Attis:GenderandTrans/formation:(Catullus,carmen63)

ed.JenniferFaulknerSpring2017

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TableofContents

Introduction…………………………………………….……………...……3CoreVocabularyList……………………………………..………..…….6TextwithRunningVocabulary,Notes,andQuestions………10StandaloneText…………………………………………….…..…………..32CompleteGlossary…………………………………..…………….………35

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Introduction

1. Cybele2. Catullus3. Meter4. Thisedition5. Furtherreading

1.Cybele.Cybele,themagnamāterdeōrum,wasagoddesswhoseworshipwasintroducedintoRomeintheyear204BCE.TheRomanswerestrugglingagainstHannibalintheSecondPunicWar,andtherewasadefinitefeelingthattheymightactuallylose(HannibaladportāsremainedaphraseusedtofrightenRomanchildrenintobehavingforgenerationsafterwards).Tofindoutwhattheyshoulddo,theyconsultedtheSibyllinebooks,asetofwrittenoracles,whichprescribedbringingthemagnamātertoRome.TheRomansthendutifullysentadelegationtoPhrygia,tothecityofPessinuswhereCybele’scultwascentered,andgotacultstatueofthegoddess(oftendescribedasbeingjustintheshapeofabig,blackstone),whichwasshippedbacktoRomeandinstalledinatempleonthePalatine;everthereaftertheworshipofthemagnamāterformedpartoftheofficialstatecult.Theaedileswereresponsibleforholdingafestivalinherhonor(thelūdīMegalēnsēs),atwhichwereperformedplays,includingmanyoftheplaysofPlautusandTerence.However,theworshipofthemagnamāteralsobroughtwithitelementsthattheRomansalwaysconsideredforeignorun-Roman,particularlytheworshipofCybelebyherfollowersknownasGallī,manyofwhomcastratedthemselvesaspartoftheirdevotiontoher.Theywereoftenwanderingbeggar-priestswhodriftedfromplacetoplaceasthespirit–orangerofthetownspeople–tookthem.Buther‘headpriest’inRomewasthearchigallus,whowasalwaysaRomancitizenandwhomayormaynothavebeencastrated;theiconographyofthearchigallicertainlyassociatedthemwiththeotherpriestsofCybeleinhavingelementstheRomanswouldidentifyasbothmasculineandfeminine.Cybeleandherfollowers/priestsaretheusbothforeignandRoman,bothmaleandfemale.2.Catullusandcarmen63.ThepoetGaiusValeriusCatullus(c.85–c.55BCE)wasayoungmanofagoodequestrianfamilyfromVerona,inthenorthofItaly,whocametoRomeatsomepointwherehemingledwithmanyofthemostimportantpeople(poets,politicians,andsocietyfigures)ofthe1stcentury.Catullusismostfamoustodayforhislyricandelegiaclove(/hate)poemsabouthisgirlfriendLesbia(probablyapseudonymforClodiaMetellī).Healsowrotealotofinsultpoemstohisfrienemiesinvariousmeters.HewasapartofthemovementofRomanpoetscalledtheNeoterics,whowerewritinga“new”styleofLatinpoetry,heavilyinfluencedbytheliteratureofAlexandriafromtheHellenisticAge.Thisliterature,producedbywritersassociatedwiththegreatMuseum(homeoftheLibraryofAlexandria),rejectedtheideathatthemostnobleliterarycallingwastowriteepicsinthemodeofHomerandinsteadfocusedonsmallerpieces.UndertheleadershipofthegreatpoetCallimachus,theytookfulladvantageofalltheknowledgecollectedintheLibrarytoshowcasetheir(sometimesobscure)scholarlylearningintheirwork.

