22

33

Terminal Learning Objective:

Interpret flight instrument indications needed to maintain aircraft attitude during IFR flight.

Condition: In a classroom with an instrument panel.

Standard: Answer questions pertaining to aircraft flight instrument indications.

44

• Safety Requirements: None

• Risk Assessment Level: Low

• Environmental Considerations: None. Note: It is the responsibility of all soldiers and DA civilians to protect the environment from damage.

• Evaluation: You will be evaluated on examination 56 on TD 55.

55

Attitude Instrument FlyingAttitude Instrument Flying

• Control of an aircraft’s spatial position by using instruments rather than outside visual references.

• Proper instrument interpretation is the basis for helicopter control.

• Know how a particular instrument functions so you can translate that information into a control response.

66

VMC (Visual reference Points)

77

Uh-Oh!

IMC (Flight Instruments)Proper Instrument Interpretation is the Basis for Aircraft Control

REQUIRES SKILL !!!

88

Three Fundamental SkillsThree Fundamental Skills

Cross CheckingInstrument Interpretation

Aircraft Control

99

Scanning and monitoring Scanning and monitoring two or two or moremore instruments to determine instruments to determine the attitude and performance of the attitude and performance of

the aircraft.the aircraft.

Cross Checking

1010

Six Basic Flight InstrumentsSix Basic Flight Instruments

• Attitude indicator• Altimeter• Airspeed indicator• Heading Indicator• VSI• Turn and Slip

1111

Scan: The instruments included in Scan: The instruments included in the scan are dependent upon the the scan are dependent upon the maneuver performed. maneuver performed.

Practice !!Practice !!

Three Fundamental SkillsThree Fundamental Skills

Cross Checking

12

13

1414

Cross Check Errors:

Fixation: Staring at one instrument too long.

Three Fundamental SkillsThree Fundamental Skills

Omission: Inadvertently omitting an instrument from the cross check.

Emphasis: concentrating too heavily on one or two instruments during the cross check.

1515

Primary Instruments

Supporting Instruments

INSTRUMENT INTERPRETATION

1616

Basic flight InstrumentsBasic flight Instruments

• Direct indicating instrument Attitude Indicator

• Indirect indicating instruments Vertical Speed Indicator

Altimeter Airspeed Indicator Heading Indicator

Torque meter

1717

1818

Attitudeof the aircraft

+Power=Performance

1919

Control InstrumentsControl Instruments

• Attitude Indicator

• Torquemeter Gauge

2020

Performance InstrumentsPerformance Instruments

Altitude:Altimeter

Vertical Speed Indicator

Airspeed:Airspeed Indicator

Direction:HSI/RMI

Turn and Slip

2121

Longitudinal Axis Longitudinal Axis (Bank / Roll)(Bank / Roll)Lateral Axis Lateral Axis

(Pitch)(Pitch)Lateral Axis Lateral Axis

(Pitch)(Pitch)

Vertical Axis (Yaw)Vertical Axis (Yaw)

PITCHPITCH

The angular relationship of the The angular relationship of the longitudinal axis to the natural longitudinal axis to the natural horizon. The aircraft’s attitude horizon. The aircraft’s attitude rotates around the lateral axis.rotates around the lateral axis.

22

Provides Simultaneous Pitch & Bank indicationsSupporting instrument for pitch

attitude

Direct indication of aircraft pitch attitude

2323

10° Nose 10° Nose Up/DownUp/Down10° Nose 10° Nose Up/DownUp/Down

HorizonHorizonHorizonHorizon

Miniature Miniature aircraftaircraftMiniature Miniature aircraftaircraft

5° Nose Up/Down

2424

PITCH PITCH INDICATIONSINDICATIONS

2525

PITCH PITCH INDICATIONSINDICATIONS

2626

Primary Primary pitch pitch

attitude attitude

instrumentinstrument..Indicates height Indicates height above MSL.. above MSL.. Calibrated to Calibrated to convert convert atmospheric atmospheric pressure to an pressure to an altitude altitude indicationindication

2727

299

298

2828

299

298

2929

CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR FLIGHTFLIGHTCHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR FLIGHTFLIGHTMUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO

AIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSUREAIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO

AIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSUREAIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

Reference – FM 3-04.240 paragraph 1-10, page 1-4

3030

299

298

Set Set Altimeter Altimeter to Field to Field

Elevation Elevation Before Before Engine Engine StartStart

3131

299

298

KOLLSMAN WINDOW

Reads 29.85 in HG

3232

299

298

Altimeter Altimeter errorerror with with Kollsman Kollsman

window set window set to 29.85” to 29.85” and field and field altimeter altimeter

setting from setting from ATIS 29.90. ATIS 29.90.

