Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
2
Authors and consultants:
Elena Zubcov, doctor habilitated, professor, expert in water quality and aquatic ecosystems,
Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology, IZ ASM.
Nadejda Andreev, PhD in biology, president of AO WiSDOM, expert in sustainable sanitation
Lucia Bilețchi, PhD in biology, assistant professor, expert in the field of water quality and
aquatic ecosystems, Researcher coordinator, Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology,
Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
Peter Mawioo, PhD fellow, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, expert in sustainable
sanitation
Natalia Gozak, Regional Coordinator, the project Climate Forum East (II), WWF-DCP, Ukraine
Maria Tarigradean, national coordinator, the project Climate Forum East (II), Eco-Contact
Nina Bagrin, Researcher coordinator, PhD in biology, assistant professor, expert in the field
of water quality, Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Zoology
Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Natalia Borodin, researcher, expert in the field of water quality, Laboratory of Hydrobiology
and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Zoology Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Sergiu Andreev, member of NGO WiSDOM, expert on sustainable sanitation
Valentina Carastan, mayor of Slobozia Mare
Sergiu Mariceanu, vice-mayor of Slobozia Mare
Chiciuc Maria, director of the Thorethical Lyceum, "Mihai Eminescu", village Slobozia Mare
Borcea Zinaida, vice-director, Theorethical Lyceum, "Mihai Eminescu", village Slobozia Mare
Olga Rotaru, director kindergarten nr.2, village Slobozia Mare
Svetlana Tecuci, director, gymnasium "Alecu Mare", village Slobozia Mare
Ana-Ioana Bilețchi, MSc in the management of public administratio nagementul
adminisitrației publice, mun. Chișinău
Copyright and distribution of materials This document has been developed by Public Association "Wisdom” with the support of Public Association EcoContant, under the program „Climate Forum East” (CFE II). This program is financed by the European Union, Austrian Development Cooperation and the Austrian Red Cross. Copies of all or part of this study may be made for non-commercial use, providing the source is acknowledged. "Wisdom” and CFE II would appreciate receiving details of this use. Requests for commercial reproduction should be directed to [email protected] , [email protected] and [email protected].
3
1. Why it is necessary a local action adaptation plan to climate change in
Slobozia Mare?
The challenges of climate change and the adjustments related to these must be fully
included in the local politics agenda, due to significant inaction costs (UNDP, 2010). Republic
of Moldova is a country with a low index of human development, being extremely vulnerable
to climate change variability. According to the climate studies, starting from 1990, the
climate in Republic of Moldova has become drier, with much more frequent droughts and
big agricultural loses (Kaplina et al., 2011). Therefore, the economic loses from natural
disasters like droughts, floods and hail from 1984-2006 amounted approximately 2% of
GDP. This kind of catastrophic drought like the one from 2007 have caused 75% loses for
such important crops like wheat, corn and coleslaw flower (Kaplina et al., 2011). The
planning of adaption measures for the climate change risks, including the counteraction of
the caused results is planned to be executed at the national and local level, in which process
actors from all sectors like water resources management, agriculture, waste management
must be involved.
In the South of Moldova, the frequency of droughts is higher and the desertification
is becoming more intense in comparison with other areas of the country. Water resources
are essential for the economic development of Slobozia Mare County, their impact affects
the other sectors like agriculture. Despite the drinking water resources vulnerability, there
are not enough data concerning the state of water resources at the local level, their
consumption, reuse and the potential for sustainable development. High temperatures and
long periods of droughts contribute to a reduction of the amount of available water for both
human consumption and for achieving agricultural activities that are indispensable for
survival in rural localities. At the same time, the local population from Slobozia Mare uses
inadequate sanitation (e.g. septic, uncovered tanks, latrines), thus endangering the existing
groundwater and underground water resources. Increasing of the pollution may grow at the
same time with the increasing of extreme phenomena like devastating torrential rains. There
are no recent studies concerning the vulnerable parts of locality at the floods, droughts,
landslides, and the local population is not so well informed on extreme meteorological
4
phenomena and the measures or reduction of damages. An increased attention in this
context should be given to agriculture and sanitation whose operation depends heavily on
water resources, these sectors being more vulnerable to the climate change.
Local action adaptation plan to climate change is indispensable as long as water
resources become limited, pollution degree remains high, human knowledge is low and the
potential economic risks and various adjustment scenarios of sanitation technologies,
recycling and collection of organic waste activities, collection and reuse of rainwater,
reducing water consumption and conservation of water resources in agriculture are
undervalued. The impact of climate change on society depends mostly on human
development performance, the capacity of adaptation, the ability and the potential to react
appropriately to the climate change variability, that depend mostly on behavior, resources
and technologies adjustment. The action plan for adaptation to the climate change was
elaborated in Slobozia Mare through consulting of the local actors through an assessment of
the ordinary citizens’ opinion. We hope that this will serve as a first step in conducting
activities for sustainable use of water resources, wetlands protection, applying of
sustainable sanitation systems, impact reduction of extreme phenomena and of potential
agricultural loses and the attenuation of negative effects on human health.
2. Materials and methods used
2.1. Techiques for the collection of relevant information
Literature review. Different information resources were consulted, including reports and
documents at the national and local level, data on temperature and precipitation available
online were also reviewed.
Survey and interviewing of local actors – a questionnaire with 101 respondents was realized
through the involvement of local teachers and pupils from high grades. The survey questions
were referred to drinking water sources, affordable water quantity, water utility in different
cases, and droughts impact on water quantity and agricultural activities, sanitation system
and organic waste management. Additional to the survey other people from locality were
5
interviewed (approximately 57 respondents) on the issues related to climate change and the
adaptation actions carried out at the local level. The obtained results were analysed with the
use of Excel.
Collection and analysis of water samples from aqueduct and wells. Collection and analysis
of water samples from aqueduct and wells were collected and chemical analyzis in
laboratory was performed for the following parameters: mineralization, hardness, principal
ions, nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), trace elements (F, Al, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,
Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn), chemical oxygen consumption with potassium
permanganate.
Workshop with local actors. At this workshop the main actions in the context of adaptation
for the climate changes were defined, with a particular focus on water resources and
sanitation sector.
Consultation with local actors. The draft of the document was distributed by consultation of
the major local actors, the mayoralty and educational institutions (lyceum and gymnasium).
Supplimentary, simple citizens in the streed were also consulted.
2.2. Normative documents consulted
The adaptation plan to climate change for water resources was elaborated in
accordance to Government Decision nr. 33 from 11.01.2007 on the rules of elaboration and
the standard requirements of policy documents (Published in Oficial Monitor Nr. 006 din
19.01.2007, art. Nr.44). According to the requirements stipulated by the document, an
action plan shall include: a) obiectives; b) practical actions for the realization of the proposed
objectives, c) time frames of the actions; e) responsibles for implementation; f) progress
indicators; g) sources of funding; h) procedures for evaluation and reporting.
National policy framework for adaptation to climate change (ONU framwork
convention on climate change, ratified by the Decision of the Parliament of the
Republic of Moldova nr.404-XIII from 16.03.95, the National Strategy for Adaptation
to Climate Change of the Republic of Moldova).
