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ย Lesson 7 2 ย ืžืกืคืจย ื•ืจืข ืฉื™7 ย Lesson 7 / Leรงon 7 ื ืช ืจ ืž ื ย  ืžื”? ืฉืžืขืชื™ย  ืœื! ย What did you say? I didnโ€™t hear! Qu'avez-vous dit? Je n'ai rien entendu! Lesson Description: In this lesson we'll finally begin learning the past tense! We'll learn the past tense conjugation of pa'al-stem verbs (regular verbs) and we'll read about Rachel's trip to Eilat.ย Description de la leรงon: Dans ce cours, nous commencerons enfin ร  apprendre le passรฉ! Nous apprendrons la c onjugaison au passรฉ de binyan Pa alย et nous lirons le voyage de Rachel ร  Eilat. 'ย ย 

Beginners Unit B07

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8/14/2019 Beginners Unit B07

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Lesson 72

ืจ ืค ืก ืจ ืž ื• ืข ื™ 7ืฉ

Lesson 7 / Leรงon 7

ื ืช ืจ ืž ื” ื ื™?ืž ืช ืข ืž ื ืฉ !ืœ

What did you say?I didnโ€™t hear!

Qu'avez-vous dit? Je n'ai rien entendu!

Lesson Description:In this lesson we'll finally begin learning the past tense!We'll learn the past tense conjugation of pa'al-stem verbs (regular verbs) and we'll read about

Rachel's trip to Eilat.

Description de la leรงon:Dans ce cours, nous commencerons enfin ร  apprendre le passรฉ! Nous apprendrons la conjugaison

au passรฉ de binyan Pa al et nous lirons le voyage de Rachel ร  Eilat.'

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Lesson 74

ืจ ื› ื• ืจ ื– ื› ื• zoxer remember ื–

se rappelle

\ se

souvient

ืจ ื– ื• ืจ ื— ื– ื• xozer return ื—rentre \

revient

ื ืœ ื• ื ื— ืœ ื• xolemdreamrรชve ื—

ื‘ ืฉ ื• ื‘ ื— ืฉ ื• xoshevthink ื— pense \

reflรจchit

ื‘ ื ื• ื‘ ...)ืœ( ื› ื ื• ืœ(ื› (... ko'evhurtfait mal

ืก ืข ื• ืœ( ื› ืก ...)ืข ืข ื• ืœ(ื› ko'es be angryse fรขche )...ืข

ื‘ ืช ื• ื‘ื› ืช ื• kotevwriteรฉcritื›

ืฉ ื‘ ื• ืฉ ืœ ื‘ ื• ืœ loveshwear met

(vรชtement)

ื“ ืž ื• ื“ ืœ ืž ื• ืœ lomedlearn \ studyapprend \

รฉtudie

ื“ ื“ ื• ื“ ืž ื“ ื• moded ืžto try on \

measure

essaye(vรชtement)

\ mesure

ื ืฆ ื• ื ืž ืฆ ื• motsefindtrouve ืž

ืข ืก ื• ืข ื  ืก ื• nose'aride \ go ื 

voyage \ va

(par moyen

de

transport)

ืœ ืข ื• ืœ ื  ืข ื• ื no'el

lin'ol

lock \ put on

(footwear)

met

(chaussure)