(Rotors (Rotors turning)turning)

29.90 29.90 - 29.85- 29.85

= 0.05 = 0.05

( 50 feet ( 50 feet error)error)

299

298

Now set 29.90

3333

Indicates Indicates Climb/Descent in Climb/Descent in FFeet eet PPer er MMinuteinuteVSI - has 6 - 9 sec VSI - has 6 - 9 sec laglag

*IVSI no lag but *IVSI no lag but affected by affected by turbulenceturbulence

Supporting Pitch

3434

500 FPM Climb500 FPM Climb

500 FPM 500 FPM DescentDescent

1000 FPM Climb1000 FPM Climb

3535

Supporting Supporting Pitch attitude Pitch attitude instrument instrument level flightlevel flight

Indirect pitch indicator

Nose high Nose high ClimbingClimbingDecelerating

Nose low Nose low DescendingDescendingAccelerating

3636

• Angular relationship of the lateral axis to the horizon.

• The aircraft attitude rotates around the longitudinal axis.

Bank AttitudeBank Attitude

3838

3939

RIGHT TURN

4040

NOSE HIG

H

LEFT TURNNOSE H

IGH

LEFT TURN

4141

Indirect Indicating Instruments Indirect Indicating Instruments used in Controlling Bank used in Controlling Bank

AttitudeAttitude• Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

• Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)

• Magnetic Compass

• Turn and Slip Indicator

4242

Indications in a LEFT turnIndications in a LEFT turn

RMIRMI HSIHSI

HEADING

INDICATORS

4343

Indications in a Right turnIndications in a Right turn

RMIRMI HSIHSI

4444

Turn Turn LeftLeft to heading 330°to heading 330°

Turn Turn RightRight to heading 030°.to heading 030°.

Magnetic Magnetic CompassCompass

4545

Types of TurnsTypes of Turns

• Standard rate

• Half standard rate

• Steep turns

4646

RIGHT

RIGHT TURNTURN

12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTAS = 3°/second

4747

LEFT

TURN

12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTAS = 3°/sec

4848

2 MIN TURN

4949

•Bank angle 12° to 15°Bank angle 12° to 15°

•Turn rate 3° per secondTurn rate 3° per second

•Used for heading Used for heading changes of changes of 20° or more20° or more..

2 MIN TURN

5050

Standard Standard RateRate

2 MIN TURN

5151

5252

•Bank angle 6° to 7Bank angle 6° to 71/21/2°°

•Turn rate 1Turn rate 11/21/2° per ° per secondsecond

•Used for heading Used for heading changes of changes of less than less than 20°.20°.

2 MIN TURN

5353

1/2 Standard 1/2 Standard RateRate

2 MIN TURN

5454

•Bank angle greater than that Bank angle greater than that required for standard rate required for standard rate turn.turn.

•Turn rate Turn rate more than 3° per more than 3° per second.second.

•Used for skill training, not Used for skill training, not advisable in IMC advisable in IMC

5555

STEEP STEEP TURNTURN

2 MIN TURN

5656

3030°° BankBank

UnusuaUnusual l

attitudattitudee

4545°° BankBank

Scary!Scary!6060°°

Bank Bank

Pink Pink slip!!slip!!

Kids, Kids, don’t don’t

try this try this in a in a

TH 67TH 67

5757

Yaw AttitudeYaw Attitude

• Movement about the vertical axis

• Controlled by the pedals

• Trim – quality of the turn

5858

Vertical Axis Vertical Axis (Yaw)(Yaw)

5959

SLIPPINGSLIPPING Right Turn - trim Right Turn - trim ball to ball to INSIDEINSIDE of turn. of turn.

SKIDDINGSKIDDING Right Turn - Right Turn - trim ball to trim ball to OUTSIDEOUTSIDE of of turn. turn.