6
National strategy for the reduction of the effects of droughts, prevention and
combating of land desertification in short, medium and long term.
Regulation on the quality requirements of surface waters. Decision of the
Government of the Republic of Moldova Hotărîrea Nr. 890 from 12.11.2013.
Published in Official Monitor Nr. 262-267 from 22.11.2013, art. Nr.1006.
Regulation on quality requirements for groundwaters. Decision of the Goverment of
the Republic of Moldova nr. 931 from 20.11.2013. Published in Official Monitor Nr.
276-280 din 29.11.2013, art. Nr.1037.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova, 2014. Hygienic regulations.
Requirements for the quality of drinking water from descentralized water supply
systems. Setlement and maintaining of wells and springs.
http://renasterearurala.vox.md/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Regulamentul-
igienic.pdf
3. Background information on the community
3.1 Location of the village Slobozia Mare
The village Slobozia Mare is located in the south west part of Cahul county, on the
left bank of the river Prut, at a distance of 30 km from Vulcanesti, 45 km from Cahul and 18
km from the Reni railroad, at la 45 °C34´30“ north latitudes and 26° 1´50“ easth longitude.
The village is bordered at west by lake Beleu and river Prut, at Nord by the Valeni agricultural
fields, at east by the Vulcanesti and Cismichioi agricultural fields and at south by Cislita Prut
(Fig.1). Slobozia Mare commune has a total surface of 108.42 square km, with a perimeter of
55.84 km. According to the data of the 2004 census, village population is constituted by 5960
people, 48.54 % representing men and 51.46% - women (Sin, 2011).
3.2 Relief
The village is crossed by two valleys: Tatarcei Valley with Tatarca ravine that is joined
on the east side with Saraien hill, which starts in the center of the village to the lower garden
7
area. The land is rugged by grooves, small hummocks and water eroded roads. Two ravines
overlap the village. These ones are coming from Tatarca Valley Saraieni hill and are joined
togethed down on the bridge. The flat part of the village is bordered at the west by steep
hills which sink into the Prut river and Beleu Lake. For these reasons, in the period of heavy
rains, the wastes thrown on streets and ravines are falling directly into the river Prut, thus
causing its pollution. Due to erosion of the hills Foltea and Duta there are a lot of landslides
that require technical restoration work. The ravines from village riverbed represent valuable
careers in construction of buildings and some of the social objects for the extraction of sand
and yellow argile.
Figure 1. Slobozia Mare village with its bordering regions
3.3 Climate, temperature and precipitation conditions
Climate projections on Republic of Moldova suggest that medium annual
temperature will raise till the end of the century with approximately 4.1-5.4 ° C. At the same
time, a continuous diminuation of precipitations is expected. The weather foreecasts
indicate maximal temperatre increased during winter months with an increasion of
precipitation as well. For summer and autumn however, a diminuation of precipitation of
approximately 20-30% is anticipated (UNDP, 2010).
8
Temperature peaks in the South region of Republic of Moldova are in general higher
than in the center and north of the country. Comparing the average temperature peaks for
2012-2015 for Slobozia Mare village with the calculated average for the years 1887-2010
(Nedealcov et al., 2013) we could observe a tendency of temperature peaks growing
especially in the winter time, but this pattern was also frequent also in the spring and
autumn (specifically in September) (Fig. 1 a, b, c, d.). Althouth the data presented indicate an
approximate numbers (for example those for 1887-2010 years for Slobozia Mare were taken
approximately according to the data from the map) and need more detailed studies,
however it indicates a tendency of increase in the temperature peaks.
The average annual quantity of precipitations is 400-500 mm, during 2012-2014 the
rainfall amount varied between 417 to 630 mm. As it can be seen in the table 1, in
comparison with 1887-2010 years, for the months of June, August and September a
diminuation in the amount of precipitation was observed, at the same time these became
more abundant during winter time.
A B
C D
Figura 2. Temperature peaks °C during different months of the year in Slobozia Mare.
The dought and the increase in the temperature during summer time (June-August)
were mentioned by the population of Slobozia Mare as the most drastic climatic
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
decembrie
ianuarie
februarie 05
1015
202530
martie
aprilie
mai
0
10
20
30
40
iunie
iulie
august05
1015202530
septembrie
octombrie
noiembrie
9
phenomena. A farmer has mentioned that there was a considerable reduction in the yield.
When he was asked if the yield reduction was also the consequence in the reduction of the
application of fertilizers, he answered "No, for sure no. One of my friend who is doing
intensive agriculture and applies mineral fertilizers, but these do not contribute to the yield
increase. At the same time, such negative phenomena as fires caused by extended periods of
temperature and drought, have not intensified in the region. In recent years major fires have
occurred due to human irresponsibility than due to natural phenomena.
Table 1. The sum of precipitation in Slobozia Mare during 2012-2015 in comparison the to
the years of 1887-2010 (Nedealcov et al., 2013)
Anul
Luna
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
1887-2010 30 25 30 35 45 70 45 50 45 30 34 35
2012 85.
5 18.6 8.9 26.
7 73.
8 51.
2 20.7 41.
5 15.
8 33.9 13.8 112.
2
2013 73.
5 23.7
2 9.8 24.
8 34 40.
1 108.
2 11.
6 93.
6 108.
1 15.3 15
2014 71 16.6 43.
7 51.
4 91 70.
9 38 22.
8 24.
8 41.4 89.3 69.1
2015 17.
4 61.7 93.
8 59.
5 4.8 19.
1 19.3 18.
4 27.
7 117.
1 113.
5 3.1
4 Community perception on current and future climate risks
According to local population, the top 5 issues that have happened in the last 10
years are: 1) less precipitation during the growing season, 2) droughts, 3) changes in crops
due to changes in weather conditions (such as yellowing or withering of the crops leaves
during prolonged drought or loss of certain varieties of fruit trees such as apricot) 4)
reduction in the production of wheat and maize, 5) increase of the number of dry periods
during the growing season. On the second place of importance are: 1) many health problems
because of the high temperatures; 2) less water for human consumption, 3) less water for
irrigation. Regarding health issues due to high temperatures, was noted that the most
affected are people who suffer from chronic diseases and the elderly ones, severity of
10
temperature effects (especially heatwaves) are depending on the socio-economic factors,
the ones with a lower income are the most affected.
Figure 3. The perception of the population of Slobozia Mare on the main major problems related to
climate change during the last 10 years.
1- Less precipitation during the growing season
2- Droughts
3 Changes in agricultural crops due to the changed climatic conditions
4- Reductions in the production of wheat and maize
5- Increasing the number of dry periods during the growing season
6- More health problems due to high temperatures
7- Less water available for human consumption
8- Less water available for irrigation
9 - Changes in vegetation species (grasses, bushes, trees)
10 - Reducing the quality and value of livestock (domestic animals) because of the changed climatic
conditions
11 More health problems caused by low temperatures
12 Irregular electricity supply
Of a less importance are the problems related to changes in vegetation species
(grasses, bushes, trees) caused by changes in the climatic conditions as well as reducing the
quality of domestic animals and livestock value due to high temperatures (the opinion of 30-
40% of respondents). An insignificant number of respondents (11-14%) mentioned about
problems related to low temperatures or irregular supplying of electricity.