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Thispoem,carmen63,formspartofthemiddlesectionofCatullus’collection,amidstlongerpiecesonvarioustopics.ThepoemdramatizestheincidentfrommythologyinwhichAttis,follower/consortofthemagnamāter,performedaself-castrationandtheaftermathofthataction.BecauseofthefactthatAttisisbestknownforthisself-castration,thispoemisofespecialinteresttothosewhoareinterestedinthewaysthatRomansconceptualizedsexandgender.Asthenoteswillpointout,Attisinthepoemgoesbackandforthbetweenbeinggenderedasmasculineandbeinggenderedasfeminine,andultimatelyseemstobeanon-binaryfigure:neither/nor,both/and,gender-wise.Pedagogically,theneedtofocusonthegrammaticaldetailsofAttis’genderisagoodchancetoreviewformsandtothinkabouttranslationstrategies(useofpronouns/possessiveadjectives),aswellastextualcriticism.3.Meter.ThefollowingdiscussionassumesthatthereaderunderstandsthebasicsofRomanquantitativeverseandalreadyknowshowtoscanatleastonemeter(suchasdactylichexameter).TheoutlinebelowisadaptedfromThomson’sdiscussion;certainlyseehisworkformoredetails.carmen63isalyricpoemintheGalliambicmeter,whichwasaspecialmeterreservedfor

poems(i.e.,hymns)aboutCybeleandherconsortAttis.Itsbasisistheiamb:|˘ -|

Thefulllinescans:˘ ˘ - ˘ | - ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ xHowever,sincetwoshortsaretheequivalentofonelong,therearesomesubstitutionspossible.Thefollowingvariationswithonesubstitutionarefoundincarmen63:

A: - - ˘ | - ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x B: ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ | - ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x C: ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x D: ˘ ˘ - ˘ | - ˘ - - || - - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x E: ˘ ˘ - ˘ | - ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | - ˘ x

A:5,15,17,26,40,67,82B:23,48,70C:4,27,30,31,69,78D:18,34,83E:14,35

Thefollowinghavetwosubstitutions:

F: ˘ ˘ - ˘ | - ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ | - ˘ x G: - - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x (=A + C) H: - - ˘ | - ˘ - - || - - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x (=A + D)

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I: ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x (=B + C) J: ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | - ˘ x (=C + E)

F:91G:77H:86I:63J:76

Andthenonevariationhasthreesubstitutions:

K: ˘ ˘ - ˘ | - ˘ - - || ˘ ˘ - ˘ | ˘ ˘ ˘ x (=A + C + D)

K:22,73Allotherlinesscanaccordingtotheoriginalpattern.Donotforgetaboutelisions,diphthongs,doublev.singleconsonants,andthemūtācumliquidārule!Ingeneral,thegalliambsoundsvery‘fast’comparedtodactylichexameter,especiallyattheend,becauseofthemanyrunsofshortsyllables.Itisa‘bouncing’meterandwithallofthealliteration,assonance,andothersoundeffectsCatullususes,onecancertainlyheartheechoesoftheprocessionsofCybele.4.Thisedition.Thiseditionconsistsoftext,runningvocabulary,notes,questions,andaglossary.ItisintendedforstudentswhohavereadLatinpoetrybeforebutwhomaystillneedmorelanguagehelpthanisprovidedbyGarrison’sCatullus:AStudentCommentary.ThemajorthemeofthenotesistodrawattentiontothewaythepoemgivesusinsightintohowtheRomansviewedsexandgenderbyexaminingphilologicalissuesraisedinthetext.Thosewhoareespeciallyinterestedintextualcriticism(oneoftheimportantfocusesofthisedition)willwanttoconsultThomson’scriticaleditionandcommentaryforthemselves,butthenotestrytopointoutvariantreadingsandproposedemendationsthataffect(oreffect)thegenderingofAttis.Ingeneral,thereadingsgivenareconservative(mygeneralprinciplewastostaywiththemanuscriptswheneverpossibleinpreferencetoemendation,especiallywhenemendationchangesthegenderingaswehaveit).Onlypropernounsarecapitalized,followingthepracticeoftheCLC.

6. Furtherreading.ThestandardmoderncriticaleditionofCatullusisD.F.S.Thomson’s(1997).StudentsmayalsowishtoconsultDanielGarrison’sedition,aswell(oneofthefeweditionsaimedatstudentsthatcontainsallthepoems;manyofthegreatcommentariesoutthereforstudentsdonotcontain63,duetothesubjectmatterandthefactthatitwasnotoneofthetextsrequiredbytheAP

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LatinLiteratureexam’ssyllabus,beforethatexamwaseliminated).Manypeoplehavepublishedonthispoemaswell,becauseitissofascinating;theseareonlyaselectionofthingsforthosewhowanttoreadmore.Brissom,Luc.SexualAmbivalence:AndrogynyandHermaphrodisminGraeco-RomanAntiquity.