2 MIN TURN

2 MIN TURN

60

Nose to outside of turn Nose to outside of turn requires angle of bank requires angle of bank greater than normal to greater than normal to produce standard rate produce standard rate turn.turn.

2 MIN TURN

61

Nose to inside of turn Nose to inside of turn requires angle of bank requires angle of bank less than normal to less than normal to produce standard rate produce standard rate turn.turn.

2 MIN TURN

6262

Effects of Power on Effects of Power on Helicopter ControlHelicopter Control

6363

WHEN FLYING BY INSTRUMENTS, THE ATTITUDE OF THE AIRCRAFT AND POWER

REQUIRED TO PERFORM DESIRED MANEUVERS ARE DETERMINED BY

INTERPRETING AND UNDERSTANDING THE INFORMATION DISPLAYED BY THE

INSTRUMENTS.

6464

Examples:Examples:

Climb AirspeedsClimb Airspeeds

80% Torque A/S 80 Kts. 80% Torque A/S 80 Kts.

Cruise Cruise

65% torque A/S 90 kts

Decent Decent

50% Torque or 15% below cruise.50% Torque or 15% below cruise.

6565

•Increase Power:Increase Power:

•Nose will go above Nose will go above the horizon (Pitch UP)the horizon (Pitch UP)

•Decrease PowerDecrease Power

•Nose will go below Nose will go below the horizon (Pitch the horizon (Pitch DOWN)DOWN)

6666

•Lift vector shifts horizontally Lift vector shifts horizontally with angle of bank changes, with angle of bank changes, requiring power adjustment to requiring power adjustment to maintain airspeed and altitude.maintain airspeed and altitude.

6767

•Power Increase:Power Increase:

•Aircraft Aircraft yaws rightyaws right requiring left pedal input to requiring left pedal input to compensatecompensate

•Power Decrease:Power Decrease:

•Aircraft Aircraft yaws leftyaws left requiring requiring right pedal input to right pedal input to compensatecompensate

6868

Effects of power changes on pitch and yaw attitude.

Right Yaw

Pitch Up

6969

Effects of power changes on pitch and yaw attitude.

Left Yaw

Pitch Down

7070

Instrument Indications While Instrument Indications While Increasing PowerIncreasing Power

Primary pitch, Supporting bank - Entry

Supporting pitch, bank -

Stabilized

Supporting bank

2 MIN TURN

7171

Instrument Indications While Instrument Indications While Decreasing PowerDecreasing Power

Primary pitch, Supporting bank - Entry

Supporting pitch, bank - Stabilized

Supporting bank

2 MIN TURN

7272

•Within 1000’ of assigned Within 1000’ of assigned altitude:altitude:

•Climb/descend not less than Climb/descend not less than 500 fpm minimum and not 500 fpm minimum and not more than 1500 fpm more than 1500 fpm maximum.maximum.

•TH-67 maximum rate of TH-67 maximum rate of climb/descent is 1000 fpmclimb/descent is 1000 fpm

7373

74

AttitudAttitudee

ProbleProblemm

2 MIN TURN

75

BadBad

AttitudAttitudee

2 MIN TURN

76

All indications steady, but right bank required to maintain heading and airspeed is slow at 90 knot attitude 2 MIN TURN

77

TurbulencTurbulencee

BadBad

AttitudAttitudee

2 MIN TURN

7878

Questions?Questions?

7979

Check on LearningCheck on Learning

• What are the two elements of helicopter control?– The attitude of the helicopter and the power

applied• What rate of turn is used for heading changes

greater than 20°?– Standard rate

• What are the characteristics of a standard rate turn?– Bank angle 12-15 degrees– Turn rate 3 degrees per second

8080

Check on LearningCheck on Learning

• What is the only instrument providing information for yaw control?– The ball in the turn and slip indicator

• What three instruments are used to interpret the banking attitude of the helicopter?– Attitude indicator– Heading Indicator (HSI/RMI)– Turn and slip

8181

SummarySummary

• Principles of attitude instrument flight.• Primary and secondary instruments• How to control attitude in the pitch,

bank, & yaw movements of the helicopter.

• This will prepare the student aviator for practical application and skill development in the simulator and helicopter.

8282

8383

Be back in place before altimeter Be back in place before altimeter reaches zero.reaches zero.

Be back in place before altimeter Be back in place before altimeter reaches zero.reaches zero.