The climate change risks in the next 10 years, according to the population
perceptions were: the most significant problems (score 3 on a scale from 1-10 in order of
0
50
100
150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12% d
e r
esp
on
de
nti
11
decreasing of the significance, the share of respondents 65-56%): a lower amount of water
for irrigation, lower amount of precipitation during the vegetation season, increase in the
frequency of the dry periods during the growing season. On the second place the following
problems have been identified: score 3.5-5 (46-49% of respondents): a lower amount of
water for human consumption, changes in the vegetation species, reduced quality of
livestock. With a slight signification (score 10 or 9) and the share of respondents 8:13% there
were: more storms, strong winds and hail as well as irregular supplying of electricity (Table
2).
Table 2. Future climate risks in the view of local population
The identified problem Problem Score (1-10) % of
respondents
Less water for irrigation 3 65
Less precipitation in the growing season 3 59
More health problems because of the high temperature
3 59
Increase of the number of dry periods in the growing season
3 56
Changes in agricultural crops 3.5 49
Less water for human consumption 3 48
Changes in the vegetation species 4 48
Reduction of the animal livestock quality 5 46
More storms, strong winds and hale 9 8
Irregular supplying of energy 10 13
12
5. Climate change in Republic of Moldova and the potential effect on water
resources
The phenomenon of climate change in the Republic of Moldova is perceived as being
distant and often not even relevant (UNDP, 2010). However, climate change that are
manifested by increased insecurity of water, exposure to extreme weather, environmental
deterioration and loss of natural resources or of some important services of the ecosystem,
that can create barriers of development. Particularly alarming is the impact on agriculture,
which is a major source of income in Republic of Moldova, with half of the rural population
involved and 1/3 of it employed in this field (UNDP, 2010).
A report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) from 2007 shows
that as the climate changes, water resources are among the most affected sectors, with a
significant impact on socio-economic systems. Water security is as important as food
security or energy. Food security depends largely on water security, although this link may
sometimes be bypassed by the food imports. Water security represents "a safe availability of
acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production, coupled with
an acceptable level of water risks". To ensure the security of water resources, activities to
restore and maintain functioning of ecosystems, improve storage infrastructure,
transportation of drinking water, treatment and reuse of wastewater and also to inform and
improve the capacity of communities to adapt to climate change are necessary.
According to the national assesments, the available surface water resources in
Republic of Moldova will decrease by 16-20% in 2020, which means that the safety of water
supply for all the users would be threatened by this year. The impact of climate change
combined with water scarcity in Moldova indicates the need of a careful and integrated
planning of water resources (Dragoman, 2014).
Potential impacts of climate change on water resources sector are classified as
follows (Dragoman, 2014):
High temperatures gradually deplete water resources, which can lead to the
following negative consequences on the life quality:
13
The decrease in the volume (debit, flow) of water, which may affect the water
availability for household and physiological needs, the quality and quantity of water
for agricultural crops, soil fertility, may increase the need of water use for irrigation
and as well may lead in some cases to land desertification that is sometimes an
almost irreversible process.
The deepening of groundwater because of the high temperatures and their
vulnerability under the influence of climate change.
Modification of water quality parameters at high temperatures, for example,
reducing the dissolved oxygen, which can cause pollution with bacteria and
respectively the need for further treatment of the water. It can therefore lead to
worsening of health problems due to the high temperatures.
Increasing the need of water transportation because of the regional disparities in the
distribution of water resources.
Also the fluctuation (decrease or increase) of pronounced precipitation (rain or drought)
may cause:
The endangerment of water quantity necessary to meet the household and
physiological needs including the effect on quality parameters, thus requiring
additional treatment and disinfection.
Changes in rivers’ water flow due to rainfalls, increasing their flow fluctuations and
their annual flow instability, severe flooding during the spring.
Also, experts predict that extreme and dangerous weather (like strong downpours,
floods or severe and long droughts) can cause various side effects such as:
Infrastructure deterioration of water supply and sewerage systems, of early-warning
systems for meteorological phenomena, requiring additional costs to rehabilitate
them.
The variability of sediments, increasing the amount of nutrients, pathogens and
toxins in the distributed water and the increase of needs for more intensive
monitoring of quality and quantity parameters.
14
Pronounced water scarcity, which will increase the risk of land desertification, will
facilitate the growth of bacteria content that affects human health, national security
and agriculture.
Water resources pollution by floods, flash floods, strong rainfalls, overflow of
polluted water which is associated with the excessive use of chemicals in agriculture.
In the south region the climate change phenomenon is associated primarily with
droughs and high temperatures. Drought is a natural hazard which in strict climatic terms,
can be defined as a period in which the moisture available in one place is consistently lower
than the one that is considered normal (National Institute of Hydrology and Water
Management, 2009). The phenomenon of drought is accompanied by land degradation, in
severe cases – by desertification, therefore, programs aimed to reduce the effects of
drought include measures on short, medium and long term to mitigate the social, economic
and environmental effects of droughts and thus the vulnerability of local communities and
their effects on socio-economic activities and natural ecosystems. One of these strategic
objectives include improving practices to use water resources and finding alternatives to the
practices of unreasonable use of water resources. Moldova is characterized by an unequal
distribution of available water resources and natural moisture. While the South is affected
stronger than the North and Center because of the natural water deficit, at the same time
there water transfer systems for long distances are lacking.
It must be noted that another phenomenon caused by climate change, which has an
impact on the village Slobozia Mare are floods. According to the accomplished survey, the
floods in recent years are not very devastating at the local level, affecting mainly the people
who live in the region near the Prut river. One of the severe floods, in the past 20 years, in
the Prut river basin, within the borders of Moldova, was registered in 2010 - year with a high
water level in Prut river (SHS, 2015).
15
6. The status of water resources, sanitation, agriculture and organic waste
management in Slobozia Mare
6.1 State of surface waters
At the Northwest of the village the Beleu lake is located with an area of 1030 ha and
a depth of 2-3m. Water quality in Beleu Lake and Lower Prut depends mostly on the
hydrological situation in the river basin. For example, in the second half of summer 2015
Basin of Lower Prut river the hydrological situation was characterized by a very low water
level which was caused by the weather. Natural shallow lakes in the river Prut - lake Beleu
and Manta in this period were dried, the water level being so low that it became impossible
to monitor the hydro-chemical parameters.
It is important to note that near the village Slobozia Mare the wetland marshes
Beleu-Manta are located too, which are protected by the Ramsar Convention. These areas
saturated with water are rich in vegetation with an important role for aquatic birds. Wetland
protection is extremely important because one of the main, positive functions of the
wetlands consists in additional supply of the groundwater as well as in the reduction of the
maximal flows in the inferior course. Reducing of the flooding impact occurs by absorbing
the excess water coming from the overflowing of rivers and lakes, but also from the heavy
rains. Furthermore, the vegetation of the wetlands slows down the pace of poured water,
and contributes to evaporation during the dry periods, thus reducing the impacts of high
temperatures.