\ chausse

ืจ ื’ ื• ืจืก ื’ ื• soger closefermeืก

ื— ืœ ื• ื— ...)ืœ( ืก ืœ ื• ืœ(ืก (... sole'axforgive pardonne

ืจ ืค ื• ืจ ืก ืค ื• sofer countcompte ืก

ื“ ื‘ ื• ื“ ืข ื‘ ื• ovedwork travaille ืข

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Lesson 75

ืจ ื– ื• ืจ...)ืœ( ืข ื– ื• ืœ(ืข (...ozer helpaide

ื“ ืž ื• ื“ ืข ืž ื• omedstand ืข

se tient

debout

ืฉ ื’ ื• ืฉ ืค ื’ ื• pogeshmeetrencontre ืค

ื“ ื— ื• ื“ ...)ืž( ืค ื— ื• poxed be afraid \ fear a peur ...)ืž(ืค

ื— ืช ื• ื— ืค ืช ื• pote'axopenouvre ืค

ืง ื“ ื• ืง ืฆ ื“ ื• ืฆ tsodek to be right \

correct

a raison \

correct

ืง ื— ื• ืง ืฆ ื— ื• ืฆ tsoxek laughrit

ืง ืข ื• ืง ืฆ ืข ื• ืฆ tso'ek shoutcrie

ื ืจ ื• ื ืง ืจ ื• korereadlit ืง

ื“ ืง ื• ื“ ืจ ืง ื• rokeddancedanse ืจ

ื— ื› ื• ื— ืฉ ื› ื• shoxe'axforgetoublie ืฉ

ื— ืœ ื• ื—...)ืœ( ืฉ ืœ ื• ืœ(ืฉ (...shole'axsendenvoie

ืœ ื ื• ืœ ืฉ ื ื• sho'elask (question) ืฉ pose une

question

ืจ ื‘ ื• ืจ ืฉ ื‘ ื• ืฉshover

lishbor break casse

ืข ืž ื• ืข ืฉ ืž ื• shome'ahear entend ืฉ

ื ื  ื• ื ืฉ ื  ื• sonehatehait ืฉ

ืš ืœ ื• ืš ื” ืœ ื• ื”holex

lalexetgo \ walk

va (ร  pied)

\ marche

ืข ื“ ื• ืข ื™ ื“ ื• ื™yode'a

lada 'atknowsait

ื ืฆ ื• ื ื™ ืฆ ื• ื™yotse

latsetgo out \ exitsort

ื“ ืจ ื• ื“ ื™ ืจ ื• ื™yored

lare det

go down \

descenddescend

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Lesson 76

ื‘ ืฉ ื• ื‘ ื™ ืฉ ื• ื™yoshev

lashe vetsits'assoit

ื— ืง ื• ื— ืœ ืง ื• ืœ loke'ax

laka xattake prend

ืŸ ืช ื• ืŸ ื  ืช ื• ื noten

latetgivedonne

ืจ ืž ื• ืจ ื ืž ื• ืomer

lomar saydit

ืจ ืž ื• ืœ( ืฉ ืจ ...)ืข ืž ื• ืœ(ืฉ ...)ืขshomer

lishmor

keep \ observe \

guard

garde \

observe

ืŸ ื™ ืž ื– ืž

ืŸ ื™ ืž ื– ื” ืœืŸ ื™ ืž ื– ืž

maz min

lehaz min invite \ order

invite \

reserve

ืจ ื— ื

ืช ืจ ื— ื

ื ื™ ืจ ื— ื

ืช ื• ืจ ื— ื

ืจ ื— ื

axer

axe ret

axe rim

axe rot

other \ differentautre \

different ืจ ื ื• ืช ืช ื• ืž ืฉ

Adjectives

ืŸ ื• ืจ ื— ื

ื” ื  ื• ืจ ื— ืืŸ ื• ืจ ื— ื

axa ron

axaro na lastdernier

ื™ ืจ ื— ื™ ื ืจ ื— axa ื rei after aprรจs

ื ืข .)ื ( ืค

ื ื™ ืž ืข ืคื ืข ืค

pa 'am

pe'a mim

(one) time \

oncefois \avant

ื™ ืœ ื™ ื“ ืž ื• ืืข

More

Wordsืช ื™ ืจ ื‘ ืช ื” ื• ื— ื• ืช ืœ ื™ ืจ ื‘ ืช ื” ื• ื— ื• ืœ luxot ha-brit

the two tablets

of stone on

which the Ten

Commandments

were engraved

les Tables

de la loi

You know (probably) many of these words. New words (words that we don't assume you are

familiar with) are highlighted with gray background.

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Lesson 77

Gender: ) ,is Zakhar ื– m .), and .ื  is Neqeva ( f .).

It is indicated only for words having irregular plural form or for feminine words that do not end

with he or tav )ื”( ) )ืช( ื“ ืœ ื•,ื”ื™ ื— ืชื )

The stressed syllable is larger and bold.

Vous connaissez (probablement) la plupart de ces mots. Les nouveaux mots (ceux qui nous

semblent nouveaux pour vous) ont le fond en gris.

Le genre: ) ,est Zakhar ื– m .), et .ื  est Neqeva ( f .). Le genre est indiquรฉ seulement dans le cas oรน le

nom commun au pluriel est irrรฉgulier ou dans le cas des mots au fรฉminin qui ne se terminent pas

avec he ou tav )ื”( ) )ืช( ื“ ืœ ื•,ื”ื™ ื— ืชื ).