Trans.JanetLloyd.Berkeley:Univ.ofCaliforniaPress,2002.Garrison,DanielH.,ed.TheStudent’sCatullus.3rded.Norman,OK:Univ.ofOklahomaPress,

2004.Hales,Shelley."LookingforEunuchs:theGalliandAttisinRomanArt."InEunuchsinAntiquity

andBeyond,ed.ShaunTougher.London:TheClassicalPressofWalesandDuckworth,2002:87-102.

Lewis,Maxine.“QueeringCatullus:TheEthicsofTeachingPoem63.”InFromAbortionto

Pederasty:AddressingDifficultTopicsintheClassicsClassroom,ed.NancySorkinRabinowitzandFionaMcHardy.Columbus:TheOhioStateUniv.Press,2014:248-266.

Roller,Lynn.InSearchofGodtheMother.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1999.Skinner,MarilynB.“EgoMulier:TheConstructionofMaleSexualityinCatullus.”Helios20

(1993):107-30.Thomson,D.F.S.,ed.Catullus:EditedWithaTextualandInterpretiveCommentary.Toronto:

Univ.ofTorontoPress,1997(repr.2003).Wiseman,Timothy.CatullusandhisWorld:AReapprisal.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity

Press,1985.

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--suīsibisēsē(reflexivepronoun):himself,herself,itself,themselves(4x)-ne(encliticadv.):makesastatementintoayes/noquestion-que(encliticconj.):and(6x)ā,ab(prep.+abl.):from,awayfrom;by(2x)absumabesseāfuīāfutūrus(irr.):tobeawayfrom,beabsentfrom,bemissingfrom(2x)ad(prep.+acc.):to,towards(5x)agōagereēgīāctus:todo,drive(out),push(out);spend,pass(one’slife)(5x)aliusaliaaliud:other,another(2x)altusaltaaltum:high,deep(3x)amīcus,amīcīm.:friendanimus,animīm.:mind,spirit(7x)apud(prep.+acc.):at(thehouseof),amongat(conj.):butatque(conj.):and,andalsoauris,aurisf.(i-stem):earaut(conj.):orbona,bonōrumn.pl.:goods,possessionsbrevisbrevisbreve:brief,shortcapiōcaperecēpīcaptus:totake,seize(2x)caput,capitisn.:headcēdōcēderecessīcessus:toyield,givein,giveway;withdrawcorpus,corporisn.:bodycubiculum,cubiculīn.:bedroomcupiōcuperecupīvīcupītus:todesire,want(2x)dē(prep.+abl.):downfrom,from;about,concerningdea,deaef.:goddess(6x)deus,deīm.:god(2x)doleōdolēredoluī:tohurtdominus,dominīm.:masterdomus,domūsf.(irr.):home,house(5x)dum(conj.+indic.):whiledūrusdūradūrum:harsh,harddux,ducism./f.:leader(3x)ē,ex(prep.+abl.):outof,fromegomeīmihimēmē(1stpersonsg.pron.):I,me(24x)enim(postpositiveconj.):for,indeedeōīreiīitus(irr.):togo(4x)et(conj.):and(5x)etiam(adv.):even,also;again(3x)faciōfacerefēcīfactus:tomake,do;seetoit(4x)

WordsintheVocabularyChecklistsoftheCambridgeLatinCourseStages1-34(Units1-3)willnotbeglossedintherunningvocabulary,butarelistedbelow;thenumberinparenthesesishowmanytimestheyoccurinthepoem.Studentsareadvisedtoreviewallofthesewordscarefully!Allotherwordswillbeglossedupontheirfirstappearanceintherunningvocabulary;wordsthatwillrecuraremarkedwithanasterisk.Allwordswillbefoundintheglosaryattheend.