6. Drinking water supply system
In Slobozia Mare, drinking water for domestic or economic purposes is extracted
from groundwater sources as well as from the phreatic ones. Currently, the volume of water
extracted from the groundwater sources predominate over the phreatic. The water quality
and quantity from both of the water sources are vulnerable to climate variability, however,
groundwater sources are particularly vulnerable (Lalîchin & Sîrodoev, 2004).
16
The potable water pipe in Slobozia Mare village has a length of 40 km, 24 km of
which were renewed. The system is managed by the local myoralty, a person being in charge
with managing of the system. The city has two collectors of underground water- one of small
and and oe of big depth. Shallow collector consists of clay-sand sediments less permeable,
and, respectively has a high content of dissolved substances, due to stormwater and the
nature of the geological environment.
In the village Slobozia Mare a total number of 8 drilled wells and 7 boreholes were
built. Most of the people use Ch5238 drilling (about 2000 people), Ch 5237 (about 1800
people) and Ch5240 (about 1500 people). All the wells and boreholes are located outside the
flood areas. Not all of the wells and boreholes have establishhed protection zones. Some
wells are located near the roads and streets.
Drinking water in the locality of Slobozia Mare is distributed unequaly. Based on the
survey undertaken, it was determined that more than one third of the respondents use
more than 3000 l of water for household needs, and more than 20% - from 1000 to 2000 and
2000 -3000 l (Figure 4A). At the same time, a greater number of households use more than
3000 l for irrigation per month (49% comparatively with 37%), 27% - 2000-3000 and 11% -
1000-2000 l (Figure 4B).
A
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
up to 500 L 500 -1000 L 1000-2000L
2000- 3000L
3000 L andabove
no answer
17
B
Figure 4. The amount of water used in the water supply system: A - household uses, B- irrigation
While the water is used competitively for irrigation, during droughts, it becomes insuficient
(31%), thus, 51% indicating that they need an alternative source of water (eg additional supply of
water from the aqueduct tanks, the use of shallow wells, as well as of the rain water (Figure 5);
only less than a half of respondents found that the amount of the supplied water is sufficient.
It was also mentioned about the reduction of the water pressure during the droughts or
when there was a need for irrigation. Most of the interviewed people (90%) expressed their
concerns about the impact of droughts on the productivity of crops, especially on maize. Almost
half of the respondents indicated that drought affects a lot the amount of water, 42% - medium
and only 4% - all (Figure 6). Residents also mentioned that locally sustainable water management
practices are not known well, the stringency of the problem and the poverty is not discussed, there
is an insufficient attention from the Government for residents from rural areas, also it contributes
to the inappropriate actions on the water resources, such as the use of excessive irrigation or
pollution, which, in consequence, increases the community vulnerability to climate change.
Figura 5. The availability of piped drinking water during droughts or intense irrigation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
up to 500L
500 -1000L
1000-2000L
2000-3000 L
3000 L andabove
no answer
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Insufficient Sufficient Need anadditional source
18
Figura 6. The residents’ perception of Slobozia Mare opposite to the effect of droughts on water quantity
Approximately 38% of the respondents indicated that they use the rainwater as an
alternative source of water during drought (Figure 7), and 36% used an another source, such as
tanks filled with water transported from the . However, the rain water is collected in relatively low
amounts in Slobozia Mare, it is used particularly as a water source for watering the garden
surrounding the house or for the laundry, especially during the dry season. One of the potential
problems in using the rainwater in Slobozia Mare is that asbestos roof arethe mostly widespread
in the village (Figure 8).
Figura 7. The main sources of water used by Slobozia Mare’s residents
4%
42% 54%
Notaffected
Relativelyaffected
Very muchaffected
Aqueduct 49%
Private well 14%
Rainwater 19%
Other source
18%
19
Figure 8. Rooftop rainwater collection system from the asbestos roofs
If we take into account the problems with water quantity in Slobozia Mare, which
may appear in the future, especially in the dry season, the collection, storage and infiltration
of rainwater can be a solution, especially for the new built homes, with metal or tile roofs
and with a lower potential risk on health.
Aqueduct water quality
A poor quality of water restricts its use. Drinking water quality is determined by a
number of factors, both natural and anthropogenic:
- the type of soil/rock in the region;
- the quality of precipitation infiltrating into the soil;
- the chemical composition of the domestic, agrochemical application for plant
cultivation which can pollute the soil.
20
The chemical composition of runoffs resulted from household and economic activities
depend on the type sanitation used, wastewater treatment system, the animal waste
management or fertilizers applied in agriculture.
Thus, water pollution, in the absence of adequate water purification systems, can
remove from usage significant amounts of water. Pollution effects are more severe during
dry periods, heavily polluted water cannot be used for human use, particularly this becoming
a concern when there is a shortage of water. Thus by recycling the water of a lower quality
for irrigation will allow conserving more drinking water resources. Therefore, policy
documents on water resources and adaptarion to climate change, at every level - local,
regional, international, must include measures related to providing with water the
population not only with the apropriate water quantity, but also with the required quality.
During the month of October, water samples were collected from the water supply
system from the main public institutions: high school, middle school, kindergarten. Annex 1
represents the hydrocarbon, sulfates, and chlorides anions concentration, of the calcium,
magnesium, sodium and potassium cations. According to the major ion composition and
mineralization the analyzed water is of hydrogen carbonate type, calcium group, type III, of a
good drinking quality. The requirements of drinking water allows a mineralization up to 1000
mg / l, whereas in the water exploration it varies at a range of 741-867 mg / l. Chemical
oxygen consumption of potassium permanganate shows an existence of a fresh organic
pollution (possibly from the accumulation tank or the wells of the accumulation reservoir)
(Annex 2).
21
Figurae 9. Collection of water samples for laboratory analysis.
Also, according to the data of the Czech Agency high content of dissolved substances is
due to the geological environment of the village and less permeable, loamy sediments
(Czech Development Agency, 2015). It is encouraging that the concentrations of ammonium
ion, nitrates and nitrites in the examined water are small and fully correspond to the
requirements for drinking water (Annex 3).
Besides the macrocomponents a number of micronutrients was determined too. It has
been found that the content of selenium fluoride is in accordance to the requirements of
water quality and most of the metals - the same. With red are marked the most toxic and
hazardous trace microelements - Cd, Hg, Sb, Tl. The origin of As in the drilling sample, in
which it exceeds the maximum allowable concentrations for 2 times (10 mg / l) is unclear.
Lithium also exceeds the limits in all the samples (30 mg / l).
Residents’ opinion about the quality of water from the aqueduct
Most of the residents (74%) were partially satisfied and 22% were dissatisfied
with the quality of piped water (Figure 10). For the question on what are the main problems
related to water quality, the answers were "sometimes water is rust-colored", "too much
chalk".
22
Water pollution sources
Experts of the Czech Agency for Development have identified during 2015 as
potential sources of pollution the treatment plant from kindergarten, winery, agricultural
cooperative and power station. Sources of pollution are also infiltration of untreated
wastewater from households and runoffs from the piles of manure, barns, waste dumps that
contribute to high concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. The water quality is also
influenced by the agricultural activity which is a major source of pollution with nitrogen.
