Baroque

Late 16th century throughout 17th century

• Stylistically complex and often containing opposing styles

• Emotional response by invoking sensory stimuli• Drama• Movement• Baroque pulled from the emotion and movement

idealized in Mannerism• Combined the above with ideals of solidity,

formidable figures and grandeur from High Renaissance

Background

• Rome artistic capital of Europe again• Catholic church biggest patron of arts• Associated with the Catholic Counter Reformation• Movement spread outward from Rome• Each area modified the movement to fit their

ideology….Spain/Latin America more zealous on religious ideology, whereas in Holland it barely appeared

• France saw great culmination in Baroque through patronage of Louis XIV, who saw the interaction between the arts culminate in a powerful display of royalty…Versailles and it’s gardens, art, sculptures etc

Notable Artists

• From Italy=Caravaggio, Annibale Carracci, Gianlorenzo Bernini and Andrea Pozzo

• From Flanders= Peter Paul Rubens

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio• 1573-1610• Born in Caravaggio• Orphaned at 11• Apprenticed to Simone Peterzano for 4 years• Traveled to Rome where a dealer introduced him to Cardinal

Francesco del Monte• Commissioned at age 24 to paint at the church San Luigi dei

Francesi • Created 3 panel works on St. Matthew that were so realistic and

dramatic, people were affronted• Despite criticism…he flourished and became celebrated• Ran into trouble…wanted for murder and fled Rome, waiting for a

pardon from the Pope• He traveled incessantly• Ended up in Malta, where he was celebrated as great artist and

received pardon• Wrongfully imprisoned for a couple days, the boat that was to take

him to Rome left with his possessions but forgot him• He was so despondant, fatigued and ill, he collapsed on beach and

died a few days later

The Inspiration of Saint

Matthew 1602; Oil on

canvas, 9' 8 1/2" x 6' 2 1/2"; Contarelli

Chapel, Church of San Luigi dei

Francesi, Rome

Judith Beheading Holofernes

c. 1598; Oil on canvas

The Sacrifice of Isaac

1590-1610; Oil on canvas;

Annibale Carracci• 1560-1609• Belonged to a family of painters from Bolognese• All extremely talented and eventually created a school for artisans

called Academia degli Incamminati (Academy of the Progressives) • Stressed Life Drawing and incredible draughtsmanship• Influenced and trained many incredible artists• 1595, Annibale called to Rome to paint Cardinal Odoardo Farnese

to paint in his palace gallery• The ceiling in the larger gallery became one of the great fresco

masterpieces, in company with Michaelangelo’s Sistine Chapel and Raphael’s Vatican works

• Technically amazing• Created hundreds of drawing preparing for the frescoes• This planning was influential to artists thereafter • Fell out of favor near the end of his life…stopped painting for the

last few years of his life• Buried near Raphael

Detail of the Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne by

Annibale Carracci, the Farnese Gallery, 1595

The Virgin Appearing to St Luke and St Catherine

1592Oil on canvas

Baroque architecture

• Utilized to help establish grandeur of Royal class and strengthen ties to Catholic Church

• 1) Standard practice to incorporate a horizontal line of statues along roof to hide sloping angles

• Introduced this concept to any horizontal line, such as garden walls

• 2) Use of statue forms to replace columns: caryatids: uprights in the form of female or telamons : uprights in the male form

• 3) Use of freize : coat of arms, trophies etc extolling royalty

Characteristics•Dramatic use of lighting: either strong light-and-shade contrasts (chiaroscuro effects) as at the church of Weltenburg Abbey, or uniform lighting by means of several windows (e.g. church of Weingarten Abbey)

•opulent use of colour and ornaments (putti or figures made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing)

•large-scale ceiling frescoes

•an external façade often characterized by a dramatic central projection

•the interior is a shell for painting, sculpture and stucco (especially in the late Baroque)

•illusory effects like trompe l'oeil(is an art technique involving extremely realistic imagery in order to create the optical illusion that the depicted objects appear in three dimensions.) and the blending of painting and architecture

•pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian, Czech, Polish, and Ukrainian Baroque

•Marian and Holy Trinity columns erected in Catholic countries, often in thanksgiving for ending a plague

Sicilian Baroque:

San Benedetto in Catania.

Vaux-le-Vicomte near Paris: Louis Le Vau and André Le

Nôtre, 1661

Wilanów palace in Warsaw represents a modest type of

baroque residence

Sculpture

Gianlorenzo Bernini

• 1598-1680• Son of a sculptor, who instructed and helped Bernini

gain patronage• Virtuoso• Transformed sculptural works from single viewpoints to

works that required the viewer to walk around work to see complete story= the visual story often includes space beyond viewer

• Integrated painting, architecture and sculpture in his works

• sculptor son Domenico summed him up best: 'Aspro di natura, fisso nell'operazione, ardente nell'ira' - 'stern by nature, rock steady in work, warm in anger'.

Apollo and Daphne1622-25Carrara marble

David1623-24

White marble

Baldaccino over the High

Altar of St. Peter's

1624-33Bronze and

goldHeight 95 feet

Vatican, Rome

Ecstasy of St. Teresa

1647-52Marble

height c. 11' 6"

Peter Paul Rubens

• Flemish born painter 1577-1640

• Knighted in Spain and England

• Painter, architect, scholar

• Style characteristics: Movement, color, and sensuality

The Conversion of St. Paul

Christ and St. John with Angels

The Rape

of Europa c. 1630

Daniel in the Lions'

Den (detail) 1613

Critique: Andrea Pozzo Sant’Ignazio Church Trompe L’oeil Ceiling 1680′s

Michaelangelo sistine chapel ceiling

Resources

• http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/baroque/

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese• http://www.students.sbc.edu/oneal08/Cornaro

%20Chapel.html• http://www.artchive.com/artchive/B/bernini.html• http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/

STY-Baroque.htm• http://www.peterpaulrubens.org/

Critique

Artemisia Gentileschi 1593 – 1656Judith Beheading Holofernes

Correggio Ganymede1531-32

Oil on canvas

Comparative Summary

Peter Paul Rubens Christ and St. John with Angels oil on canvas