __________ is the
point in the Moon’s orbit
when it is farthest from
Earth
Apogee
Review:
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5. Loose, ground-up rock,
such as the layer covering
much of the surface of the
moon.
Regolith
Review:
6. In the following diagram,
would it be winter or
summer in the northern
hemisphere?
Summer
Review:
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7. The far side of the moon has many more ________ than the near side?
a) maria
b) solstices
c) impact craters
d) equinoxes
Review:
7. The far side of the moon has many more ________ than the near side?
a) maria
b) solstices
c) impact craters
d) equinoxes
Review:
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8. A ____________ occurs when the Moon passes directly between the sun and the Earth.
a) Solstice
b) Solar Eclipse
c) Equinox
d) Lunar Eclipse
Review:
8. A ____________ occurs when the Moon passes directly between the sun and the Earth.
a) Solstice
b) Solar Eclipse
c) Equinox
d) Lunar Eclipse
Review:
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9. Who was the first person
to set foot on the moon?
a) Neil Armstrong
b) Buzz Aldrin
c) Yuri Gagarin
d) Alan Shepard
Review:
9. Who was the first person
to set foot on the moon?
a) Neil Armstrong
b) Buzz Aldrin
c) Yuri Gagarin
d) Alan Shepard
Review:
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9. During what time is the most
direct sunlight furthest north
of the equator?
a) Vernal Equinox
b) Autumnal Equinox
c) Summer Solstice
d) Winter Solstice
Review:
9. During what time is the most
direct sunlight furthest north
of the equator?
a) Vernal Equinox
b) Autumnal Equinox
c) Summer Solstice
d) Winter Solstice
Review:
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10. Approximately how long does it take for the moon to make one complete orbit around the earth?
a) 1 day
b) 1 week
c) 1 month
d) 1 year
Review:
10. Approximately how long does it take for the moon to make one complete orbit around the earth?
a) 1 day
b) 1 week
c) 1 month
d) 1 year
Review:
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The Sun-Earth-Moon System
For the Test: What you need to know:
Types of electromagnetic radiation
Types of telescopes
Surface features of the moon
Theory of the formation of the moon
Motion of the earth and moon around the sun.
Solstices, equinoxes, and eclipses
Phases of the moon
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Bell-Ringer:
Come up with a test question
that I will use on the Test
tomorrow.
Write it as a true/false or
multiple choice style question
Must be over a topic from
Chapter 27
Types of Telescopes
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Types of Telescopes
Types of Telescopes
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Types of Telescopes
Space-Based Astronomy
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Space-Based Astronomy
What benefit do robotic probes
have over human exploration?
The Lunar Surface
A
B Maria
Highlands
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The Lunar Surface
C
Impact
Crater
The Lunar Surface
D
Rays
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The Lunar Surface
E
Rilles
The Lunar Surface
Regolith
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