Drinking water supply from wells
Both the main interview and the aditional interview with local population and people
involved in water resources management has shown that approximately one third of
population uses for drinking purposes water from wells (Figure 11). The number of
households connected to the centralized water supply system is 1500, and those supplied
from shallow wells - 500. The depth of these wells is ranging from 3 to 30 m, depending on
their location and the depth of groundwater. Residents who live near Prut river mentioned
Very satisfied; 5; 5%
Partly satisfied; 73;
72%
Dissatisfied; 22; 22%
No answer; 1; 1%
Figure 10. The attitude of
population of Slobozia Mare
concerning the quality of
water from the aqueduct.
23
that there were no problems with water availability even in the dry periods, as the
groundwater level is close to the surface.
In regard to the water quality from shallow wells it has been found that out of 15
analysed samples by rapide nitrate and nitrite tests, in all the wells nitrates above maximum
levels were found. In 4 samples the concentration was ten times greater than the maximum
allowable concentrations, in 2 wells the nitrite contents indicated that the nitrate pollution
was very high, these two wells were dangerous to use even using it as a drinking source for
animals (Figure 11).
Figura 11. Express-analysis of nitrate content in wells water
6.3 Sanitation and treatment system
The existent sanitation systems at household level
The survey indicated that pit latrines are a widespread form of sanitation in Slobozia
Mare, all the respondents indicated that they use this kind of sanitation. Of those who
were surveyed, 63% indicated that they have also a flash water toilet connected to septic
tank. For more detailed reports, septic tanks are not isolated, with concrete bottoms, but
wastewater being thus infiltrated into the soil. This can be probably explained by the high
nitrate and nitrite pollution of shallow wells. When asked how often they clean the septic
tank of the solid fraction, 24% indicated that they never clean (probably here were
included owners of septic tanks that have built them recently), 18% - once a year, 13% -
once in half a year 8% - once every three months (Figure 12). And everything regarding
24
where the removed solid waste is disposed, most have avoided to answer or indicated that
they carry it to the field or dispose it on a vacant land.
Figura 12. The frequency of septic tank cleaning at household leve in Slobozia Mare
Prospects for centralized sewerage system and wastewater treatment
Local Municipality, with the help of experts, developed a technical plan for 5 km of a
sewerage system which included technical and biological treatment system of Biotal type.
Currently, there are looking for sources of funding for this project. In the context of climate
change and taking into consideration the topography of the village which does not allow
connection of all households, would be important to promote a decentralized system of
sanitation such as dry toilets, decentralized wastewater treatment stations for households,
constructed wetlands for specific village areas and whose code of practice was recently
approved by the Ministry of Regional Development and construction (AIPR Eco-Tiras, 2016).
Dry sanitation system (urine diverting dry toilet system) in high school Mihai Eminescu
Dry toilet system with separate collection of excreta or urine diverting dry toilet
system (UDDT), put into operation three years ago was built with assistance of the Swiss
ApaSan project. This sanitation system differs from the other types of sanitation (eg flash
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Once per threemonth
Twice per year Once per year Never
25
WC) by the fact that human waste management is provided for the separate collection by
the way of collecting liquid and solid fractions for reuse in agriculture, landscaping and
forestry. The sanitation system has specially designed toilets for collecting the urine and
faeces separately.
The room for collection and retention of faeces is located at the bottom compartment,
below the toilet room, where the solid excretions are gathered. UDDT is used and
maintained by properly trained personnel, aware of the specifics of separate collection of
excreta in accordance with the principles of EcoSan. The design of the UDDT consists of the
following elements: the superstructure of the toilet or the toilet itself (Figure 13, B), the
substructure or pedestal below the closet, consisting of two chambers for the collection and
storage of the solid fraction, urinal of the men’s room, pipeline system for the collection and
disposal of urine, the vent system, which evacuates the moisture and the odour from the
collection chamber, the sink for washing hands, a urine tank (Figure 13) (Wisdom, 2016).
Problems and risks identified on UDDT FUNCTIONING:
Currently UDDT is not fully used, usually it is more used during winter.
B
A
The number of children (about 400) makes the urine tanks fill up quickly. The main
problem during operation of the given system was to evacuate the urine, the insufficiency of
Figure 13. Sistemul de sanitație ecologică
la gimnaziul Mihai Eminescu: A- cisternele
de urină, B - compartimentele toaletei
uscate atașate de clădirea liceului
26
the technical knowledge concerning the evacuation and application equipment and fear of
the local actors to use this fertilizer in agriculture or forestry.
In addition there has been reported that the odor emanating from the urine tank,
and the toilet caretakers (2 persons) reported a non proper use of the toilet system by the
students, which shows a low level of their information for proper use of this system.
Possible solutions to improve the system for adapting to climate change
It is important to train the technical staff, students and teachers on the proper
functioning of the system. Also, the urine may be treated further by applying the solution
of lactic acid bacteria, which would contribute to the reduction of odor emissions as well as
to prevent ammonia volatilization loss, so the fertilizing value of urine will increase. The
solid fraction can be treated together with the waste from the cafeteria and garden wasre
(e.g. leaves, grass or tree branches) through lacto-fermentation combined with
thermophilic composting or vermicomposting. The liquid fraction can be applied to
irrigation of the willow, the propagating material can be easily obtained in this region.
Willow is a tree that grows rapidly, its branches can be pruned annually already from the
second to third year. Cutings of willow can be used for afforestation of Prut river banks and
ravines in Slobozia Mare village. Willow can also be used for making furniture, baskets or
material for hedges. An interesting idea would be planting a bigger area of willow (which
could even be used as energy product) fertilization and irrigation urine from Lyceum Mihai
Eminescu (Slobozia Mare) as well as two other neighboring localities which have UDDTs,
such as Manta and Giurgiuleşti (Figure 14).
27
11 km School UDDTs
School UDDT
School UDDTs
compost
Lacto-fermented urine Lacto-fermented
urine
Lacto-fermented
urine
Decorative plants nursery
$
compost
compost
Figura 14 UDDT used as an adaptation measure to climate change
For example, calculations concerning urine accumulation in an individual household
indicated that only a school could annually produce up to 80 tons of urine that could fertilize
10 to 15 ha willow (Andreev, 2016). The area already may be profitable in the long term. As
mentioned above, the willow may be used as a material for fuel (companies that produce
pellets). The plantation can serve as a demonstrational garden where the compost may be
applicable, contributing to the ecological education of students, they would understand
better about reducing the climate impact, rational use of resources as well as the possibility
of obtaining potential profit by using the waste. Also, not less important, is the fact that an
entreneurial model would produce resources for purchasing the necessary sanitary
products, which is an ongoing problem for schools in Moldova, including those in the South.
The decentralized system of wastewater treatment at the kindergarten No. 2
The wastewater treatment station at the kindergarten No. 1 is a compact system for
treating waste water for domestic use, of the type Topas 100. The principle of treatment is
28
based on the activity of aerobic biological treatment and activated sludge. Raw waste water
enters a tank system (equalization) where the irregularity of the discharge flow is balanced.