Une syllabe accentuรฉe est large et grosse. La couleur bleue signifie que c'est la maniรจre correcte de

prononcer ce mot, mais les gens ne le font pas.

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Lesson 78

ืจ ื• ืข ื™ ืฉ ืŸ ื” ื ืž ื™ ืค ืง ืฉ

Slides from the Lesson / Diapositives de la leรงon

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Lesson 79

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Lesson 710

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Lesson 711

ืช ื™ ื™ ื‘ ืจ ื• ืข ื™ ืฉHomework / Devoirs

ื”.1 ืฉ ืง ื‘ ื”ื‘ ืœ ื‘ ื˜ ืช ื” ื ื ื™ ืœ ืฉ ื” :Write down the verbs in past tense .1 :ืœ

Complรฉtez le tableau ci-dessous:

ื™ ื  ื” ื ืช ืช ื ื ื ื• ื ื” ื™ ื• ื” ื  ื— ื  ื ื ืช ืŸ ื ืช ื ื ืŸ/ ื” ื”

ื™ ืช ื“ ืž ืœ

ืช ืœ ื› ื

ืช ื ืจ ืง

ืจ ื’ ืก

ื” ื“ ื‘ ืข

ื• ื  ื› ืœ ื”

ื ืช ืฉ ื’ ืค

ืŸ ืช ืจ ืž ื

ื• ืข ื“ ื™

ืช.2 ืจ ื ืž ื• ืœ ื‘ ื• ื• ืช ื› ื” ืœ ืฉ ืง ื‘ ื‘

ื ื™ ื˜ ืค ืฉ ืž ืื” ื™ ื ื‘ ืจ ื” ื‘ ืข : ื‘2. Write and say the followingsentences in past tense:

Ecrivez et dites les phrases suivantesau passรฉ:

ื ื• ื‘ื” ื” ื• ื” ืœื ืค ืช ืง ื• ืช .ืฉ

ื™ ื  ื“ื ืž ื• ืืœ ื™ ืจ ื‘ ื” ื“ ื‘ ืจ . ื”

ื ื™ ืชื” ื“ ื“ ื• ืืž ื™ ื™ ืก ื  ื› . ืž

ืŸ ืช ื” ื ืž ืชืœ ื• ืก ืข ื• ื™ื› ื  ืœ ื“ ? ืข

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Lesson 712

ื• ื  ื— ื  ืื ื™ ืฉ ื’ ื• ื”ืค ืค ืง ืช ื” ื™ ื‘ ื™ ื‘ ืช ื• ืช ืจ . ื

ื ืื” ื™ ืจ ื– ื• ืช ื‘ื— ืก ื  ื› ืช ื” ื™ ื‘ .6:30- ืž

ื ืช ืŸ ื ื ืืœ ื™ ืข ืก ื• ?ื 

ืช ื™ ื ืž ืชืœ ื— ืœ ื• ื‘ืฉ ืช ื› ืž ืช ื” ? ื

ืช ื• ื‘ ื ื• ืื› ื™ ื™ ืœ ื’ ืจ ื™ ื” . ืœ

ื” ืช ื” ื ืค ื™ ืœื ื› ื• ืื ื™ ื™ ืจ ื” ืช ืฆ ื— ื• ืจ ? ื

ื”.3 ืฉ ืง ื‘ ืื‘ ื™ ืœ ืฉ ื” ืชืœ ืค ื ืฉ ืž ืื” ื™ ื˜

ื ื™ ื ื‘ ืจื” ื‘ ืข : ื‘3. Complete the following sentencesin past tense:

Complรฉtez les phrases suivantes aupassรฉ:

ื‘ ื” ื• ื™ ื ื  ืœื ื• ื› ื ื”ืœ ืฆ ื™ ืœ. ืค ื• ืž ืช ื ื ื” ______________ _ื’ ืฆ ื™ .ืค

ื” ืฆ ื• ื ืจ ื™ ื“ื” ื• ืž ืœ ืชืœ ื• ื— ืค ื10 ืœ ื• ืœ ื™ ืช ื› ื• ืฉ ื“ ื ื— ื™ ืœ ื™ ืœ. ืž ื• ืž ืช ืื ื™ ื15 ____________ื” ื™ ืœ ื™ . ืž