CoreVocabularyList

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ferōferretulīlātus(irr.):tobring,bear,carry;endure;(pass.)tobeaccounted,topassfor(6x)ferōx,(gen.)ferōcis:fierce,ferocious(2x)forum,forīn.:forumfugiōfugerefūgīfūgitūrus:toflee;fleefrom(3x)gravisgravisgrave:heavy,weighty,serioushichaechoc(demonstrativepron.andadj.):this;thefollowing;thelatter(8x)hostis,hostism.(i-stem):enemyiaciōiacereiēcīiactus:tothrow,tossiam(adv.):now,already(4x)iānua,iānuaef.:dooribi(adv.):there,then(5x)illeillaillud(demonstrativepron.andadj.):that;theformer;thatfamous(2x)impetus,impetūsm.:attackin(prep.+abl.):in,onin(prep.+acc.):into,onto(3x)incitōincitāreincitāvīincitātus:tourgeon,encourage(2x)inquit(defectiveverb):says,saidipseipsaipsum(intensivepronounandadjective):-self;thevery(3x)iseaid(weakdemonstrativepronounandadjective):he,she,it;this,that(2x)ita(adv.):so,thus,inthisway(3x)itaque(conj.):andso(2x)lacrimōlacrimārelacrimāvīlacrimātus:tocry,weeplītus,lītorisn.:shorelocus,locīm.:place,spotloquor,loquī,locūtussum:totalkmagnusmagnamagnum:big,large,greatmanus,manūsf.:hand(2x)mare,marisn.(i-stem):sea(3x)māter,mātrisf.:mothermeusmeameum:my,mine(5x)misermiseramiserum:wretched,miserable(3x)nimis(adv.):toomuch,excessivelynōn(adv.):notnōsnostrumnōbīsnōsnōbīs(2ndpersonpl.pron.):we,usnovusnovanovum:newnox,noctisf.(i-stem):nightnunc(adv.):nowoculus,oculīm.:eye(3x)omnisomnisomne:all;each,every(2x)ōs,orisn.:mouth;facepars,partisf.(i-stem):partpatior,patī,passussum:tosuffer,endure;allowper(prep.+acc.):through,alongpēs,pedism.:foot(4x)petōpeterepetīvīpetītus:toseek,attack,headforpōnōpōnereposuīpositus:toput,placeprope(prep.+acc.):nearquam(adv.):how,than,as…aspossiblequīquaequod(relativepron./adj.andinterrogativeadj.):who,which,that(7x)quō(adv.):where…to;to…thererecipiōrecipererecēpīreceptus:totakeback;receive,welcome;recoverreferōreferrerettulīrelātus(irr.):tobringback;report,deliver

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relinquōrelinquererelīquīrelictus:toleave,leavebehindsed(conj.):butsemper(adv.):alwayssentiōsentīresēnsīsēnsus:tofeel;notice,perceivesequor,sequī,secūtussum:tofollow(2x)silva,silvaef.:forest,woodssimul(adv.):atthesametime(6x)sine(prep.+abl.):without(4x)sōl,sōlism.:sun(2x)soleō,solēre,solitussum:tobeaccustomed,usuallysub(prep.+abl.):undersumessefuīfutūrus(irr.):tobe(8x)suussuasuum:his,her,its,their(own)(2x)tempus,temporisn.:timetuustuatuum:your,yours(sg.)(4x)tūtuītibitētē(2ndpersonpronounsg.):you(2x)ubi(conj.):when,where(9x)ubi(adv.):whereut(conj.+indic.):as,when,how(5x)ut,utī(conj.+subj.):inorderto,sothat,that(3x)velut(conj.):like,asvideōvidērevīdīvīsus:tosee(2x)vir,virīm.:man;husband;hero(2x)vīta,vītaef.:life(2x)vōx,vōcisf.:voice,sound(2x)

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superaltavectusAttiscelerīratemaria,

Phrygiumutnemuscitātōcupidēpedetetigit,

adiitqueopācasilvīsredimītalocadeae,

stimulātusibifurentīrabiē,vagusanimīs,

dēvolsitīlīacūtōsibiponderasilice. 5

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super(prep+acc.):over,uponvehōveherevexīvectus:tocarry,convey*Attis,Attidism.:Attiscelerceleriscelere:swift,quickrates,ratisf.(i-stem):boat,raft*PhrygiusPhrygiaPhrygium:Phrygian*nemus,nemorisn.:grove*citātuscitātacitātum:quick,impetuous*tangōtangeretetigītāctus:totouch*adeōadīreadiīaditus(irr.):togotoward,

approachopācusopācaopācum:dark,shady*redimiōredimīreredimiīredimītus:tobind,

1-26:Attis,aGreekyouth,arrivesontheshoresofPhrygia,thenperformsaself-castrationoutofreligiousfervor.Attisthenurgessomecompanionstojoininanecstaticritual.

