Austronesian and Dene-Basque (Dene-Caucasian)

Austronesian and Dene-Basque

(Dene-Caucasian)

W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER and F. SETO""

INTRODUCTION

J oseph Greenberg when establishing his Amerind did the dirty job in splendid isolation; the Nostratic ground work -where early attempts

were made by Vilhelrn Thomsen and Holger Pedersen- was carried out by Vladislav M. Illich-Svitych (and continued after his sudden death by h s disciple Aron B. Dolgopolsky); in the case of Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Cauca- sian) a US-(former) Soviet division of labor operated (Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991). What is offered here is however not totally the authors' own brain wave as they have benefited from the earlier works of, especially, Karl Bouda, Edward Sapir, Morris Swadesh and Robert Shafer.

With John Bengtson (Shevoroshkin, ed., 1991:67) the Dene-Caucasian macrophylum consists of the following languages and language families: Basque; North Caucasian; Sumerian; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetan; Yeniseian; Na-Dene. (Because of the Basque membership, 1 had earlier proposed Dene-Basque as the "correct" name of this macrophylum.) To the above list, the following languages have been added by others (op. cit., 68): Etruscan; Nahali; Gilyak; Chukchi-Kamchatkan; Almosan-Keresiouan.

The Austronesian cross connections of Dene-Caucasian (Kurt Wulff; Karl Bouda; Ilya Peiros; Paul K. Benedict; Laurent Sagart) are not referred to. As for the two early lumpers, the plan of Kurt Wulff (1942) was to combine Sino-Tibetan (including Tai) with Austric (Austronesian + Austroa-

* Centro de Investigación Riso, Dinamarca. ** Kanagawa, Japón.

W. WILFRTED SCHUHMACHERI F. SETO

siatic) in one farnily. Karl Bouda's work (e.g., 1948, 1951) represented a more ambitious attempt as he treated Austronesian as, with today's termino- logy, a Dene-Caucasian language. Wulff therefore is reflected both in Bene- dict's (1990) Austro-Tai and in Sagart's (1990) Sino-Austronesian whereas Bouda has a successor in Peiros (1989) -who also lists evidence for an Austronesian- Nostratic connection; cf. also Aikhenvald-Angenot's (1989) "Proto-Noscau" (i.e. Nostratic + Dene-Caucasian + Austric).

In the following, additional evidence from North (east) Caucasian, Sino- Tibetan, and Burushaski is presented stressing an Austronesian-Dene-Cau- casian relationship.

One should however in these comparisons always have in rnind what Roy Andrew Miller (1967:88) once has pointed out when talking about Japanese:

"If we were to approach the problem in total ignorance of the history of the two languages (Japanese and Chinese) and without any information about their long period of close contact with one another ... it would be almost impossible to avoid the conclusion ... that the one language in all the world most closely related to Japanese is Chinese. Fortunately, our knowledge of the history of the Far East and in particular our knowledge of the many centuries of cultural contact between China and Japan save us from this othenvise fatal error".

Therefore, one should always be aware of the relative ignorance of the (pre)history involved.

(It has not always been possible to follow the orthography of the original source).

REFERENCES

Aikhenvald-Angenot, A.Y. and J-P. Angenot (1989) Cognatos mot$ológicos entre Proto-Noscau (Nostrático - Sino-Caucasiano - Austrico) e Proto-Ame- rind. MS.

Benedict, P.K. (1990) Japanese/Austro-Tai. Ann Arbor: Karoma. Bouda, K. (1948) Baskisch und Kaukasisch. Zeitschrift für Phonetik 2:

182-202, 336-352. Bouda, K. (1951) Eine jüngst ermittelte archaische Sprachgruppe in Arien und

Europa. Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift 32 : 129- 142. Miller, R.A. (1967) The Japanese Language. Chicago and London: University

of Chicago Press. Peiros, 1. (1989) Dopolnenje k gipoteze S.A. Starostina o rodstue nostraticbeskih

i sinokaukazkih jazykou. Lingvisticheskaja Rekonstrukcija 1 : 125 - 130. Sagart, L. ( 1990) Chinese and Austronesian are Genetically Related. MS. Shevoroshkin, V. (ed. ) (1 99 1) Dene - Sino-Caucasian Languages. Bochum:

Dr. Norbert Brockrneyer. Wulff, K. (1942) Über das Verhaltnis des Malaio-Polynesischen zum Indochine-

sischen. Del kgl. danske videnskabernes selskab, hist.-fil.medd. 27.2.

AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASIAN)

EXAMPLES FOR AUSTRONESIAN AND N a o - D A G H E S T A N I PARALLELS

1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "na-" ( = 1 /: present; imperative 1); ethnically Papuan ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky 1: New Caledonia 1) "no" ( = 1); ethnically Papuan '&E'- ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands), ethnically Papuan WAIO ( = Malaita, So- lomon Islands) "nau" ( = 1) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: LAK "na" ( = 1); DARGIN "nu" ( = 1).

2. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WADAPI-LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan AMBAI( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan SERUI- LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan ANSUS ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "wau" ( = thou) = Nm-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "v", "vu" ( = thou); KHINALUG "v", "va" ( = thou).

3. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "ko" ( = thou); ethnically Papuan m-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky/: New Caledonial) "ke" ( = thou); ethnically Papuan '&'&E ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "ko" ( = t h o d future time or present time with consequent actiod) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: DARGIN "h>u" ( = thou) .

4. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan '&E'& ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands), ethnically Papuan LAU ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "e" ( = he) = N=-DA- GHESTANI: LAK, LEZGI "a" ( = he); AVAR "a", "e" ( = he).

5. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "va-" ( = he/: presend) = N-0-DAGHESTANI: LAK "va" ( = he).

6. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan BONALUA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan SUAU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO ( = southeastern Pa- pua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAHUNI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), "ia" ( = he) = N m O - D A - GHESTANI: ARCHI "ya" ( = he).

W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER / F. SETO

7. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan LENAKEL ( = Tanna in Vanuatu) "in" ( = he); ethnically Papuan LAU ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "inia" ( = he) = N-0-DA- GHESTANI: TSAKHUR "ina" ( = he).

8. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "tia" ( = he) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "ti" ( = he).

9. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan '&'&E ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "ka" ( = he/: future time or present time with consequent actiod) = NAKEJO-DAGHES- TANI: B O T L I E "go" ( = he); AGUL "ge" ( = he).

10. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN (F northwestern Irian Jaya) "iko" ( = we/: inclusive/); ethnicall~ Papuan 'ARE'& ( = Malaita, Solomon Is- lands) "ikia", "ikoru" ( = we/: plural; inclusive/), "ikura" ( = we/: dual; inclusive/); ethnically Papuan LAU ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "'agamere" ( = we/: dual; exclusive/), "'agamoro" ( = we/: dual; inclusive/) = N-O- DAGHESTANI: TABASSARAN "uchu", "ukhu" ( = we).

11. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WOI ( = nprthwestern Irian Jaya) "aru" ( = we two/: inclusive/); ethnically Papuan 'ARE'ARE ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "erua" ( = we/: dual; exclusivd), "i'erua" ( = we/: dual; inclusive/), "i'eru" ( = we/: trial; inclusive/) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: ANDI "il'il" ( = we); CHAMATIAT. "ili" ( = we); BEmITI, GUNZIB "de" ( = we). 9- KHVARSHI "do" ("de") ( = we); G I N U B "eli" ( = we); DIDO "eli" ("ela") ( = F).

12. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WABO ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "nente" ( = we/: inclusive/); ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "nun" ( = we two/: exclusive/) = NABO-DAGHESTANI: ARCJI "nen" ( = we).

13. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "kun" ( = we two/: inclusive/) = N--DAGHESTANI: m N A L U G "kin" ( = we).

14. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "misi" ( = you two) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : GUNZIB, B E m T I ''rni&eV ( = you); G I N U a ''me&'' ( = you); DIDO "me&", "me&a9' ( = you); KHVARSI "mi&o" ("rni&e") ( = you). -

AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASLAN)

15. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "koni" ( = you) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "kun" ("kuna") ( = you).

16. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan LAU ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "da" ( = they) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: LAK "tay" ( = they).

17. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan LAU ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "daro" ( = they/: duav), "dalu" ( = they/: triav) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: AVAR "dol" ( = they); TABASSARAN "durar" ( = they).

18. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan SUAU (= southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Pa- puan KURUDU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan WABO ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "isi" ( = they); ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ídia" ( = they); ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAHUNI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnicaliy Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini), "iti" ( = they) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: =Ami "izu" ("ize") ( = they).

19. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "bo" ( = thouk non-presend) = CIRCASSIAN: AB-, ABAZA "ua", "ba" ( = thou); KABARDI "ua" ( = thou).

20. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "va-" ( = he/: presend) = CIRCASSIAN: U B W "wa-" ( = that).

2 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan BONALUA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan SUAU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO ( = southeastern Pa- pua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAHUNI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan LEILEWA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ia" ( = he) = CIRCASSIAN: AB- "ia" ( = he); ABAZA "ya" ( = he).

W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER 1 F. SETO

22. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ta-" ( = we); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tou" ( = wel: inclusive; triav) = CIR- CASSIAN: KABARDI ":de" ( = we); ADYGE "te" ( = we).

23. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan SUAU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Pa- puan KURUDU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan WABO ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "isi" ( = they) = GEORGIAN: GEORGIAN "isini" ( = they).

24. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan '&'&E ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "ikira" ( = they) = GEORGIAN: GEORGIAN "igini" ( = those).

25. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "so" ( = not); ethnically Papuan QiÜ-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanakyl: New Caledonid) "Sa", "Se" ( = not); ethnically Papuan '&E'= ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "su'u" ( = don't!) = Nm0-DAGHESTANI: AVAR "-:;'o-" ( = not); ANDI "-:su" ( = not); B A E "co" ( = not); B O T L I U << v >> -ca ( = not); GODOBERI "-?e" ( = not); KARATA "-C'e" ( = not); BA- GULAL ''-&en ( = not) .

26. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "to" ( = not); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "ti" ( = not) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTA- NI: ARCHI "-t'a-", "-t'o-" ( = not); TABASSARAN, AGUL "-da-" ( = not); UD1 "-t'e>' ( = not).

27. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WAIO ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "ma'a" (: pre- fix of negative intention) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: B E B E N "ma" ( = not); B A B "ma" ( = not); GINU-1 "-men ( = not); DARGIN "ma-" ( = not); LAK "-ma" ( = not); TABASSARAN "me" ( = not); BUDU-1 "-ma-" ( = not), "-mo" ( = not), "ma" ( = not); UD1 "-ma" ( = not) + CIR- CASSIAN: U B W "-m(a)" ( = not); KABARDI "me-", "ma-" ( = not) + GEORGIAN: LAZ "mo" ( = not).

28. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ati" ( = not) = Nm-DAGHESTANI: mARSHI "-ate1' ( = not); GUNZIB "-a t(o)" ( = not).


29. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kua" ( = don't!); ethnically Papuan '&E'& ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "ke'e" ( = not) = N U O - D A - GHESTANI: "-k'e-", "-ki", "-qa" ( = not); E I N A L U G "-kuy" ( = not); LAK "-q'a" ( = not); AVAR "-ge-" ( = not); ARCHI "-gi" ( = not).

30. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan LAU ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "alu" ( = don't!) = NAKHO-DAGHESTANI: "-el'" ( = not); AVAR "-ar-" ( = not);AN~1 "-ul" ( = not).

3 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Pa- puan DAUI SILOSILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "age" ( = not) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: DARGIN "ah-" ( = not).

32. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan LENAKEL ( = Tanna in Vanuatu) "kapwa" ( = no) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: mU "-jka-be" ( = not).

33. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANH ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "hge" ( = not) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: cAMAT.AL "hiki" ( = not).

34. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan DAHUNI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ige'e" ( = not); ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ige" ( = not); ethnically Papuan LENAKEL ( = Tanna in Vanuatu) "ika" ( = not to be) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: TINDI "-i-hi" ( = not).

35. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan '&E'& ( = Malaita, Solomon Islands) "mano" ( = not) = GEORGIAN: LAZ "mo-n" ( = not).

36. Austronesian: . Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "henu-"

( = under) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "gini" ( = below).

37. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "dera" ( = body hair); ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAHUNI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "tala" ( = hair) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: KReZ, B U D U M ''der" ( = hair); B E - -EN "taqa" ( = hair, wool).


38. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kenekene" ( = girl) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "hnh" ( = girl).

39. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kaka" ( = elder brother) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "gag" ( = uncle).

40. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "lakwa-ia" ( = to place firewood for lighting) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "&a hn" ( = to burn down, to burn out).

4 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "pari" ( = wet); ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "war" ( = water); ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "waru" ( = to wash); ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugi- ni) "pali pali" ( = wet) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: LAK "bar" ( = lake); -1 "bari" ( = lake).

42. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "vaira" ( = front; face) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "bal" ( = forehead).

43. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ranu" ( = water) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: ARCHI "l'an" ( = water).

44. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ta" ( = 1); ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sai" ( = 1) = NAK- HO-DAGHESTANI: m N A L U G , RUTUL, UDI, TSAKHUR "sa" ( = 1). -

45. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "raku-a" ( = to make up a fire) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : RUTUL "la& ( = sto- ve); LAK "lagan" ( = to burn).

46. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "gabea" ( = after) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "jubur" ( = after).

47. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU (= southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kwara" ( = head); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "koro" ( = upper part of the head) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: KRBZ "kala" ( = skull).


48. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan D ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = K a n a w New Cale- donial) "gse" ( = grandmother) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "gay" ( = grandmother) . 49. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "raka-" ( = to go, to walk, to step); ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "laka" ( = to walk); ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "laka-" ( = to walk); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "lako" ( = to go); ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini) "raka-" ( = to walk) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "rege hatun" ( = to go); AGUL "legan" ( = to go out), "rugas" ( = to go).

50. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kori" ( = tree top) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "qul" ( = top).

5 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "-rasi" ( = palm) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: AVAR "rata" ( = hand).

52. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "katu" ( = small); ethnically Papuan WADAPI-LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnicallY Papuan AMBAI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "ketui" ( = small) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "kad" ( = small).

53. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "karu" ( = light rain) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: ARCHI "bel" ( = rain).

54. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan SUAU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "'ahu" ( = ashes); ethnically Papuan MOR ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "'aha" ( = ashes) = N-O- DAGHESTANI: UD1 "iq" ( = ashes).

55. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kodo" ( = lake) = N B 0 - D A G H E S T A N I : AVAR "&-u&" ( = bog); BUDUKH - "kh' - d" ( = water).

5.6. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tat&" ( = sea) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: GUNZIB "tag" ( = bog).

W. WILFRED SCHUHMACHERI F. SETO

57. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "vala"

( = morning) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : DARGIN (=YDAK) "bari" ( = day) .

58. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southesastern Papua-Niugini) "lahi" ( = fi-

re) = NAKEJO-DAGHESTANI: LAK " l a u ( = ashes); AVAR "raqu" ( = ashes).

59. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "sínavai"

( = river) = NAKJO-DAGHESTANI: LAK "shin", "sin" ( = water).

60. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "koge"

( = pinnacle) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "qaqam" ( = high).

6 1. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan WASAPI-LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "ure"

( = eye); ethnically Papuan AMBAI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "uren" ( = eye) = NAmO-DAGHESTANI: DARGIN ( K U B A m I ) "ule" ( = eye); TABASSARAN, RUTUL, AGUL, LEZGI "ul" ( = eye).

62. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "akr" ( = sleeping-

place) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: TABASSARAN "aaur" ( = stall), "ikir" ( = enclosure).

63. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan QfÜ-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky 1: New Cale-

donia 1) "giwe" ( = mountain) = N--DAGHESTANI: DIDO "gup" ( = M).

64. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan DUSNER ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "wom"

( = mountain); ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Kan Jaya) "bwon" ( = mountain) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : RUTUL "ban" ( = mountain).

65. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "thanga" ( = span of the fingers) = N B O -

DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "&ang" ( = hollow of the hand).

66. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "wokako"

(= hot) = NAKEJO-DAGHESTANI: ANDI "beku" ( = hot).

AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASIANI

67. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan D ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Cale- donia 1) "habo" ( = to give) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: E U U R "hu- viy", "hiviy" ( = to give).

68. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "sali" ( = to flow 1: water 1) = N U O - D A - GHESTANI: TABASSARAN "&ar", "&el" ( = water); A R B "zulu" ( = spring, source); LAK "zuli" ( = spring, source).

69. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "poka-" ( = mouth); ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugi- ni) "boka-" ( = mouth) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: KRZ "pek" ( = lip); B U D U a "pk" ( = lip).

70. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WOI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "ko-ru" ( = 2) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: DARGIN "kel" ( = 2).

7 1. Austronesian

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "raga" '

( = to build) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : DIDO "re&u" ( = shed).

72. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "guri" ( = pit) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "kur" ( = pit); TABASSA- RAN "qur" ( = pit).

73. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "keli" (= to dig a hole) = NAKHO-DA- - GHESTANI: RUTUL "be ar hann" (= to dig).

74. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "koro" ( = village) = N-O-DAGHESTA- NI: AGUL "h- ar" ( = village); -1 "&or" ( = village); LEZGI "khur" - ( = village).

75. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kolokolo" ( = transverse pieces of wood /: fence or reed wails 1) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N 1 : m I ''&erV ( = w d ) ; LAK "chra" ( = wall); LEZGI, TABASSARAN, AGUL al" ( = wall); AVAR "galan" ( = wall).


76. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tavi" ( = to slap) = NmO-DAGHESI"JI NI: LEZGI "dave un2 ( = to fight); TABASSARAN "da'vi - kh' ub" ( = to fight) .

77. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ginasa" ( = warm) = Nm0-DAGHESTANI: AVAR "@ab" ( = warm).

78. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kama" ( = burnt), "kumakumala" ( = fiery, incandescent) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: UD1 "gam" ( = hot); TSAK- HUR "qqumana" ( = warm); LEZGI "~J~cSimi" (= warm). -

79. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "hane" ( = young woman, maiden) = NMO-DAGHESTANI: KRZ "&nb" ( = woman, wife); DARGIN " b e unul" (= woman, wife); LAK "qarni2 ( = women, wives) .

80. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan KEAPAñA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kirikiri" ( = small) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: TSAKHUR "klin" ( = small).

8 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky 1: New Cale- donia 1) "hi'." ( = to bear children) = NMO-DAGHESTANI: AGUL "buras" ( = to be born).

82. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan IRARUTU (= northwestern Irian Jaya) "gin" ( = to drink) = Nm0-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "qun" ( = to drink).

83. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "honu" ( = full /: of water 1) = N a o - D A G H E S T A N I : TSAKHUR " b e an" ( = water).

84. Austronesian:

Ethnicdy Papuan P~~-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Cale- donia 1) "hifíaa" ( = place in a stream where the current begins to flow faster) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: -1 "k an" ( = river); AVAR " b in" ( = water).


85. Austronesian:

Ethcally Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "ede" ( = to walk) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: G I N U B "at a" ( = to come); GUN- ZIB "6t a" ( = to come); AGUL "at as" ( = to go out).

86. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan IRARUTU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "re" ( = sun) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: TABASSARAN "rey" ( = sun); LEZ- GI, AGUL "ray" ( = sun).

87. Austronesian:

Ethcally Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "iru" ( = nose); ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "iru-" ( = nose) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "il" ( = smell; to smell).

88. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dokor" ( = back) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "daq" ( = occiput).

89. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "vure" ( = to spring up 1: water 1) = NAKK HO-DAGHESTANI: TABASSARAN "bula&" ( = spring, source); KRZ - ''blaa'' ( = spring, source); RUTUL "blab" ( = spring, source).

90. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan flB-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Cale- donia 1) "tiif" ( = lip) = NABO-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "siv" ( = mouth); AGUL "siv" ( = mouth).

9 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "gogu" ( = leg) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: CHECHEN "kog" ( = leg); LEZGI "kek" ( = leg); W A R B I "kaka" ( = leg).

92. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sar" ( = room) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: LAK '"S& ar" ( = d a g e ) .

93. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan SERUI-LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "fara" ( = fence); ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "war" ( = fence) = NMO-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI ''para&" ( = enclosure).

W. WiLFRIED SCHUHMACHER / F. SETO

94. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WOI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "huhu" ( = breast) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: LAK "k uk u" ( = breast); AVAR "koko" ( = breast).

95. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "kum" ( = body hair); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kurni" ( = beard) = N-O-DAGHES- TANI: KRZ "gam" ( = mane); -1 "qam", "qama" ( = woman's hair); LA., DARGIN "ama" ( = mane).

96. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "hara-ia" ( = to broíl) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: ARCHI "daras" ( = to roast /: meat 1).

97. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kesu" ( = back of the read) = NAJCEJO-DA- GHESTANI: GUNZIB "ko@o" ( = occiput); CHECHEN "kes" ( = occiput).

98. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "borai" ( = head); ethnically Papuan MOR ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "varo" ( = head) = Nm0-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "bal" ( = forehead); LEZ- GI "pal" ( = forehead); UD1 "bul" ( = head).

99. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kaku" (= to seize with the hand) = N& HO-DAGHESTANI: CHECHEN "kug" ( = hand); B A E "kogn, "kok" - ( = ha'nd) .

100. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kirikiriwa" ( = armpit) = N m O - D A - GHESTANI: ARCHI "w" ( = armpit).

101. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "taina" ( = piece of wood) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "tam" ( = forest, grove).

102. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan PB-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Cale- donia 1) ''boSi" ( = moon) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: DIDO "buf~i" ( = moon); TINDI " b o ~ u" ( = moon); G I N U a " b u ~ e " ( = moon).


103. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "nana" ( = mother); ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "nani" ( = mother) = NAKEJO-DAGHESTA- NI: CHECHEN "nana" ( = mother); LAK "nuni" ( = mother); KRZ "nanay" ( = mother).

104. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethmcally Papuan SUAU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan DAHUNI ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini), ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugi- ni), ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "sagasaga" ( = river) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: DARGIN "haga" ( = bog).

105. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "moku" ( = s- mall) = NBO-DAGHESTANI: CHAMALAT, "mikub" ( = small); GO- DOBERI "mikisi" ( = small); ANDI "mi&" ( = small).

106. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tengu" ( = dew) = NAKEJO-DAGHESTA- NI: LEZGI, TABASSARAN "&g" ( = dew).

107. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dora" ( = rain) = NAKEJO-DAGHESTANI: mAKEJ "B ari" ( = rain).

108. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tiri" ( = to drip); ethnically Papuan gfi- MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky /: New Caledonia /) "duh" ( = to drip /: water /) = NAKEJO-DAGHESTANI: AVAR "tiri" ( = drop).

109. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dira" ( = to flow) = NAKFJO-DAGHESTANI: DARGIN "duraqes" ( = to pour).

1 10. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "soren" ( = sea) = NAKEJO-DAGHES- TANI: DARGIN "huray", "&ara" ( = lake).

11 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOR ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "buran" ( = man) = NAKEJO-DAGHESTANI: KRZ "firi" ( = man).

W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHERI F. SETO

112. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan AMBAT: ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "bine" ( = wife); ethnically Papuan SERUI-LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "vine" ( = wife); ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = nortwestern Irian Jaya) "bino" ( = woman); ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "bun" ( = woman) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: TABASSARAN "buna", "p una" ( = fe- male /: bird /).

113. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "góbea" ( = to catch with the hand) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: KRZ ''be ab" ( = hand); RUTUL "gaban&" ( = paw).

1 14. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WOI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "hokama" ( = nose) = NmO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "&- e&-'' ( = nose).

115. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tata" ( = father) = NUO-DAGHESTA- NI: AVAR "dada" ( = father).

116. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dir" ( = nail) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: KRZ, BUDU-1 "til" ( = finger).

117. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kurukuru" ( = beak) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: ANDI "kol" ( = beak).

118. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "aru" ( = current); ethnically Papuan ~ B - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanay /: New Caledonia 1) "a?" ( = water) = NAE-O-DAGHESTANI: TABASSA- RAN "ar" ( = bog) .

119. Austronesian:

Ethnicaily Papuan ANSUS ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Pa- puan MUNGGUI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan PAPUMA ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "netui" ( = body hair) = N U O - D A G H E S - TANI: ANDI "nidu" ( = eyelash); DARGIN "ned", "nit" ( = eyebrow).

120. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "hánua" ( = village) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: DIDO, B E B I T I "qun" ( = farm- stead).


12 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini), ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "usa" ( = rain) = N-O-DAGHESTANI: BE= "óz" ( = snow); GUNZTB ''2'' ( = snow); =ARSHI "eso" ( = snow); GINUIGJ ''ihe" ( = snow).

122. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "noho" ( = to dwell) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: ARm "nok" ( = room, house).

123. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kauti" ( = fist) = NABO-DAGHESTANI: E A m U R , RUTUL ' 'hud'' ( = fist).

124. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kahau" ( = fingernail) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: LEZGI "kek" ( = fingernail).

125. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan B O L O W ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "'ahe" ( = leg) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: -1 "aq" ( = thing; paw); TA- BASSARAN "a&, "a" ( = thing).

126. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "katakata" ( = hot, burning) = N a o - D A - GHESTANI: LEZGI "kudayn ( = hot).

127. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan flfÜ-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky 1: New Cale- donia 1) "hoSir" ( = to take refuge inside something) = NAKIJO-DAGHES- TANI: AVAR "qo&" ( = room, house); UD1 " k o w ( = room, house).

128. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan KURUDU ( = northwestem Irian Jaya) "dukoi" ( = hair) = NUO-DAGHESTANI: TABASSARAN " z u ~ " ( = down).

129. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN (= northwestem Irian Jaya) "tum" ( = body hair) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTANI: RUTUL "dn" ( = hair, wool).

130. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kava" ( = comb) = NAKIJO-DAGHESTA- NI: TSAKHUR "guvak&iyn ( = to comb).


HIMALAYAN PARALLELS WITH THE AUSTRONESWN LANGUAGES

1. Himalayan: KALING, D U M ~ "kiim" ( = house); BANPAM "ham" ( = house); RANGKAS "&yam" ( = house); TAMLU "&am" ( = house) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(he) kamala" ( = hut).

2. Himalayan A 0 "a-di" ( = brother) =

Austronesian: MALAY "adik" ( = brother).

3. HimGyan: P'ADANG, MARING "ük" (= belly); G ~ Ó (AwK), K O B "Ok" ( = belly) =

Austronesian: HAwAXIAN "(ka) uha" ( = lap).

4. Himalayan: TENGSA "liing" ( = high) =

Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "16fin ( = high).

5. Himalayap: G m ( A B I K ) "ki-mii" ( = down) =

Austronesian: MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "henu-" ( = under).

6. Hirnalayan: MANC&A~~ "katu" ( = child); YMN "ki-aa" ( = son) =

Austronesian: PALAU ( = Micronesia) "ketengél" ( = first-born child).

7. Hi~alayan: GYARUNG "tar-ni" ( = hair) =

Austronesian: MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "dera" ( = body hair).

8. Himalayan: AKA "jo" ( = you) =

Austronesian: PALAU ( = Micronesia) "&-" ( = you).

AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASQUE (DENE-CAUCASIAN)

9. Himalayan: ANDRO "ta-k'ü" ( = hand); NAMSANGL& "dak" ( = hand) + Karen: YINTALA " ~ i n ko" ( = hand) =

Austronesian: MALAY "tangan" i = hand).

10. Hirnalayan: A 0 " k ~ a " ( = to give) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(e) haawi" ( = to give).

1 1. Himalayan: S M N "k'u-la" ( = far); V m "k'oO-larn" ( = far); N A M S A N G ~ "ha-lo" ( = far) =

Austronesian: PALAU ( = Micronesia) "deróid" ( = far).

12. Himalayan: HLOTA "o-mi" ( = fire); ABOR, MIRI "umu" ( = fue); D A F ~ Üm" ( = fire) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(he) umu" ( = oven).

13. Hirnalayan: KANAuN "gone" ( = d e ) ; KOM "ka-nü-hmai" ( = d e ) ; K'OIRAO "hai-nü" ( = wife) =

Austronesian: MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kenekene" ( = girl).

14. Himalayan: TAUNGYO "ko" ( = up); A-HI "k'a" ( = up); $0 "ha" ( = up) + Karen: YEINBA "kun ( = UP) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "kiekie" ( = high) .

15. Hirnalayan: NEWARI "ba-bi" (= father); KANAuH "boba" (= father); D M ~ - S A "bü-p'a" ( = father); MIRI "bi-bu" ( = father); LISU "/baba" ( = father) =

Austronesian: MALAY "baph" ( = father); INDONESIAN "bapak" ( = father); MAR- SHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "baba" ( = father).


16. Himalayan: A 0 "chir" ( = child); AN& "amo &a-rii" ( = child); NUNG "sel" (= chiid); RANGKAS "Seri" ( = son); RODONG "soro-&'a &a" ( = son) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "sar" ( = child).

17. Himalayan: B A L ~ "ka-ka" ( = elder brother); M A N ~ ~ "kaka" ( = elder brother); CHAMBA ~ U L I "kag" ( = elder brother); ARAKANESE "gogo" ( = brother) =

Austronesian: MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kaka" ( = elder brother).

18. Himalayan: CHAIREL "sil" ( = sun); GÁRó ( A ~ K ) , K O ~ , TIPURA "sal" ( = sun) =

Austronesian: PALAU ( = Micronesia) "sils" ( = sun).

19. ma layan : LALUNG "k'dang" ( = behind); KADU "kalinq, be" ( = behind) =

Austronesian: TAGALOG ( = northern Philippines) "huli" ( = behind).