ืฆ ื• ืช ืจ ืŸ ื ื ืขื”ืœ ื• ืก ื  ื”ืœ ื  ืฉ ื”? ื” ืจ ื‘ ืข ื” ืฉ ื  ืฉ ื”ืœ _______________ื‘ ื™ ืจ ื‘ .ื˜

ื ื™ ืฆ ื• ื• ืจ ื  ื— ื  ืฉื ื• ื’ ืค ื™ืœ ื  ืช ื“ ื. ื ืŸ ืœ ืž ื” ื– ื‘ ืจ ืจ ื” ื‘ ื• ____________ื› ืช ื• ื™(=ื ื  ืช ื“ ).ื

ืช ื• ื› ื™ ืจ ืŸ ืฆ ื” ื‘ ืฉ ืฉ ื• ื™ ื— ื  ื—ื ื• ืœ ืก ื™ืœ ืช ื• ืจ ื, ืœ ืŸ ืœ ืœ ื” ื‘ ื” ____________ื .ืœ

ื ื™ ืฆ ื• ื ืจ ื ืœ ืช ื—ื ื• ื› ืฉ ื”ืœ ืจ ื• ืž ืœ ื” ืŸ ืฉ ื• ืค ืœ ื˜ ืจ ื” ืค ืก ืช ืž ืœ, ื ื‘ ื• ___________ื ืช ื• ืก(=ื ืž ืช ื” ืจื ).ืค

ื‘ ื” ื• ื” ื ืช ื“ื ื• ืง ืจ ื,ืœ ืœ ืœ ื‘ ื” ___________ื ื‘ ื™ ืก ืž .ื‘

ืช ื• ื‘ ื” ื• ืŸ ื ืช ืชื ื‘ ืฉ ืŸืœ ื• ืœ ื— ื“ ื” ื™ ืœ, ืœ ื• ืž ืช ืœ ื ื‘ ืช ___________ื ืœ ื“ ื“ ื” ื™ .ืœ

ื‘ ื” ื• ื ื ื• ืชื” ื› ืœ ืŸืœ ื• ืจ ื˜ ื ื™ ืช ื, ืœ ื• ืœ ื” ื• ืž ืช ืœ ื ื‘ ืข __________ื ื• ื  ืœ ื• ืง .ืœ

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Lesson 713

ืฉ ืช ืœ ื• ื  ื• ืจ ืช ื™ืค ืจ ื• ืข ืชื”ื™ ื™ ื‘

Homework Answers / Rรฉponses aux Questions

ืช.1 ื ื ื™ ืœ ืฉ ื” ื” ืœ ืฉ ืง ื‘ ื”ื‘ ืœ ื‘ ื˜ :Write down the verbs in past tense .1 : ื”

Complรฉtez le tableau ci-dessous:

ื™ ื  ื” ื ืช ืช ื ื ื ื• ื ื” ื™ ื• ื” ื  ื— ื  ื ื ืช ืŸ ื ืช ื ื ืŸ/ ื” ื”

ื™ ืช ื“ ืž ึธืช ืœ ื“ ืž ืœ ึฐืช ื“ ืž ืœ ื“ ืž ืœ ื” ื“ ืž ืœ ื• ื  ื“ ืž ืœ ื ืช ื“ ืž ืœ ืŸ ืช ื“ ืž ืœ ื• ื“ ืž ืœ

ื™ ืช ืœ ื› ืช ื ืœ ื› ืช ื ืœ ื› ืœ ื ื› ื” ื ืœ ื› ื• ื ื  ืœ ื› ื ื ืช ืœ ื› ืŸ ื ืช ืœ ื› ื• ื ืœ ื› ื

ื™ ืช ื ืจ ืช ืง ื ืจ ืช ืง ื ืจ ื ืง ืจ ื” ืง ื ืจ ื ืง ืจ ื•ืง ื ื  ืช ื ืจ ืŸ ืง ืช ื ืจ ื• ืง ื ืจ ืง

ื™ ืช ืจ ื’ ืช ืก ืจ ื’ ืช ืก ืจ ื’ ืจ ืก ื’ ื” ืก ืจ ื’ ื• ืก ื  ืจ ื’ ื ืก ืช ืจ ื’ ืŸ ืก ืช ืจ ื’ ื• ืก ืจ ื’ ืก