Attis:AttisisamythologicalfigurewhoiscloselyassociatedwithCybele,theMagnaMāter,asher(sometimesdivine)consort;hereAttiscomesfromGreece(perhapsduetothesimilaritytothesoundofhisnamewiththewordAtticus,meaning‘fromtheregionofAthens’)‘acrosstheseas’(super…mariavectus)toPhrygia,whereCybele’sworshipiscentered;noonebesidesCatullusmakesAttisanythingotherthanalsoPhrygian;heisusuallyashepherd.Attisisbestknown(tousandtheRomans)fortheunthinkable(butfascinating)actofself-castration.Multiplereasonsaregivenforthisact:insomestories,itisanactofrepentanceforsome(sexual?)infidelitytoCybele;Catulluschoosesadifferentstory.ThepriestsofCybele(theGallī/Gallae)followedthispracticeinreallife.

Phrygium:‘Phrygian’referstothelandofPhrygiaincentralAnatoliainAsiaMinor;theRomansassociatedPhrygiamythologicallywiththeTrojans.

citātō:Notetherepetitionofthisword;itisalsofoundinlines8,18,26,whiletherelatedcitusisfoundin30,42,and74;excitō(42)andincitō(85,93)fromthesamerootarealsoused.

silvīs:abl.withredimīta

furentīrabiē:Bothfurorandrabiēsdescribeinsanityandarekeythematicwordsinthispoem.rabiēs,adefective5thdeclensionnoun,onlyoccursinthenominative,accusative,andablative(Lucretiusonceusesrabiēsasthegenitivealso).

vagusanimīs:‘wanderinginhismind’,i.e.,insane

īlī:Thisnounisusuallyonlyfoundintheplural(īlia).Itrefersgenerallytothelowerabdomen(fromthebottomoftheribstothetopofthethigh)andistheusualwordfor‘groin’(and‘loins’–cf.theterms‘ilium/iliaccrest’);withponderahereitisaeuphemisticwaytorefertothetesticles(the‘weightsofthegroin’).

silice:NotethatAttishasnoinstrument,noknife,preparedforthisact;furēnsrabiēshasledAttistoactonthespurofthemoment,grabbingwhateveristohandtocarryoutthedeed.

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crown,encircle*loca,locōrumn.pl.:region,place*stimulōstimulārestimulāvīstimulātus:togoad,

spuronfurōfurere:torage,rave,beinafrenzy*rabiēs(--,--,rabiem,rabiē):madness,rage,fury*vagusvagavagum:wandering;wavering,fickledēvellōdēvelleredēvolsīdēvulsus:topluck,pull

out,pulloffīlium,īliīn.:groin*acūtusacūtaacūtum:sharppondus,ponderisn.:weight,burdensilex,silicism.:flint,hardstone

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itaqueutrelictasēnsitsibimembrasinevirō,

etiamrecenteterraesolasanguinemaculāns,

niveīscitātacēpitmanibuslevetypanum,

typanumtuum,Cybēbē,tua,māter,initia,

quatiēnsquetergataurītenerīscavadigitīs 10

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relinquōrelinquererelīquīrelictus:toleave(behind)

membrum,membrīn.:limb;(pl.)bodyrecēns,(gen.)recentis:fresh,newterra,terraef.:ground,earth,land*solum,solīn.:ground,earth,landsanguis,sanguinism.:bloodmaculōmaculāremaculāvīmaculātus:tospot,

stain,defileniveusniveaniveum:snowy,snow-white

relicta:sc.esse;thesubjectoftheindirectstatementismembra

membra:Inadditiontomeaning‘limb’,membrum(sc.virile)isatermforthepenis(‘member’inEnglish);onecannotbutthinkofthatsenseherealthoughthepluraldoesmean‘body’.

sinevirō:‘withoutmanhood’,butliterally‘withoutaman’.Notethewaythetesticlesareregardedascontainingone’smanhood,physically,sothatoneiswithoutitiftheyareremoved.

etiam…maculāns:WeareimmediatelyafterAttis’self-castrationintimeifthebloodisstillfresh(recente).Themacabredescriptionseemstobringtomindasuggestionofasacrificethatisnotpleasingifitisstaining(maculāns)theground;animalschosenassacrificialvictimshadtobewithoutspotsortheywouldberejected.Attis’sacrificeisnotacceptabletoCybele?

terraesola:‘thegroundoftheearth’velsim.terraandsolumarebasicallysynonyms.Notethatthisissolum‘ground’andnotsōlus‘alone’orsōl‘sun’(bothofwhichhavelongō!)orsoleō‘tobeaccustomed’.

niveīs:PaleskinwasusuallyregardedbytheGreeksandRomansasanattractivetrait,characteristicofwomenandbeautifulyoungmen.

citāta:sc.Attis.Notethegenderoftheadjective.

tympanum:ThiswordfordrumortimbrelischaracteristicallyusedtodescribetheinstrumentusedintheecstaticworshipofCybele.

