Atwood Quarry, Port Clyde, ME Chelsea Sonksen

Atwood Quarry, Port Clyde, MEChelsea Sonksen

Craters of the Moon NPWill Junkin

Snake River, IDHannah O’Brien

Wildcat Mountain and Mt WashingtonKyle Migliorini

Rock Candy

1 Glass jar or drinking glass 1 Food coloring (optional)1 Piece of cotton string 1 c Water1 Pencil or stick 2 c Sugar1 Paper clip Additional sugar

Tie a short piece of cotton string to the middle of the pencil or stick. Attach a paper clip to the end of the string for a weight.Moisten the string very lightly, and roll in a bit of sugar (this will "attract" the sugar crystals from the syrup to the string). Place the pencil or stick over the top of the glass or jar with the string hanging down inside.

Heat the water to boiling, and dissolve the 2 cups of sugar into it. For the biggest crystals FAST, heat the sugar-water solution a SECOND time, and dissolve as much additional sugar as you can into it. Add a few drops of food coloring to the solution if desired.

Pour the solution into the prepared glass or jar and leave undisturbed for a couple of days. Depending on how much sugar you were able to dissolve into the water, you should start to see crystals growing in a few hours to a few days.

Source: Karen Mintzias

Just Recipes: http://www.melborponsti.com/index.htm

IGNEOUS PROCESSES AND IGNEOUS ROCKS

IGNEOUS COMPOSITIONS

ULTRAMAFIC ROCKSMAFIC derived from Magnesium and Ferrum (iron).Dominated by Fe-Mg silicates, olivine and pyroxene.Contains very little silica < 40%.No feldspars or quartz.Form deep in the Earth’s surface.Very dark in color and dense.Found at converging continental

plate boundaries.PERIDOTITE OR DUNITE



MAFIC ROCKSSilica content is 45-55%.Contains dark plagioclase

feldspars, pyroxenes andpossibly olivine.

GABBRO - phaneriticBASALT - aphaniticSCORIA - aphanitic and

porous (vesicular).BASALT is major constituent in

oceanic crust.



INTERMEDIATE ROCKSSilica content is 55-65%.Contains dark plagioclase

feldspars, pyroxenes,biotite and hornblende.

Very little if any quartz.Lighter color than mafic rocks.ANDESITE - aphanitic2nd most abundant volcanic

rock in Earth’s crust.DIORITE - phaneritic



FELSIC ROCKSFelsic comes from Feldspar and Silica.Silica content is >65%.Rich in orthoclase, muscovite

and quartz.Lighter color than intermediate rocks.Wide variety in texture in felsic rocks.

PHANERITIC TEXTURE

GRANITE

APHANITIC TEXTURE

RHYOLITE

FELSITE

GLASSY TEXTUREOBSIDIAN

Forms when gas-poor felsiclava cools very quickly.

PUMICEForms when gas-rich felsic lavacools very quickly.


IGNEOUS ROCK CLASSIFICATION

COMPOSITION

Ultramafic (Very Dark)

Dunite Peridotite

Mafic (Dark) GabbroBasalt Scoria

Intermediate (Gray) Diorite AndesiteFelsic (Light) Granite

Rhyolite Felsite

Obsidian Pumice

PHANERITIC APHANITIC GLASSY


CREATION OF MAGMA

Rocks are generally composed of several minerals.Consequently, rocks don’t just simply melt.

Different minerals melt at different temperatures.

Rocks undergo PARTIAL MELTING.Some of the rock stays solid.Generally those minerals with high melting point

are last to melt.Those with lower melting points become liquid first.

HEAT, PRESSURE and WATER CONTENT all affect themelting of rocks.


CREATION OF MAGMA

HEATComes from:

Radioactive DecayHeat produced from Earth’s formation still

rising to be released.Frictional heat from plate movement.

Temperature rises with depth in the EarthTHERMAL GRADIENT.

Increased temperature causes minerals to melt.


CREATION OF MAGMA

PRESSUREHigh pressure on rocks acts to make the bonds stronger.Pressure increases -- melting point increases.

If pressure is released quickly, melting will occur.


CREATION OF MAGMA

WATER CONTENTWater, even in small amounts lowers melting point.Due to polarity of water molecules.Decreased pressure and water content greatly lowers

melting point.Increases bond breaking ability of water.

In subduction zones, wet oceanic crust is pushed downwith increasing pressure causing increased melting.

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Atwood Quarry, Port Clyde, ME Chelsea Sonksen