20. Himalgyan: BALTI, LADAK'I "k'a-t'ok" ( = up); B A L ~ OFBURIG "k'a-t'ot" ( = up); R E N G ~ "ke-tego" ( = high); YAK'A "ket-na" ( = high); A-KA ' ck '~ tiy' ( = up) =

Austronesian: INDONESIAN "keatas" ( = up); PALAU ( = Micronesia) "kedidái" ( = high).

2 1. Walayan: EMPEO "he-keo" ( = moon), "he-gi" ( = star) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "hoku" ( = star).

22. H&al_ayan: D'IMAL "baila" ( = sun) =

Austronesian: MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "vala" ( = sun).

23. Himalayan: ABOR, MIRI "p616" ( = moon); MAINGm "p'i-la" ( = moon); MRU "pü-la" ( = moon); A-KA, A-KO "bala" ( = moon) =

Austronesian: MALAY "bulan" ( = moon); PALAU ( = Micronesia) "búil" ( = moon).

AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASOUE (DENE-CAUCASIANI

24. Hirnalayaq: BANPARA "ti-ki" (7 back); -G "tak" ( = back); TAMLU "tok" ( = back); w @ A D "t'ak'a" ( = back); W B A LAHUL~ "t'ak"' ( = back); RONG "ta-güm" ( = back)) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "tagiur" ( = back).

25. Himalayan: HLOTA "r6" ( = to come); -NBON "lü" ( = to come); $ 0 "16" ( = to come); W Y E T M Y O m I N "lo': ( = to come); YADWIN "la" ( = to come); LAI "ra" ( = to come); LASI, W N G W , TAUNGYO << 0 >> la ( = to come); mG "lo" ( = to come); K'OIRAO "ra" ( = to come); T ~ G K ' u L "ra" ( = to come); T'-1, B ~ I N G , M A G m "ra" ( = to come); MARU, MAINGT_HA, NUNG "li" ( = to go); G m (A-) "re"" ( = to go), K'ANGOI "re" ( = to go), vAYU "la0" ( = to go) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "la" ( = to go); MOTU ( = southeastern Pa- pua-Niugini) "loa" ( = to walk about).

26. Himdaya~:- MANCHA1 "da" ( = to go) =

Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "iiok" ( = to go away).

27. Himdayan: MEIT'EI "ha-meng" ( = goat); ANDRO "ke-mek" ( = goat);-KWOI- RENG "ka-mi" ( = goat); K'OIRAO "ka-mi" ( = goat); EMPEO "ge-me" ( = goat); A-HI "k'imo" ( = she-goat) =

Austronesian: PALAU ( = Micronesia) "kaming ( = goat).

28. Himalayan: BANJOG~ "ka-k~" ( = foot); KOM "ka-ke" 1 = foot); AN& "ka-k'ü" ( = foot); D'IMAL "k'aukaui" ( = foot); MRU "k'auk" ( = foot) + Karen : KARENBYU "kaki" ( = foot); ZAYEIN "kingku" ( = foot) =

Austrpnesian : SALON ( S E L U E ) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "kakai" ( = foot); - ( = Vietnam, Cambodia) "kakai" ( = foot); W Y "kaki" ( = foot); INDONESIAN "kaki" ( = foot).

29. Himalayan: T A U N G W "teak" ( = near); YEINBA "duk" ( = near); NAMSAN- G f i "t'ek-ro" ( = near); DANJONGKA "&a-kan ( = near) =

W. TürILFRTED SCHUHMACHER / F. SETO

Austronesian: LAM (= Vietnam, Carnbodia) "jaik" ( = near); MALAY, INDONE- SIAN "dekat" ( = near); MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "de- ke-na" ( = near).

30. Himalayan; SOPVOMA "ko-si" ( = cat) =

Austronesian: MALAY "kucia'' ( = cat).

3 1. Himalayan: KABUI "kii" ( = house); K'OIRÁO "kai" ( = house); HAuRPA "hyau" ( = house) + Karen: PADAUNG "hau" ( = house) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(he) kauhale" ( = village).

32. Himalayan: KQASI, KANAu~Ü "bal" ( = head); M h N k "wülli" ( = head); LES1 "wu-lam" ( = head) =

Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "wüliej" ( = head); MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "vaira" ( = face; front).

33. Himalayag : MANCHA^ "katu" ( = child); Y ~ N "kh-&a" ( = son) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "gat" ( = child).

34. Himalayan: BALALI "pa-ch'i" ( = child); LOHORONG "pa-si" ( = child'; HLOKE "bu-ts'o" ( = child); BANJOGI ''pa~a'' ( = child); D ~ - S A "bu-Su" ( = daughter) + Karen: MOPWA (DERMUHA) "pat'i" ( = child); PWO " = p'o + &a" ( = ~hild); SGA 'cpo&a" ( = ~hild); ZAYEIN ( = ~hiid); MA- PAUK u p ~ ~ a 9 9 ( = ~hiid); PADAUNG upa&a" ( = ~hild) =

Austronesian: TAGALOG ( = northern Philippines) "bata" ( = child); INDONESIAN "puteri" ( = daughter).

35. Himalsyan: D'IMAL "&h" ( = child); ATSI "t&-no" ( = child)) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(he) kama" ( = child).

36. Himalgyan: BALTI "zan-sos" (= wife); LADAK'I OF SPITI "jan-mo" ( = wife); NAMSANGL& "jin-&u'' ( = wife) =


Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "jine-" ( = mother); MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "sina" ( = mother).

37. Himglayan: MIJU "nunu" ( = mother), MIRI "nanu" ( = mother) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "naana" ( = mother).

38. Hirnalayan: ABOR "a-tük" ( = head) =

Austonesian: SALON ( S E L U E ) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "Athk" ( = head) .

39. Karen: MOPWA ( B I L I ~ ) ( = my); SGA "-sa" ( = my) =

Austronesian: MALAY "saya" ( = my).

40. Karen: ZAYEIN "ser" ( = water) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "-&al" ( = water).

41. Kar~n: SGA "kh-e" ( = horse); PWO "kh_thi" ( = horse); WEWAW "k-e" ( = horse) =

Austronesian: MALAY "kudh" ( = horse).

42. Himalay-: CI--IINBON "har" ( = gold) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(he) keleawe" ( = copper).

43. Himalayan: N E W ~ "ji-ji" ( = we) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI ( = Micronesia) "si" ( = we).

44. Hirnalayanl SOPVOMA "a-ri" ( = up) + Karen: MAPAUK ''Alu" ( = high) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "iluna" ( = up, above).


45. Himalayan: A-KA "la ta" ( = UP) + Kargn: SGA "lo-t'aO" ( = up) =

Austronesian: MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "lata" ( = tall).

46. Himalayan: MRU "ke-re" ( = star); KANAuH, M A N ~ ('kar" ( = star); CHAM- BA ~ U L T "kar"' ( = star); MISMI (DIGARU) "hala" ( = moon) =

Austronesian: CHAM ( = Vietnam, Cambodia) "hargi" ( = sun). -

47. Hipal_ayan: T'AMI "cha-la" ( = moon); vÁYU "&o-lo" ( = moon); HLOTA "&o" ( = moon); G Y ~ U N G "&-le0" ( = moon) =

Austronesian: TAGALOG ( = northern Phdippines) "tala" ( = star).

48. Himalayan: G m ( A ~ I K ) K O m , TIPURA "sa" ( = 1); BODO "se" ( = 1); ~~uH- -u rnk .san ( = 1); LALUNG, TABLENG u&a ( = 1) =

Austronesian: LAM ( = Vietnam, Cambodia) "sa" ( = 1); PALAU ( = Micronesia), MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ta" ( = 1).