From this tank, the waste water already free from the primary coarse debris, is pumped into
an activation tank where the air is pumped and where the main biological treatment takes
place, by the use of active sludge.
The mixture of treated water and activated sludge is then pumped into the
sedimentation tank with the pneumatic air pump in the sediment tube which is a part of the
sedimentation tank. The sludge is separated from the bottom of the settling tank and falls
back into the activation tank. The treated water, without the sludge separates to the surface
and passes into the anoxic sand filter where filtering is performed mechanically. Water flows
by gravity through the sand filter, and then is discharged from the bottom of it with an air
pump to the treated water discharge pipe. The sand filter is equipped with a level detector
with a float switch to maintain an optimal level of water above the layer of the filter sand.
29
The efficiency of the treatment process of waste water flow depends on the
elimination of organic pollutants through activation and nitrification. During the settling of
the surplus sludge, the evacuation of the surplus sladge goes into the activation tank. When
there is a normal flow debit, the treatment system automatically switches its operating
modes (standard flow mode/module settling sludge surplus) 3-5 times per day, and the total
operating time in the way of settling the excess sludge (including aeration storage tank and
washing the filter sand) is about 40 minutes. If the BOD load in the system is sufficient,
anoxic and oxic stages alternate in the storage tank and thus the denitrification process of
the waste water is performed. A partial denitrification occurs also at the passage of water
through the sand filter.
The system does not create difficulties, yet strong odor emited during evacuation of
the treated water indicates about the less efficient station and about the necessity of
performing work of cleaning/restoration. In addition to checking and cleaning the tanks, it is
also important to determine the concentration of the activated sludge, aerobic bacteria and
Figure 15 The compartments of the treatment
station at the kindergarten nr. 2 at Slobozia
Mare
30
the quality of the discharged effluent. It is noted that currently, the treated waste water is
discharged into the ravine (Figure 16), at the same time, it can be applied to irrigation of
trees and bushes which may be planted along the ravine. This way will reduce potential
pollution of surface water or groundwater, if it will be an inadequate functioning of the
station, as well as it will reduce soil erosion.
Figure 16. The pipe for the evacuation of the treated wastewater
It is worth mentioning the role of willow to stop and reduce erosion and the positive
impact of reducing carbon emissions. For example willow can absorb up to 1.7 kg CO2 per m2
per year (JAVIS and Richards, 2008) and create favorable habitats for many species of
animals. For example, about 250 species of invertebrates have been identified in the willow
plantations (Morgan et al., 1999). Willow can be planted normally or as engineering
structures (e.g. hedges, bolting) to reduce erosion and heavy rains.
31
Figura 17. The area that can be potentially planted with willow in Slobozia Mare at
kindergarten nr.2
6.4 Waste management system
Currently the contracts with beneficiaries are signed for waste disposal (10 lei), the
activity is not currently profitable because there are few beneficiaries For example although
services for waste collection is very low (below one euro per month), only 45 out of 6000
population have signed the contracts. Animal waste accumulation does not seem to be a
major problem in the village. This is due to a decreased number of large domestic animals
that produce organic wastes. Therefore, according to the data of the local municipality, for
the whole village of 2,000 households only 41 cows and 270 pigs are present. Many
interviewed people mentioned that they grow more poultry (chickens, ducks, geese) and less
pigs, sheep, rabbits, horses and donkeys.The number of sheep and goats is bigger, according
to a local entrepreneur involved in sheep farming, their number reaches about 10000. At the
same time there is a lack of data on food waste of the individual households, of the farm or
the agricultural products market.
The results of the survey showed that on animal waste management, most (50%)
responded that they transport it to a special place designed for waste disposal (Figure 18).
However, during the stakeholder workshop it was mentioned that the organic waste
platform is currently non-functional only because there is no interest from residents to bring
sufficient waste. It is important to evaluate agricultural waste at the municipal level and
their potential recycling through various climate smart technologies. It seems a more
pressing problem is garden waste that is dumped into the ravines, on the fields and
roadsides, and during heavy rains these are brought by stormwater into the river Prut. This
waste could be a good potential energy material (eg for the production of pellets).
Interviewees indicated that garden waste, particularly dry leaves, were composted (62%),
disposed to the landfill (24%) or burn them (21%) (Figure 19).
32
Figure18. Manure reuse Figura 19. Management of garden waste
6.5 Soil fertility and agriculture
In the South Bassarabia there are simple Chernozem soils and carbonate ones with a
low fertility. Artificial irrigation is done. The Locality currently has no detailed analysis on soil
fertility, land erosion risk and land improvement measures. From the main agricultural
activities in the territory of Slobozia was practiced mostly livestock husbandary, also a high
attention is given to the cultivation of vineyard and gardening. Among the locally grown
crops are cereals (42%), including maize. Among vegetables, most often grown crops are
potatoes, onions, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and carrots. Of those interviewed, 58%
said that they practice traditional agriculture without the application of fertilizer or compost,
16% used intensive farming with the application of fertilizers and pesticides, and only 5% -
the organic. Most of the population practice subsistence agriculture with crop production
only on its own garden, but also a large part (19%) have agricultural land up to 1 hectare and
2 hectares (14%). Very few said that they have larger agricultural lands (10-50 ha). Most
households (56%) are not equipped with agricultural technique, only 33% are equipped with
1-3 units and only (1%) are supplied with 5-12 or more than 12 units (Figure 20).
I dipose it tothe landfill
I compost itand apply
I apply itimmediately
No answer
Dispose tothe landfill
Compostand apply inthe garden
Burn
33
Figure 20 Availability of agricultural equipment in Slobozia Mare (track, tractor, plough
combine or cart).
Concerning the management measures of crops during droughts such as prevention
of the water loss from the soil, the responses were "we don’t know, we are not informed",
"digging of the ditches, pits, terraces on the fields to retain water in soil" "irrigation during
very early morning", "accumulation of rainwater in reservoirs and irrigation when necessary.
It is very important to inform and train the farmers on the conservation measures of soil
water (for example, the use of mulch, crop rotation system, the minimum work of the soil,
restoring organic matter in the soil, the choice of planting time depending on the level of soil
water supply, the calculation crops water demand and the water balance in the soil, the
expansion of forest protection areas, etc.).
7.Major vulnerabilities affecting Slobozia Mare village in the context of climate change:
High risk of land erosion;
topography and location of the village that predispose to high risks from heavy
rainfalls;
the temperature increase during the summer months (June to August) as well as
autumn (September) and winter;
Low levels of precipitation during the warm period (ie June, August-September)
as well as increasing precipitation during cold period (ie December to January),
which will increase the vulnerability of agricultural productivity;
No agriculturaltechnique
1-3 units
5-12 units
12 + units
No answer
34
Reducing the amount and quality of available water resources for both domestic
consumption as well as agricultural activities.
8. Strategies and local policies in the field of water protection, sustainable
development and climate change adaptation
Socio-economic strategy on development of the village Slobozia Mare (under
development). The document contains only a general information on water and
sanitation system.
Initiatives taken in Moldova on adaptation to climate change:
a) project ADA / UNDP "Support to National Planning Process Moldovan Adaptation to
Climate Change"
b) Forum on Climate Change in Eastern Partnership Region (CFE II).