ื™ ืช ื“ ื‘ ืช ืข ื“ ื‘ ืช ืข ื“ ื‘ ื“ ืข ื‘ ื” ืข ื“ ื‘ ื• ืข ื  ื“ ื‘ ื ืข ืช ื“ ื‘ ืŸ ืข ืช ื“ ื‘ ื• ืข ื“ ื‘ ืข

ื™ ืช ื› ืœ ืช ื” ื› ืœ ืช ื” ื› ืœ ืš ื” ืœ ื” ื” ื› ืœ ื• ื” ื  ื› ืœ ื ื” ืช ื› ืœ ืŸ ื” ืช ื› ืœ ื• ื” ื› ืœ ื”

ื™ ืช ืฉ ื’ ืช ืค ืฉ ื’ ืช ืค ืฉ ื’ ืฉ ืค ื’ ื” ืค ืฉ ื’ ื• ืค ื  ืฉ ื’ ื ืค ืช ืฉ ื’ ืŸ ืค ืช ืฉ ื’ ื• ืค ืฉ ื’ ืค

ื™ ืช ืจ ืž ืช ื ืจ ืž ืช ื ืจ ืž ืจ ื ืž ื” ื ืจ ืž ื• ื ื  ืจ ืž ื ื ืช ืจ ืž ืž ื ืŸื ืช ื• ืจ ืจ ืž ื

ื™ ืช ืข ื“ ืช ื™ ืข ื“ ืช ื™ ืข ื“ ืข ื™ ื“ ื” ื™ ืข ื“ ื• ื™ ื  ืข ื“ ื ื™ ืช ืข ื“ ืŸ ื™ ืช ืข ื“ ื• ื™ ืข ื“ ื™

ืช.2 ืจ ื ืž ื• ืœ ื‘ ื• ื• ืช ื› ื” ืœ ืฉ ืง ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ ืค ืฉ ืž ืื” ื™ ื ื‘ ืจ ื” ื‘ ืข : ื‘

2. Write and say the followingsentences in past tense:

Ecrivez et dites les phrases suivantesau passรฉ:

ื ื• ื‘ื” ื” ื• ื”ื ืค ืช ืง ื• ืช ืฉ ื . ืœ ื• ื‘ื” ื” ื”ื ืค ืช ืง ื• ืช ืฉ . ืœ

ื™ ื  ื“ื ืž ื• ืืœ ื™ ืจ ื‘ ื” ื“ ื‘ ืจ ื™( . ื” ื  ื™ )ื ืช ื“ ืž ืœ ื ื™ ืจ ื‘ ื” ื“ ื‘ ืจ . ื”

ื ื™ ืชื” ื“ ื“ ื• ืืž ื™ ื™ ืก ื  ื› ื . ืž ื™ ื”ื” ื“ ื“ ืืž ื™ ื™ ืก ื  ื› . ืž

8/14/2019 Beginners Unit B07

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/beginners-unit-b07 13/13

Lesson 714

ืŸ ืช ื” ื ืž ืชืœ ื• ืก ืข ื• ื™ื› ื  ืœ ื“ ื” ? ืข ืž ืŸ( ืœ ืช ืŸ )ื ืช ืก ืข ื™ื› ื  ืœ ื“ ? ืข

ื• ื  ื— ื  ืื ื™ ืฉ ื’ ื• ื”ืค ืค ืง ืช ื” ื™ ื‘ ื™ ื‘ ืช ื• ืช ืจ ื•( . ื ื  ื— ื  ื• )ื ื  ืฉ ื’ ื”ืค ืค ืง ืช ื” ื™ ื‘ ื™ ื‘ ืช ื• ืช ืจ . ื

ื ืื” ื™ ืจ ื– ื• ืช ื‘ื— ืก ื  ื› ืช ื” ื™ ื‘ ื .6:30- ืž ื•ื” ืจ ื– ืช ื‘ื— ืก ื  ื› ืช ื” ื™ ื‘ .6:30- ืž

ื ืช ืŸ ื ื ืืœ ื™ ืข ืก ื• ืŸ ?ื  ื ื( ืœ ืช ื )ื ืช ืข ืก ?ื 

ืช ื™ ื ืž ืชืœ ื— ืœ ื• ื‘ืฉ ืช ื› ืž ืช ื” ื™ ? ื ืž ืช( ืœ ืช )ื ื— ืœ ื‘ืฉ ืช ื› ืž ืช ื” ? ื