49. Himalayan: T 'UKUMI "rong" ( = back) ; Y A B U M I "rung" ( = back); H-GK'OL "rüorlg" ( = back); HALLAM "riinn" ( = back); LAN- GRONG "rüang" ( = back) =

Austronesian: m (= Vietnam, Cambodia) "raung" ( = back).

50. Hirnalayan: RAI "ya-bu" ( = behind) =

Austronesian: MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "gabea" ( = after).

5 1. Himalayanl SOPVOMA "uppü" ( = belly); SE^ "apfo" ( = belly), A-HI "oOpo" ( = belly) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(ka) opu" ( = abdomen),

AUSTRONESIAN AND DENE-BASQUE (DENE-CAUCASIAN)

52. H@na!aya~: GARO (AwK), K O ~ , TIPURA "niik" ( = house); TABLENG llnok>> ( = house) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(e) noho" ( = to dwell); MOTU ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini) "noho" ( = to dwell).

53. Karen: T A U N G W "lam" ( = house) =

Austronesian: MALAY "rumah" ( = house); MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) llruma" ( = house) .

54. Himalaya~: BANPARA "hi la" ( = dog); N A M S A N G ~ "hü-la" ( = dog) =

Austronesian: WOLEAI (= Micronesia) "gelaag" ( = dog).

55. Himalayan: ANDRO " m ~ " ( = water) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "mau" ( = damp).

56. Himalayan: HLOKE "gep" ( = back)) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "(ka) hope" ( = rump).

57. Himalayan: BODO "k'A-rA" ( = head); KOM "ka-lü" ( = head); MISMI (DIGMÜ) llkürü" ( = h ead); MO-S'O "kül6" ( = head); - DIMA-SA "k6-r6" ( 5 head); TIPURA "k'ii-r6k" ( = head); HLOTA "kurr" ( = head); YADWIN "k'a-luk-kwai" ( = head) =

Austronesian: CHAM ( = Vietnam, Cambodia) "haluv" ( = head); INDONESIAN - l lh~lu" ( = upper end; head); MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kwara" ( = head).

58. Himalayan: TENGSA "&a-ba" ( = what) =

Austrpnesian: SALON (SELUNG) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "sipan-" ( = what).

59. &alayfin: NEWaRI, PAD'I "ji" ( = 1); THAYETMYO =N "je" ( = 1); RANG- KAS "ji" ( = 1); T ' A U B U "&u" ( = 1); m ~ ~ O K "&e" ( = 1); SO "che" - ( = 1) =


Austronesian: SALON ( S E L U E ) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "&" ( = 1).

60. Himalayan: ATSI "u-lum" ( = head) =

Austronesian: ,

JAVANESE "ulu" ( = head); TAGALOG ( = northern Philippines) "ulo" ( = head); PALAU ( = Micronesia) "oníll" ( = head); -0R- RO ( = Micronesia) "ulu" ( = head); FIJIAN "ulu" ( = head); SA- MOAN "ulu" ( = head); MAORI (= New Zealand) "uru" (= head).

6 1. Himala~an: HLOKE "gyo-wu" ( = slave); ATSI "kyun" ( = slave); MURMI "kyi-pii" ( = slave) =

Austronesian: RAPANUI ( = Easter Island) "kio" ( = slave).

62. Hirnalayan: P'AD&VG "ka-neu" (-= ear); K'AMI "kan-nau" ( = ear); DW%-SA "ka-mao" ( = ear); ANAL "ka-na" ( = ear) =

Austronesian: RAPANUI ( = Easter Island) "hanau" ( = ear).

63. Himda~an: M O S A N G , T A M L U , T A B L E N G , D U N G M A L I , R U N G ~ ' E N B U N G , B'INGTANG, W h I N G "mak" ( = eye); SmGPANG "mak" ( = eye) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "maka" ( = eye).

64. Himalayan: RÓNG "mak" ( = to die) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "make" ( = dead).

65. Himalayan: vAYU "met" ( = to die) =

Austronesian: TAHITI ( = south-central Pacific), MAORI ( = New Zealand) "mate" ( = dead).

66. Himalayan: N ~ ' E I U ? N G "=o-&o" ( = mouth) =

Austronesian: MAORI ( = New Zealand) "ngutu" ( = mouth).


67. Himalayan: T A U N G W "kang" ( = man) =

Austronesian: HAWAIIAN "kanaka" ( = person).

68. Himalayan: RODONG, SANGPANG "wi" ( = water); KADU "wa" ( = water) =

Austronesian: FIJIAN "wai" ( = water).

69. Himalayan: ATSI "rh" ( = 1); HAuRPA "ri" ( = 1) + Karen: MOPWA (BILI=) "lá" ( = 1) =

Austronesian: TUAMOTU ( = south-central Pacific) "rari" ( = 1).

70. Himalayan: LAHU "hika" ( = man) =

Austronesian: TUAMOTU ( = south-central Pacific) "hakoi" ( = man).

7 1. Himalayan: AKA GGña27 ( = 1) =

Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "ha" ( = 1).

72. Himalayan: TAMLU "t'ong" ( = ear) =

Austronesian: SALON ( S E L U m ) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "ti-nga" ( = ear).

73. Himalayan: -G "kulo" ( = hair/: of the head/); SINGP'O "ka-ri" ( = hak) + Karen: WEWAW "ko lu" ( = hair); KARENBYU, WAUK "ku lu" ( = hair); GHEKO "ki lu" ( = hair); PADAUNG "ka lo" ( = hair); MANO "ku lü" ( = hair) =

Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "kool" ( = hair).

W. WILFRIED SCHUHMACHER/ F. SETO

74. Himalayan: A 0 "a-lar" ( = slave) =

Austronesian: TAGALOG ( = northern Philippines) "alila" ( = slave).

75. Himabyan: BALTI "bu-u" ( = bird) =

Austronesian: MARSHALLESE (= Micronesia) "bao" ( = bird).

76. Himalayan: BALTI "batik" ( = duck) =

Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "badik" ( = duck).

77. Himalayan: BALTI "a-m6" ( = mother); B A L ~ O F BURIG "a-mi" ( = mother) =

Austronesian: MALAY "amhK7' ( = mother) .

78. Himalayan: BAL?? "ka-ka" ( = brother) =

Austronesian: MALAY <'kakak9' ( = sister).

79. Hirnalayan: BALTI "a-Se" ( = sister); BAL?? O F BURIG "a-&e" ( = sister) =

Austronesian: LHAM ( = Vietnam, Cambodia) "hdCi" ( = sister); MALAY "ádek" ( = sister).

80. Himalayan: BAL'IT "dunuk" ( = before) =

Austronesian: INDONESIAN "dimuka7' ( = before).

81. Himalayan: B A L ~ OF BURIG ''da%" ( = and) =

Austronesian: MALAY "dan" ( = and); INDONESIAN "dan" ( = and).

82. Himalayan: BAL'I? O F BURIG "duk" ( = yes) =

Austynesian: SALON ( S E L U E ) ( = Mergui Archipelago of Burma) "toko" ( = yes).

AUSTRONESJAN AND DENE-BASQUE (DENE-CAUCASJAN)

AUSTRONESIAN AND m M I R I BURUSHASKI PARALLELS

1. Austronesian:

Ethnicall~ Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ai" ( = not/: + verb/) = KASHMIRI BURUmSKI: BURUSHASKI "a-", "au-", "E-" ( = not); WER-~KYU& "a-" ( = not).

2. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "karu" ( = light rain); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kurei" ( = to sprmkle water on) = KAS_HMIRI BURU=KI: BURUBMIRI B U R U m S K I : BU- RU=SKI "hra'lt" ( = rain).

3. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan AMBAI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "karnirei" ( = hole) = W M I R I BURUSHASKI: BURUSHASKI "qAm" ( = pit).

4. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "lata" ( = tall) = KAmMIRI BURUmSKI: BURUSEJ4SKI "la't" ( = hillock).

5. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kori-" ( = tree top) = KAmMIRI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "hurgo" ( = ascent).

6. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "geta" ( = ocean wave) = K A W I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "g&m" ( = sound of splash).

7. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sur" ( = comb); ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sura" ( = comb); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "seru" ( = comb) = K A a M I - RI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "jru'no" ( = man's curl of hair).

8. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan IRARUTU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "tenggerire" ( = nail); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "thanga" ( = span of the fingers), "thing- go" ( = to catch) = KASHMIRI BURUSHASKI: BURUSHASKI ''Fng" ( = talon) .


9. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "húrehure" ( = wave) = K A a M I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U w S K I "go'r" ( = water- fall), "hr", "Vr" ( = torrent and bed).

10. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "sali" ( = to flowkwaterl) = KASIJMIRI BU- RU=SKI: BURUSHASKI "trtr" ( = sound of water falling), "sr" ( = flood).

11. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tali" ( = to draw water), "talo" ( = to pour out a liquid in small streams only; to draw water from a well) = KABMIRI BURUmSKI: BURUSHASKI "tAl" ( = slow-flowing).

12. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tiri" ( = to drip), "turu" ( = to drip/: li- quidsl) = KAWMIRI BURUWSKI: B U R U m S K I "dri.aY' ( = river).

13. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "boka-" ( = mouth); ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua- Niugini) "poka-" ( = mouth) = W M I R I BURUBASKI: WER- =IKW& "bah &tAs" ( = to kiss).

14. Austronesian:

Ethmcally Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kalaga'" ( = hut, shelter); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "koro" ( = village) = KABMI- RI BURU=SKI: B U R U W S K I "hra'y", "hrAy" ( = camping-place), "hra'y" ( = sheep pen).

15. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "guri" ( = pit) = KA=IRI BURULHASKI: B U R U W S K I "ko'r" ( = cave).

16. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan DAUI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "ginasa" ( = warm) = KASMIRI BURUwSKI: WER=IKW& "hu'n" ( = firewood).

17. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kaka" ( = older sibling of the sarne sex; elder brother); ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kaká-na" ( = elder brotherl: of a malel, elder sisterk of a femalel); ethnically Papuan SINAGORO ( = southeastern ,,


Papua-Niugini) "kaka-" ( = older sibling of the same sex) = W M I R I BURUSHASKí: BURUmSKI "ga'ka", "ka'ka" ( = elder brother), "Vk'a" ( = brofher).

18. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "serau" ( = to shine); ethnically Papuan DUS- NER ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan RON ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "siar" ( = sun) = W M I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I uCirAqn, uCirmkn, "tira'q", "tiray" ( = lamp).

19. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "vure" ( = to spring up/: water/); ethnically Papuan IRARUTU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "were" ( = water); ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "war" ( = water); ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "pulu" ( = lake); ethnically Papuan SUAU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "pulu" ( = lake); ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "palipali" ( = wet); ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "pari" ( = wet) = m M I R I BURU=SKí: B U R U W S K I "bu'l" ( = spring of water).

20. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan R O N ( = northwestern Ir jan Jaya) "sar" ( = room) = m M I R I BURU=SKI: WERWIKWAR "Sr" ( = sheep pen).

2 1. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOR ( = northwestern Irian Jaya), ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "tut" ( = breast) = KABMIRI BURU- mSKi: B U R U W S K I "ddu'ro-" ( = nipple).

22. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sina" ( = hair) = W M I R I BURU=SKí: B U R U m S K I "-th'^n" ( = parting line of hair).

23. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kauti" ( = fist) = KASIJMIRI BURUWSKI: BURU-SKI "gAt" ( = knuckle).

24. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "taina" ( = piece of wood) = KASHMIRI - - BURU=SKI: B U R U W S K I "to'm" ( = tree); WERBIKWAR "tom" ( = tree).


25. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan DAHUNI ( = Papua-Niugini) "kotikoti'e" ( = short);

ethnically Papuan WADAPI-LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "ketui" ( = s a d ) ; ethnically Papuan AMBAI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "ketui", "katui" ( = small); ethnically Papuan SERUI-LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "kaitui" ( = small); ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northestern Irian Jaya) "katu" ( = small) = KABMIRI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S - KI "khu't" ( = short).

26. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan Da-MEA ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanakyl: New Cale-

donid) "W ( = to bear children), "hefe" ( = grandchild); ethnically Papuan KEAPARA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "kirikiri" ( = small) = KASH- MIRI BURUSHASKI: BURUSHASKI "hile's" ( = bov); WRCHIMXI? "f l~ .s" ( = boy), " - ' E S " ( = boy).

27. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "nani" ( = mother);

ethnically Papuan DUSNER ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "meni" ( = mother); ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "rnini" ( = mother); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "nana" ( = mother) = KABMIRI BURUwSKI: W E R ~ I K W & ''nki'' (= mother).

28. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan BONALUA, ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO, ethnically

Papuan SUAU, ethnically Papuan DAUI, ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSI- LO, etnically Papuan DAHUNI, ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA, ethnically Papuan LEILEIAFA, ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "sagasaga" ( = river); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "sika" ( = to splash water) = KAmMIRI BURULHASKI: B U R U W S K I "zah" ( = damp).

29. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tengu" ( = dew) = W M I R I BURU-

SHASKI: BURUSJASKI "&ggAl'^t" ( = aqueduct). -

30. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dira"

( = to flow); ethnically Papuan D ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanakyl: New Caledonid) "duiú" ( = to dirpl: water/); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tiri" ( = to drip); ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dora" ( = rain); ethnically Papuan BONALUA, ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO, ethnically Papuan SUAU, ethnically Papuan DAUI, ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO, ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "deuli" ( = to wash) = KABMIRI BURU=SKI: BURUmSKI "dir" ( = irrigation channel).


3 1. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "sali-2 ( = to flowl: water/), "selomo"

( = dipped in water), "sili" ( = to bathe); ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN 8 = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sarepa" ( = dew); ethnically Papuan SERUI- LAUT ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sairau" ( = sea); ethnically Papuan KU- RUDU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "sorn" ( = sea); ethnically Papuan BIAK, ethnically Papuan R O N ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "soren" ( = sea) = KABMIRI BURUSHASKI: BURU=SKI "Sr" ( = flood), "tsil" - ( = water); W E R ~ I K W ~ ~ ~ E ~ " ( = water).

32. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan MOR ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "buran"

( = man) = KABMIRI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K i "biru" ( = male); W E R ~ I K W ~ ~ ''wAl" ( = male) .

33. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan ~ ~ - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanakyl: New Cale-

donid) "hara" ( = to eat); ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Pa- pua-Niugini) "hária" ( = feast); ethnically Papuan POM ( = northwestern h a n Jaya) "horare" ( = satiated) = KASHMIRI BURUwSKI: BURU- SHASKI ''hra'k" ( = food). -

34. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "kalokalo" ( = star; planet); ethnically Papuan

BONALUA, ethnically Papuan ILO'ILO, ethnically Papuan SUAU, ethnically Papuan DAUI, ethnically Papuan DAUI SILOSILO, ethnically Papuan DAHUNI, ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA, ethnically Papuan LEILEIA- FA, ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "galewa" ( = sky) = K A m M I R I BURUSHASKI: BURUSHASKI "hAIAnts" ( = moon); WERC_HIKW&~ "ha'lants", "h^l^ntsn, "h l̂̂ nz" ( = moon).

35. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "diho"

( = down; to descend, to go downhill) = KAZMIRI BURU=SKI: BU- RU=SKI "digi'eyAs", "digiyaiyAs" ( = to fall down).

36. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dira"

( = to flow) = KABMIRI BURUwSKI: B U R U m S K I ''&laV ( = large irrigation channel) .

37. Austronesian. Ethnically Papuan BIAK ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dadi" ( = father);

ethnically Papuan WAROPEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "daidai" ( = father); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tata" ( = father) = KABMIRI BURU- SHASKI: BURU=SKI "da'do" ( = grandfather); W E R ~ I K W ~ ~ "t'^ti" - ( = father).


38. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN " ~ g a s o " ( = t o seize with the

claws) = KABMIRI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "qAS" ( = lower arm).

39. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan OEAMAMANIA, ethnically Papuan BOLOWAI

( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "gala-na" ( = claw) = W M I R I BURU- SHASKI: W E R ~ K W A R "kulu'k ( = hoof) . -

40. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan D a - M E A ("Grand Couli") ( = Kanaky/: New Cale-

donial) "a?" ( = water) = KAaMIRI BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "oyr" ( = wave).

4 1. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan AMBAI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "kamirei" ( = ho-

le) = KABMIRI BURU=SKI: BURUWSKI "go'mr" ( = hole).

42. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "gadibara"

( = lower lip) = KAmMIRI BURU=SKI: BURUSHASKI "-&t" ( = mouth); WERmKWAR "-hat" ( = mouth).

43. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "tolo" ( = trunk of the body) = KABMIRI

BURU=SKI: BURUWJASKI "-EI'r" ( = breastk animal/).

44. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan BALAWAIA ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "dokai"

( = down there); ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "diho" ( = down), "dogudogu" ( = hollow, depression) = KASEJMIRI BU- RUwSKI: WERmIKWAR "doho'r", "doho'rt-" ( = to fall down).

45. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "nggarikau" ( = stout, fat) = m M I R I BURUwSKI: B U R U m S K I "kragAdo" ( = stout).

46. Austronesian:

Ethnically Papuan MOTU ( = southeastern Papua-Niugini) "dara" ( = up), "dori" ( = top); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN ''&ren ( = hgh; height) = m M I R I BURU=SKI: B U R U w S K i "da'l", "$1'' ( = up).

47. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan KURUDU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dukoi"

( = hair); ethnically Papuan FIJIAN "teki" ( = to put ornaments in the


hair) = KASEJMIRI BURU=SKI: BURUS&4SKI "Fq &tAs", "Sa'q &tAs" ( = to comb).

48. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan WANDAMEN ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "tum"

( = body hair); ethnically Papuan ANSUS ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "duandaun" ( = hair) = K A S M I R I BURUSHASKI: BURU=SKI " - thn" ( = parting line of hair).

49. Austronesian: Ethnically Papuan IRARUTU ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dya" ( = 1);

ethnically Papuan WADAPI-LAUT, ethnically Papuan AMBAI ( = northwestern Irian Jaya) "dyau" ( = 1) = KASEJMIlU BURULHASKI: BURUwS- KI "j,-" ( = 1); WERC_HIKW& "ia" ( = 1).

50. Austronesian: MALAY "perak" ( = silver) = KAZMIRI BURU=SKI: BURU-

SHASKI "buri" ( = silver). -

5 1. Austronesian: MARSHALLESE ( = Micronesia) "kukkuk" ( = dog) = KAZMIRI

BURU=SKI: BURULHASKI "huk" ( = dog).

52. Austronesian: TAGALOG ( = northern Philippines) "pusan ( = cat) = KASFJMIRI

BURU=SKI: B U R U m S K I "buS" ( = cat).

RECOMMENDED MANUALS

ASPILLERA, P.S.: (1975) Basic Tagalog. Tokyo: Tuttle. HANSON, 0 . : (1954) Dictionary of the Kachin Language. Rangoon. HORNE, E.C.: (1974) Javanese-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. KHAYDADOV, S.M.: (1973) Sravnitel'no-sopostavitel'nyy Slovar' Dagestanskikh Yazykov.

Moscow: Nauka. LISTER-TURNER, R. and CLARK, J.B.: (1954) Dictionary of the Motu Language of

Papua. Sydney: Government Printer. LORIMER, D.L.R.: (1938) Burushaski Language. Oslo: H. Aschehoug. OKEL, J.: (1969) Reference Grammar of Coloquial Burmese. Oxford: Oxford University

Press. ROSS MACDONALD, R.: (1976) Indonesian Reference Grammar. Washington D.C.:

Georgetown University Press.

LABURPENA

Austronesioera eta Dene-Euskara (Dene-Kaukasiarrera). Gaur egungo hizkuntzari gehiengoak, Dene-Kaukasiar macrophiluma (Dene- Euskara, hobe esanda) honako hizkuntz edota hizkuntz famili hauetaz osatu- rik dagoela uste du: EUSKARA; Iparraldeko Kaukasiarrera; Sumeriera; Buru-


shaskiera; Sino-Tibetiarrena; Yenisiera; Na-Denera. Beste hizkuntza batzu gehitu dira ere )Karl Bouda, adibidez). Austronesioera eta Iparraldeko Kaukasiarrera alde batetik, eta bestetik Buru- shaskiera eta Sino-Tibetiarraren arteko zerrenda baliokideen bidez Dene-Kau- kasiarrerak duen austronesiar lotura egiaztatzen da.

RESUMEN

Austronesio y Dene-Vasco (Dene-Caucásico). Actualmente, entre los lingüistas existe la creencia generalizada de que el Dene-Caucásico macrophilum ("Dene-Vasco" sería más correcto) está com- puesto por los siguientes idiomas o familias idiomáticas: VASCO; Caucásico del Norte; Sumerio; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetano; Yenisiano; Na-Dene. Se han añadido además otros idiomas (ej.: Karl Bouda). La conexión austronesia del Dene-Caucásico se demuestra mediante los listados equiparados entre el Austronesio y el Caucásico del Norte, el Burushaski y el Sino-Tibetano, respectivamente.

Austronésien et Dene-Basque (Dene-Caucasien). Actuellement, il existe entre les linguistes l'opinion généralisée que le Dene- Caucasien macrophilum ("Dene-Basque", plus correctement) se compose des langues ou farnilles idiomatiques suivantes: BASQUE, Caucasien du Nord; Sumérien, Burushaski; Sino-Tibétain; Yénissien; Na-Dene. D'autres langues ont été, en plus, ajoutées (par exemple: Karl Bouda). La connexion de 1'Au- stronésien du Dene-Caucasien, se démontre, respectivement, grace aux listes comparées entre l'Autronésien et le Caucasien du Nord, le Burushaski et le Sino-Tibétain.

There is general agreement among linguistic "lumpers" today that the Dene- Caucasian macrophylum ("Dene-Basque" would be more correct) consists of the following languages and language families: BASQUE; North Caucasian; Sumerian; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetan; Yeniseian; Na-Dene. Other languages have been added; following in the wake of others (e.g., Karl Bouda), the Austronesian connection of Dene-Caucasian is demonstrated by listing mat- chings between Austronesian and North Caucasian, Burushaski, and Sino-Ti- betan respectively.

Documents

Austronesian and Dene-Basque (Dene-Caucasian)