9 Projects of protection of water resources and adaptation to climate change
made for the village
Border cooperation project on innovative ways to reduce the impact of waste and
wastewater
Clean water, healthy people
Ecological Consultancy Center of Cahul, Ecological Movement of Moldova
Project implemented by the Center for Ecological Consultancy Galati
Phare CBC RO 2006 / 018-447.01.01.43
Publication October 2009
Activities within the project: Demonstration platform for organic waste management,
production and distribution of information materials, waste water management measures.
10 Financial resources for possible climate change
Small Grants Program (SGP) of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
35
The grant is for NGOs and community organizations (NGOs / CBOs) in developing countries
to enable them to face global environmental challenges, while addressing the needs of
sustainable development. SGP motto is "Community action for global impact."
The contest projects will be awarded grants to the following thematic areas:
- terrestrial landscape conservation at the community level;
- innovative and smart agroecology in terms of climate change;
- co-benefits of access to low-carbon energy;
- local and global chemicals management coalition;
- platforms for political dialogue and for planning between CSOs and government;
- promoting social inclusion: a gender mainstreaming, a youth involvement.
Forum on Climate Change in the Eastern Partnership region (CFE II) "
A project funded by the European Union, Austrian Development Cooperation
(ADC) and the Austrian Red Cross implemented in Eastern Partnership countries
(Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine) and coordinated by
the Austrian Red Cross. In Moldova, the project is coordinated by EcoContact. CFE II
aims to build the capacity of the national network of Civil Society Organizations
(CSOs) to effectively contribute to the process of developing national and local
policies on adaptation to climate change, awareness and education on climate
change impacts and good environmental governance in Moldova, the following key
actions are:
• CSO capacity building in leadership, resource mobilization and communication to
raise awareness on issues related to climate change;
• Funding opportunities and dialogue for development and implementation of local
projects on adaptation to climate change;
• develop a national network of CSOs with the potential to act or react continuously
to climate change policies.
36
International Climate Initiative
Being financially supported by the Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation,
Building and Nuclear Safety of Germany, the initiative shall fund projects in climate and
biodiversity in developing countries, industrialized and transition countries.
https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/en/about-the-iki/
Personnel exchange for Research and Innovation (RISE) Marie Sklodowska-Curie
The scheme RISE promotes international and inter-sectoral cooperation (research
institutes, NGOs, SMEs), through research exchanges and personnel in order to conduct
innovative activities and the exchange of knowledge and ideas from research till selling it on
market (and vice versa). Time scheme favors a common culture of research and innovation
that welcomes and rewards creativity and entrepreneurship and help to turn creative ideas
into innovative products, services or processes. Organizations which are partnering directly
contribute to the implementation of a research and innovation project jointly to remove and
/ host eligible staff members. There are eligible secondments for legal entities that are
independent of each other.
RISE exploits complementary skills of participating organizations and other synergies,
and allows the formation of networks, organizing workshops and conferences to facilitate
knowledge sharing, learning new skills and career development for research and innovation
for senior staff members.
Some projects can be focused either on a single dimension of mobility (intersectoral /
international) or may be included a combination of both. Exchanges can be for both levels in
early stage and with researchers’ experience and can also include administrative personnel,
technical management and directly be involved in the research and innovation of the
proposal. Support for exchanges between institutions in Europe (EU Member States and
associated countries) refers only to intersectoral secondments. Exchanges with institutions
and third countries can be intersectoral and within the same sector. Secondments between
institutions in the countries of the third type or within the European Union member state or
associated country will not be supported. Under this program can be funded in all areas of
37
research, however, the emphasis on those areas where there is knowledge transfer from
research to the sale.
Sustainable Investment Challenge
Kellogg-Morgan Stanley Investment Challenge sustainable harnesses the capital
markets power and creativity of students to create a positive impact in a world of scarcity of
permanent and continued population growth. Each year, Kellogg School of Management and
partner Morgan Stanley is the host of this challenge where teams of students worldwide
develop and present financial creative approach on the most pressing global challenges.
Competitors must propose a strategy that uses financial instruments and investment, rather
than the idea of a company in operation to address challenging environmental or social such
as the water, energy, food products, social mobility, climate change, education or health .
More details are presented on the site: http://sustainableinvestingchallenge.org/about/
Wallace Global Fund (USA)
It campaigns for companies of advocacy, awareness, as well as citizen involvement in
environmental policy and governance. It aims to strengthen environmental law and justice;
building coalitions at local level; and supporting media in taking progressive positions on
social and environmental issues, including sustainable land use.
38
11 SWOT analysis on adaptation to climate change in Slobozia Mare, Cahul
Srong points Weak points
Local governments, public institutions (schools and
kindergartens), as well as local people open to cooperation.
Supplying the water supply from artesian wells (less exposed to
climate variability and anthropogenic pollution than mine
wells).
The presence of the interest in environmental protection NGO
in the region (for example, Organic Advisory Center Cahul).
Technical plan developed by the local municipality for 5 km of
sewer.
The presence of sanitation systems based on ecological
principles (e.g. toilet with urine separation at "Mihai Eminescu"
type biological treatment plant Topas kindergarten -100).
The lack of recent studies on vulnerable areas of the city from floods, drought
and landslides, soil condition.
drought phenomenon leads to lower water pressure in centralized system in
times of drought (could create difficulties for the construction of centralized
sewage);
Lack of sewerage system and wastewater treatment across localities;
The use of unisolated individual household septic tanks (resulting in waste water
infiltration into the soil);
Lack of water use closed cycle approach
Incorrect and limited use of ecological systems existing of wastewater treatment
Maintaining inadequate treatment systems (Ecosan and biological treatment
plant) due to high costs of external services as well as insufficient technical
knowledge;
Lack of local technical knowledge on sanitation systems and wastewater
management, reducing negative impact or accumulation / use of rainwater;
39
Low awareness of the public regarding the potential water pollution from
agricultural activities and sanitation, as well as proper management of animal
waste.
Lack of funds from the local budget necessary for adaptation to climate change,
including wastewater management.
The local population is not informed about hazardous weather, to prevent or
reduce damage.
Lack of early information about the risks in inundation or drought and measures
to reduce damage to the harvest.
Lack of a feasibility study on wastewater treatment system, which will be
connected to the sewerage system (centralized versus decentralized).
Oportunities Warnings
The existence of national and international funding programs
that could provide funding (EU programs, in whose area is
eligible and Moldova: DANUBE Transnational Program 2014-
2020 Horizon2020 Program, GEF Black Sea Basin Joint
Operational Program 2014 -2020, staff exchange program RISE,
Intensification of extreme events (drought).
The general trend of ground water reduction in Eastern Europe (decrease depth
of phreatic) influenced by climate change;
Political instability in the country (may cause uncertainties in local government).
Emigration of young trained people, permanent flow of frames.
40
etc.):
a) development of sewerage infrastructure and wastewater
treatment;
b) improve the ecological systems of wastewater / human
waste; fitofiltre systems / constructed wetlands, use of
rainwater,
c) water sustainable resource management in agriculture, as
well as organic waste in order to prevent pollution,d) local
capacity and raising awareness;
Strategy for socio-economic development of the village (being
developed by the local municipality).