Cybēbē:ThenamecanbewritteninLatinbothasCybelēorCybēbē.Catullususesboth(metrīcausā).

initia:Here,perhapsthe‘instrumentsofyourholyrites’(bymetonymy).

tergataurī…cava:the‘hollowhide(s)ofthebull’isanotherwaytorefertothedrum.

tenerīs:ThiswordinLatinisusuallydescribinganattractivetrait(‘tender’,‘delicate’)ofawomanorayoungmanregardedasfeminine.

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*levislevisleve:light,slight,trivial*tympanum,tympanin.:drum,timbrel*Cybēbē,Cybēbēsf.:Cybele,theMagnaMāterinitia,initiōrumn.pl.:holyrites,mysteries*quatiōquatere----quassus:toshake,brandish*tergum,tergīn.(oftenpl.):back,hidetaurus,taurīm.:bull*tenerteneratenerum:tender,delicate,soft*cavuscavacavum:hollowdigitus,digitīm.:finger

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canerehaecsuīsadortaesttremebundacomitibus.

'agiteīteadalta,Gallae,Cybelēsnemorasimul,

simulīte,Dindymēnaedominaevagapecora,

aliēnaquaepetentēsvelutexulēsloca

sectammeamexsecūtaeducemēmihicomitēs 15

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*canōcanerececinīcantus:tosing,chantadorior,adorīri,adorsussum:toapproach;to

attack;tobegin,undertaketremebundustremebundatremebundum:

trembling,fulloffear*comes,comitism./f.:companion,comrade*age(pl.agite):comeon!*Galla,Gallaef.:Galla/us,castratedpriestof

Cybele*Cybelē,Cybelēsf.:Cybele,theMagnaMāterDindymēnēs,Dindymēnaef.:Cybele,whowas

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worshippednearMt.DindymusinMysia(AsiaMinor)nearPessinus

domina,dominaef.:mistress*pecus,pecorisn.:cattle,aherdofcattlealiēnusaliēnaaliēnum:someoneelse’s,another’s;

foreignexul,exulism./f.:abanishedperson,anexilesecta,sectaef.:path;method,procedureexsequor,exsequī,exsecūtussum:tofollow(all

thewaytotheend)

haec…tremebunda:Notethegenderoftheverb(adortaest).haeccanbeeithernom.sg.f.(sc.Attis)oracc.pl.n.(objectofcanere);thereforetremebundacaneitherdescribeAttisorAttis’words.Itisperhapsmorenaturaltotakehaecastheobjectofcanere,sinceaquotationfollows.tremebundathencaneitherdescribeAttisorAttis’words(atransferredepithet,sincethewordsthemselveswouldnotbetrembling);giventhatotheroccurrencesofthewordinRomanpoetrydescribepeople/people’sbodies,itisprobablybettertotakeitasnominative.

comitibus:Thereareanumberofwordsofcommongenderinthispoem(i.e.,thathavethesameformwhethertheyarem.orf.).Notewhen/ifthepoetresolvesthegenderofthesewords.

agite:Thiswordiscommonlypairedwithotherimperativestomean‘comeon,do[X]’.

Gallae:TheGallīweretheself-castratedpriestsofCybele.InRome,citizenswereforbiddentojointheirranksduetothetabooagainstcastrationofcitizens(themalecitizenbodyhadtoremainintact).Exceptinthispoem,theyarealwaysreferredtoasGallī,notGallae,butourwitnessesareoutsiders,anditiscertainlypossiblethattheydidrefertothemselvesasGallae:Lucian,whenportrayingpriestsoftheSyrianGoddessinthenovelLucius,ortheAss,alsohasthepriest/essesrefertothemselvesandeachotherusingfeminineforms/words;ApuleiusfollowshiminhisMetamorphoses(8.24-30).