ืช ื• ื‘ ื ื• ืื› ื™ ื™ ืœ ื’ ืจ ื™ ื” ื• . ืœ ื‘ ื ืื› ื™ ื™ ืœ ื’ ืจ ื™ ื” . ืœ

ื” ืช ื” ื ืค ื™ ืœื ื› ื• ืื ื™ ื™ ืจ ื” ืช ืฆ ื— ื• ืจ ื” ? ื ืค ื™ ื”( ื ืช ืช )ื ืœ ื› ืื ื™ ื™ ืจ ื” ืช ืฆ ื— ื• ืจ ?ื

ื”.3 ืฉ ืง ื‘ ืื‘ ื™ ืœ ืฉ ื” ืชืœ ื ื ื™ ื˜ ืค ืฉ ืž ื”

ื ื™ ื ื‘ ืจื” ื‘ ืข : ื‘3. Complete the following sentencesin past tense:

Complรฉtez les phrases suivantes aupassรฉ:

ื‘ ื” ื• ื™ ื ื  ืœื ื• ื› ื ื”ืœ ืฆ ื™ ืœ. ืค ื• ืž ืช ื ื ื™ื’ ืช ืœ ื› ื”ื ืฆ ื™ . ืค

ื” ืฆ ื• ื ืจ ื™ ื“ื” ื• ืž ืœ ืชืœ ื• ื— ืค ื10 ืœ ื• ืœ ื™ ืช ื› ื• ืฉ ื“ ื ื— ื™ ืœ ื™ ื. ืž ื™ ืœ ื” ื• ืž ืช ื”ื ื“ ืž ืœ ื15 ื™ ืœ ื™ . ืž

ื” ืฆ ื• ืช ืจ ืŸ ื ื ืขืœ ื• ืก ื  ื”ืœ ื  ืฉ ื”? ื” ืจ ื‘ ืข ื” ืฉ ื  ืฉ ืชื‘ ืข ืก ื” ืœื  ื™ ืจ ื‘ .ื˜

ื ื™ ืฆ ื• ื• ืจ ื  ื— ื  ืฉื ื• ื’ ืค ื™ืœ ื  ืช ื“ ืจ. ื ื‘ ืื› ืŸ ืœ ืž ื” ื– ื‘ ืจ ื•ื” ื  ืฉ ื’ ื•ืค ืช ื• ื™(= ื ื  ืช ื“ ).ื

ืช ื• ื› ื™ ืจ ืŸ ืฆ ื” ื‘ ืฉ ืฉ ื• ื™ ื— ื  ื—ื ื• ืœ ืก ื™ืœ ืช ื• ืจ ื, ืœ ืŸ ืœ ืœ ื” ื‘ ื•ื ื— ืœ ื”ืก . ืœ

ื ื™ ืฆ ื• ื ืจ ื ืœ ืช ื—ื ื• ื› ืฉ ื”ืœ ืจ ื• ืž ืœ ื” ืŸ ืฉ ื• ืค ืœ ื˜ ืจ ื” ืค ืก ืช ืž ืœ, ื ื‘ ืื ืช ื— ื› ื•ืฉ ืช ื• ืจ(= ื ืค ืก ืž ืช ื” ).ื

ื‘ ื” ื• ื” ื ืช ื“ื ื• ืง ืจ ื,ืœ ืœ ืœ ื‘ ืชื ื“ ืง ื”ืจ ื‘ ื™ ืก ืž . ื‘

ืช ื• ื‘ ื” ื• ืŸ ื ืช ืชื ื‘ ืฉ ืŸืœ ื• ืœ ื— ื“ ื” ื™ ืœ, ืœ ื• ืž ืช ืœ ื ื‘ ืŸื ืช ื‘ ืฉ ืชื™ ืœ ื“ ื“ ื” ื™ . ืœ

ื ื• ื‘ื” ื” ื• ืชื ื› ืœ ืŸืœ ื• ืจ ื˜ ื ื™ ืช ื, ืœ ื• ืœ ื” ื• ืž ืช ืœ ื ื‘ ืšื ืœ ืขื” ื• ื  ืœ ื• ืง . ืœ