Norms for ecological sanitation (fitofiltre and regulations in
building toilets with urine separation approved by the Ministry
of Construction) guidelines on the use of urine and guidelines
for good practice being developed.
National legislation on climate change, water and sanitation
The possibility of concluding partnership at national and
41
international development projects (e.g. local and international
public organizations, research institutions).
42
12 Local Adaptation Plan to climate change for water resources in the village
of Slobozia Mare, Cahul
Public perception on how the community reacts to the impacts of climate change
and what are the implemented measures are the following: the majority of respondents
(86%) mentioned that in Slobozia Mare people are planting trees to combat erosion and
approximately one third of respondents consider that that the authorities also employ
public workers for te cleaning of roads and sewerage systems or ask for governmental aid.
However, it was pointed out that usually government aid is very small to cover the actual
suffered losses, for example such as compensation needed for agricultural losses due to
droughts. A smaller part of the surveyed population (16%) indicated that in the locality
there are no measure taken (Figure 21).
Figura 21. Public opinion on the community reaction to climate change
1 request of governmental financial support
2- planting trees to prevent soil erosion
3- use public workers for cleaning sewer and roads
4 - Do not take any measures
Among the main barriers that stay in the way of formulation and implementation of
effective measures to adapt to climate change the following were identified: 1) lack of
27%
86%
30%
16%
1
2
3
4
43
financial support (87%), lack of local experts (62%), lack of cooperation between key players
of the (authorities, community leaders of associations, farmers, etc.) (57%) or of capacity
(personal) (43%). It was also mentioned that it is no information was known about
problems that may arise from climate change. In particular, it was revealed about the
importance of information on agriculture and of educating the farmers what would be the
adaptation activities to avoid major losses of harvest and the impoverishment of the soil
(Figure 22).
Figura 22 The main barriers in the formulation and implementation of effective adaptation to climate change in the opinion of the population of Slobozia Mare
1- Lack of financial stock
2-The lack of local experts
3 Lack of cooperation among stakeholders: authorities, community leaders, farmers'
associations, etc.
4 Lack of capacity (personel)
Urgency and priority of the measures that are needed were represented as follows:
1- Expanding green areas to reduce the impact of floods and heat waves (89%) 2 -
Developing the local capacity and strenghtening cooperation (find common risks and
interests between different sectors) (78%), 3 - Informing farmers on weather forecast and
climate effects (76%), 4 - training of experts in project development (41%), prevention of
1
2
3
4
44
floods (rainwater) - 35% and preparation English-speaking local experts (14%) (Figure 23).
Figure 23. Proposed urgency and most priority measures of adaptation proposed by the population of Slobozia Mare
1
2
3
4
5
6
45
Action plan monitoring
The process of monitoring the implementation of the action plan is the regular collection of
data and information on water quality improvement, rational use of water resources, the
increase of awareness and prevention of water pollution, the main responsible actor being
the local public administration (LPA) of the village Slobozia Mare. Thus, LPA authorities are
responsible for the assessment of the performance indicators, a process that requires
attention from the authorities. For effective monitoring and prevention of potential
problems that may be encountered in the implementation of the action plan, public
authorities in the village of Slobozia-Mare should use reporting and interviewing. The annual
implementation report, which it will be more analytical, is the most appropriate type of
report as adaptation to climate conditions is carried out gradually and is long lasting.
Another way of reporting would be preparing the final report by the institution responsible
for implementing the results and impact of the implementation of the action plan that
would help to identify the main achievements and future possible problems. Another
method of monitoring would be questioning, which involves carrying out questionnaires
containing questions about quality and degree of implementation of the action plan, in
order to ascertain whether the objectives have been met, and to make recommendations to
remedy the negative consequences. For an efficient monitoring, is the local community's
responsibility to identify the baseline and target values of performance indicator.
46
47
Local action plan for adaptation to climate change in Slobozia Mare
Objective Action Indicators of monitoring (progress indicators)
Responsible institution
Time line Partners Funding sources
Rational use of water resources
Land aforestation for water retaining in the soil and reduction of the impact of heat waves
Land area planted with trees
Forestry, mayoralty Nature reserve
2017-2020 NGOs, educational institutions
State budget, external assistance
Monitoring of the state of wetlands and their capacity to offer services for reduction of the impact of extreme weather events (droughts and floods)
The number of monitoring studies undertaken
Mayoralty, nature reserve
NGOs Local budget, external assistance
Reparation of water supply
m of renovated pipes water
Mayoralty 2017-2020 Municipal entreprise Apa
External assistance, local budget, individual service
48
systems balance
Canal contracts
Applying the agrotechnical measures of storage and sustainable use of water in the soil
The number of households or agricultural cooperatives which applied the agrotechnical measures
Mayoralty, agricultural entrepresis, farmers
NGOs Private investments, local budget, external assistance
Reduction of water consumption through the use of sustainable sanitation and reuse of sanitation products (wastewater, human excreta) in agriculture and horticulture
The area fertilized with sanitation products, the number of demonstrational activities implemented
Mayoralty 2017-2025 Public institutions that have ecological sanitation systems and NGOs
External sources, local budget
Increase in the level of awareness of
Awareness raise of the population on the effect of
The number of information campaigns,
Mayoralty
Permanently Education institutions, economic agents,
State budget, external sources
49
the population regarding sustainable use of water resources
climate change and sustainabe use of underground and groundwater as well as rainwater
number of informed people
NGOs
Use of alternative sources of water
Colection and use of rainwater
The number of households/public institutions with rainwater collection installations
Mayoralty 2017-2027 Households External sources, local budget
Reduction of erosion and pollution of surface waters from stormwater runoff and wastewater discharge
Implementation of demonstrational activities for the reduction of rainwater and decentralized wastewater treatment
The number of demonstrational installations implemented
Mayoralty 2017-2020 Local and international NGOs, academic and research institutions, households.
Local budget, external sources, household fees/investments
Prevention of groundwater pollution
Ensuring the well protection that will prevent
Number of wells with ensured protection
Mayoralty in collaboration with medical
2017-2019 Owners of wells Local budget, private investments
50
infiltration of runoffs
centres
Regular cleaning of wells used as a source of drinking water
Number of households reporting adoption of regular cleaning of wells
Mayoralty in collaboration with medical centres
Permanently Well owners Local budget, investments
Creation of a system of sustainable management of animal manure
Ensuring the functionality of sustainable management of animal manure
The quantity of applied compost
Mayoratly, business, households
2017-2025 External sources, local budget, private sources
Improvement of sanitation system in the locality for reduction of the negative environmental impact
Canalization and treatment of wastewater at household level and public institutions
The number of households connected to sewerage system, the volume of treated wastewater
Mayoralty, municipal entreprise
2017-2030 NGOs, local and international experts in sanitation
External sources and local budget, household contributions
Improvement in the system of
The number of technical trainings
Mayoralty
2017-2025 NGOs, local and international
External sources, local budget
51
technical knowledge on sanitation and wastewater reuse
on the management of sanitation systems Number of trained personnel
experts in sanitation
52