nemora:God/desseswerefrequentlyworshippedingrovesinGreco-Romanantiquity.

vagapecora:Attisisreferringtohiscompanionsheremetaphorically.Notetheuseofthewordvagus,whichearlierdescribedAttis’mind,nowreferstothecompanions:likeherdanimals(sheeporcows),theyarejustwanderingaboutaimlessly.

sectam:Asecta(sc.via)isapaththathasbeencutout(secō)forotherstofollow,henceastandardmethodorprocedurealso.Oneisineluctablyremindedoftherootmeaning‘tocut’,however,givenwhatAttishasjustdoneandwhattheGallīwilllaterdo(bothinthepoemandhistorically).

sectam…comitēs:Notealloftheassonanceintheline.

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rapidumsalumtulististruculentaquepelagī

etcorpusēvirāstisVenerisnimiōodiō;

hilarāteeraecitātīserrōribusanimum.

moratardamentecēdat:simulīte,sequiminī

PhrygiamaddomumCybēbēs,Phrygiaadnemoradeae, 20

1

*rapidusrapidarapidum:quick,rapidsalum,salīn.:thesalt-sea,theopenseatruculentustruculentatruculentum:fierce,savage,

grim*pelagus,pelagīn.:theseaēvirōēvirāreēvirāvīēvirātus:tounman,

emasculateVenus,Venerisf.:Venus;sex*nimiusnimianimium:excessive,beyondmeasure,

2

immoderateodium,odiīn.:hatredhilarōhilarārehilarāvīhilarātus:tomakecheerful,

gladden*era,eraef.:mistress,ladyerror,errōrism.:wandering,stroll;goingastraymora,moraef.:delaytardustardatardum:slow,late*mēns,mentisf.:mind

truculentapelagī:‘thesavageryofthesea’,lit.‘thesavagethingsofthesea’;pelagīispartitivegenitiveorgenitiveofspecification

ēvirāstis:=ēvirāvistis;apparentlythecomitēshavefollowedAttis’sectaallthewayafterall.Thiswordforcastratingofcourseliterallymeanstounman(Englishemasculate),totaketheman‘out’(ē)ofsomeone,suggestingthattheRomansviewedcastratedpeopleas‘unman-ed’.

Venerisnimiōodiō:ThisistheonlyreasongivenforAttis’action,‘excessivehatredofVenus’.ItseemsthatAttis,likeHippolytusintheplaybyEuripides(asGarrisonnotes),isastaunchenemyofthegoddesswhosenamebymetonymyisthestandardRomanwordforsex.ThehistoricalGallīcertainlywereunderstoodtoperformtheiractofself-castrationoutofecstaticreligiousdevotion(ontheso-calleddiēssanguinis,March24th);Origen,theearlyChristianchurchfather,isalsoreportedtohavecastratedhimselfoutofreligiousdevotion(Garrison),althoughthatstorymaynotbetrue.Thepoet/narratorspendsnotimediscussinganystorybehindthisact.

hilarāte:PerhapsareferencetothefestivaloftheHilaria,inhonorofCybeleandperhapscelebratingAttis’resurrectionfromthedead,ifindeedhewasadying-livinggodoftheFrazeriantype.ItwasheldonMarch25th,thedayafterthediēssanguinis.

mente:‘fromyourmind’(abl.ofseparationwithoutprep.)

cēdat:‘letitwithdraw’(jussivesubjunctive).

sequiminī:Rememberthatpluralimperativesforpassive/deponentverbslooklikethe2ndpl.presentindicative.

14

5

ubicymbalumsonatvōx,ubitympanareboant,

tībīcenubicanitPhryxcurvōgravecalamō,

ubicapitaMaenadesvīiaciunthederigerae,

ubisacrasanctaacūtīsululātibusagitant,

ubisuēvitilladīvaevolitārevagacohors, 25

quōnōsdecetcitātīscelerāretripudiīs.'

