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Fasilitas PermukaanBagian Pertama
dari Kuliah Transmigas
RS. Trijana [email protected]
Universitas TrisaktiDepartemen Teknik Perminyakan
References
Surface Production Operations, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, Arnold, K., Stuart M.I., Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas
Oil Field Processing Volume One: Natural Gas, Manning F.S., Thompson, R.E., Buthod, P., PenWells Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
References
Oil Field Processing Volume One: Crude Oil, Manning, F.S., Thompson, R.E., Buthod, P., Sublette, K.L., PenWells Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
GPSA Engineering Data Book, Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Grading
Attendance 10%(sesuai peraturan minimum 70%)
Assignments 20% Mid Semester 30% Final Exam 40%
Surface Production FacilitiesIntroduction
Evacuation
Compression
ContainmentRemoval
Dew PointConditioning
Gas
Oil
Evacuation
Degassing
Dehydration
Disposal
De-OilingWater
ProductionfromWells
Surface Treatment of Fluids
Separationand
Treatment
Oil Well Surface Treating System
Heater-Treater(Separates oil, gas
and emulsified water)
Oil storage
To pipeline
Wellhead
Free-Water Knockoutor Separator(Eliminates freewater and gas)
LACT Unit(Meters oil, measures
impurities, sends impure oil back to
heater-treater)
Lease Automatic Custody Transfer
Perforations
Packers Casing
Well Components
Christmas tree
AngelWellhead monitors and controls well pressures
Tubing
Casing head
Tubing head
Wellhead
Suspend casing and tubing in well
Master valve
Wellhead
Stops fluid flow, shutting in well
Casing valve
Wing valveControls production line
To productionequipment
Pressure gaugesChoke
Wellhead
Tee
To productionequipment
Basic Separator
Gas/oilMixture
Gas
Oil levelcontrolFloat
Oil
Gas
Oil
If oil level drops, float closes oil outlet
Vertical Separator
Primarily used for
high gas content wells
Gas
Oil
Three-Phase SeparatorGas
Water Oil
Feed
Demister
Weir
Water
Horizontal SeparatorPrimarily used for high liquid content wells
Courtesy of Expro Group
Horizontal Separator
Offshore Oil Storage
OilSales
Production platform(Oil processing only)
Oil storageplatform
Wells
Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading System (FPSO)
Anchor chainsFlexible risers
Shuttle tanker (transfers oil from moored
tanker to refinery)
Storage and treating tanker (moored to sea floor)
Floating Production,
Storage, and Offloading
System (FPSO)
Nodal Analysisand Artificial Lift
Artificial Lift
phPh = hydrostatic
pressure
pwfPwf = flowing well
pressure
Psurf = surface pressure
psurf
Artificial lift is required when reservoir pressure is not sufficient to lift fluids to surface.
Uses alternate sources to lift or lighten fluid column
Artificial Lift
Neglecting frictional forces, the well:
Flows if pwf
pwf
Ph = hydrostatic pressure
Pwf = flowing well pressure
Psurf = surface pressure
> ph + psurfph
psurf
+
Artificial Lift
pwf
Ph = hydrostatic pressure
Pwf = flowing well pressure
Psurf = surface pressure
ph
psurf
+
Dies if pwf ph + psurf
Neglecting frictional forces, the well:
Flows if pwf > ph + psurf
Artificial lift needed
Artificial Lift
Decreases backpressure against reservoir
Increases pressure difference (drawdown) between reservoir and wellbore.
Common Artificial Lift Types
Sucker rod pump (or beam pump)
Gas lift
Electric submersible pump (ESP)
Hydraulic pump
PCP
Sucker Rod Pumping
Most common artificial lift method. Used mostly in shallow to medium-depth oil fields (< 10,000 ft).
Identified by characteristic pump unit.
Surface pumping unit is connected via sucker rods to a downhole pump.
Conventional Rod Pumping System
Base
Polished Rod
Flow Line
Downhole Pump
HorseheadEqualizer Bearing
Pitman
Walking Beam
Samson Posts Must support load on polished rod
Strong enough to resist bending under weights at both ends
Holds polished rod on verticalTransfer rotary motion from cranks to walking
beam
Gas Lift InstallationsProduction
Conventionalvalves
Open installation
Gas Injection is performed in stages from top to bottom via gas lift valves until all liquid is removed and well is flowing
Gas injected at depth lightens density of the liquid column
Added gas decreases hydrostatic pressure
Fluid seal
Gas Lift InstallationsProduction
Conventionalvalves
Packer
Gas
Closed installation
Standingvalve
GAS LIFT PRODUCTIO
N FLOW CHART
Gas Lift Requirements
Careful design Surface gas compression and a
supply of gas No reciprocating rods
Less damaging to tubing No special wellhead equipment
Electric Submersible Pump (ESP)
Power Cable
Pump
Pump intake
Protector
MotorPerforations
Fluids enter system
Run with tubing stringBanded to tubing
Hung below fluid levelby discharge head
Equalizes pressuresIsolates motor from fluids
Mounted above perforations for cooling
Surface powerenters through wellhead
Fluid Level
ESPs
Designed to pump at very high flow rates (100 to 10,000 BPD)
Sensitive to solids and free gas
Under favorable conditions, can run several years
Less efficient than other methods
Expensive
Progressive Cavity Pump
Cross Section of PCP
Principals of hydraulic lift operation.
Operation of positive
displacement
Jet or Venturi Pump
Pressure
Rate
Natural flow (NF)Beam pumping (BP)
Electric submersiblepumping (ESP)
Gas lift (GL)
qNF qGLqBP qEP
Pressure Losses in Well System
P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir
P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion
P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing
P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline
Pr PePwfsPwf
P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
P3 = Pwf - Pwh
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
PsepSales line
Gas
LiquidStock tank
PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss
Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.
Pwh
Nodal Analysis
P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir
P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion
P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing
P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline
Pr PePwfsPwf
P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
P3 = Pwf - Pwh
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
PsepSales line
Gas
LiquidStock tank
PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss
Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.
Pwh
Inflow Performance Curve
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Flow
ing
botto
mho
le p
ress
ure,
psi
Inflow (Reservoir) Curve
Outflow Performance Curve
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Flow
ing
botto
mho
le p
ress
ure,
psi
Outflow (Tubing) Curve
System Graph
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Production rate, STB/D
Flow
ing
botto
mho
le p
ress
ure,
psi
Inflow (Reservoir) CurveOutflow (Tubing) Curve
2111 STB/D
1957.1 psi
Solution Node At Wellhead
P1 = Pr - Pwfs = Loss in reservoir
P2 = Pwfs - Pwf = Loss across completion
P3 = Pwf - Pwh = Loss in tubing
P4 = Pwh - Psep = Loss in flowline
Pr PePwfsPwf
P1 = (Pr - Pwfs)P2 = (Pwfs - Pwf)
P3 = Pwf - Pwh
P4 = (Pwh - Psep)
PsepSales line
Gas
LiquidStock tank
PT = Pr - Psep = Total pressure loss
Adapted from Mach et al, SPE 8025, 1979.
Pwh
System Graph - Wellhead Node
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Production rate, STB/D
Flow
ing
wel
lhea
d pr
essu
re, p
si
Inflow CurveOutflow Curve
2050 STB/D
500 psi
Pressure
Rate
Natural flow (NF)Beam pumping (BP)
Electric submersiblepumping (ESP)
Gas lift (GL)
qNF qGLqBP qEP
Basic Process Scheme
Process Overview
Oil and Gas Production
Oil and gas is produced in almost every part of the world.
Production from 100 bbl/day to 4000 bbl/day per well.
Depth of production from 20 m to 3000 m, and more.
Current trend of petroleum production: Explore reservoirs at ultra high water depth. Develop subsea production system
Production System
1. Onshore well2. Offshore, fixed,
muiltiplatforms3. Offshore, fixed, self
contained platforms4. Offshore, self contained,
concrete gravity platforms
5. Offshore, floating, single-point mooring
6. Storage/shuttle tanker7. Offshore, floating, tension
leg platforms8. Subsea manifolds
OnshoreProduction from a few tens barrels a day upward.Worldwide, there are several millions oil and gasproduction wells.Production system:sucker rod pump(donkey pump).
Onshore (Cont.) Heavy crude, tar sands and
oil shales have become economically extractible. Heavy crude may need
heating and diluent. Tar sands have lost their
volatile compounds and are strip mined or could be extracted with steam.
These unconventional of reserves may contain more than double thehydrocarbons found in conventional reservoirs.
Subsea FPSO Development
Accomodation
Heli-deck
Offloading
Power genarationProcess facilitiesShuttle tanker
Thruster
Mooring Chain/WireSubsea SystemsRiser
Thurett
Offshore Production System
Type of Offshore Platform
to 400 ft)
(to 1500 ft) (1500 to 3000 ft)
(1500 to 7000 ft)
(2000 to 10000 ft)
Type of Offshore Platform (Cont.)in relation with water depth
Shallow Water ComplexWater depth up to 100 m.Several independent platforms with different parts of the process and utilities linked with gangway bridges.Individual platforms will be described as:-Wellhead Platform-Riser Platform-Processing Platform-Accommodations-Platform and Power-Generation Platform
Integrated Steel Jacket Platform
Fasilitas PermukaanBagian Pertama dari Kuliah TransmigasReferencesReferencesGradingSurface Production FacilitiesIntroductionSurface Treatment of FluidsOil Well Surface Treating SystemWell ComponentsWellheadWellheadWellheadBasic SeparatorVertical SeparatorThree-Phase SeparatorHorizontal SeparatorHorizontal SeparatorOffshore Oil StorageFloating Production, Storage, and Offloading System (FPSO)Slide Number 19Nodal Analysisand Artificial LiftArtificial LiftArtificial LiftArtificial LiftArtificial LiftCommon Artificial Lift Types Sucker Rod PumpingConventional Rod Pumping SystemGas Lift InstallationsGas Lift InstallationsSlide Number 30Gas Lift RequirementsElectric Submersible Pump (ESP)ESPsProgressive Cavity PumpCross Section of PCPPrincipals of hydraulic lift operation.Operation of positivedisplacementJet or Venturi PumpSlide Number 39Pressure Losses in Well SystemNodal AnalysisInflow Performance CurveOutflow Performance CurveSystem GraphSolution Node At WellheadSystem Graph - Wellhead NodeSlide Number 47Basic Process SchemeProcess OverviewOil and Gas ProductionProduction SystemOnshoreOnshore (Cont.)Subsea FPSO Development Offshore Production SystemType of Offshore PlatformType of Offshore Platform (Cont.)Shallow Water ComplexIntegrated Steel Jacket Platform