1

*cymbalum,cymbalīn.:cymbalsonōsonāresonuīsonitus:tosound,resoundreboōreboāre:tobellowback,resound,echotībīcen,tībīcinism.:piper,flute-playerPhryx,(gen.)Phrygis:Phrygiancurvuscurvacurvum:curvedcalamus,calamīm.:reed;reed-pipe*Maenas,Maenadisf.:Maenad,frenziedfemale

followerofBacchusvīs,--,(--,acc.vim,abl.vī)f.:force,violencehederigerhederigerahederigerum:ivy-bearing,

wreathedwithivysacra,sacrōrumn.pl.:sacredritessanctussanctasanctum:sacred,holy

2

ululātus,ululātūsm.:wailing,keening*agitō(1):tochase,hunt;pursuesuēscōsuēsceresuēvīsuētus:tobecome

accustomed;(pf.)tobeaccustomedto,beusedto

dīva,dīvaef.:goddessvolitōvolitārevolitāvīvolitātus:toflyaround,flit

about,fluttercohors,cohortisf.:crowd,throng;military

companydecetdecēredecuit:itisfitting,itispropercelerōcelerārecelerāvīcelerātus:tohasten,be

quicktripudium,tripudiīn.:religiousdancing

cymbalum:=cymbalōrum,withvōx

grave:=graviter,anadverbial(or“internal”)accusative

Maenades:Thesewerethe(female)followersofBacchus(Dionysus),whowentintofrenziesduringtheirrites(orgia),whenmythologysaystheywouldleavetheconfinesofthecity,oftenatnight,andwanderuncontrolledinthehillsandforests;theculminationoftheirriteswasthesparagmos,whentheywouldteara(male)animallimb-from-limbwiththeirbarehands:thisofcoursewenthorriblywrongwhen,becauseBacchuswishedtopunishPentheus,kingofThebes,forhisblasphemy,hismotherAgavewiththeothermaenadsunknowinglytorehersontopieces,asportrayedinEuripides’tragedytheBacchae.TheecstaticcelebrationsoftheGallīwillhavebeensimilarintheircharacter,ifnotinthedetails.Bacchus,likeCybele,wasviewedbytheGreeksandRomansasanEasterndeity,althoughhisworshipwasintroducedmuchearlier.

vī:‘withforce’,i.e.,‘forcefully’(abl.ofmannerwithoutcum);vīsisalmostneverapositivequalityinLatin.

acūtīs:RecallthatpreviouslythesilexthatAttisusedwasacūtus;nowthecriesoftheMaenads(likenedtotheGallī)areacūtus.

vaga:Notethethematicallyimportantrepetitionofthiswordaswell.

cohors:Althoughthiswordusuallyhasverystrongmilitaryconnotations(thereweretencohortēstothelegion),hereitreferstothecrowdofecstaticreligiousworshippers.

quō:correspondstoalloftheubiclauses(where[Xhappens],tothere[weshouldgo]).

nōsdecet:decetisanimpersonalverb;ittakesanaccusativeofthepersonforwhomsomethingisproper(+complementaryinfinitive).‘itisfittingforus’=‘weshould’

15

Questions1-26:

1. WhoisCybele?How/whenwasherworshipintroducedtoRome?2. WhatwastheworshipofCybelelike?Findspecificdetailsintheselinesthatdescribeit.

WhataboutitmightdisquietaRoman?3. WhoisAttis?Howishisbackgroundasdescribedinthispoemunusual?4. WhydoyouthinkCatullusdirectlyaddressesCybeleinline10?Whatistheeffect?Does

itsuggestanythingaboutthegenreofthispoem?5. WhataresomeofthewordsCatullushasrepeatedthroughoutthissection?Whydoyou

thinkhehaschosentorepeatthosewords?6. HowwouldyoudescribeAttis’emotionalstateinlines1-26?Whatspecific

words/phrasesconveythatemotion?7. Accordingtothepoem,whydoesAttisperformself-castration?Howconvincingdoyou

findthenarrative’sexplanation?Why?8. Whatdoyouthinkthecomitēsaredoingthere?Howdotheyfunctionnarratively?9. WhatarewesupposedtothinkoftheMaenadsinlines23ff.?Aretheyportrayed

positivelyornegatively?Whydoyouthinkso?10. BeginkeepingalistoftermsusedtorefertoAttisbygender:M/F/commongenderor

ambiguousgender.Alsonotetermsthatcouldbemorethanonething(e.g.,nomsg.f.oracc.pl.n.).

16

6

simulhaeccomitibusAttiscecinitnothamulier,

thiasusrepentelinguīstrepidantibusululat,

levetympanumremūgit,cavacymbalarecrepant.

viridemcitusaditĪdamproperantepedechorus. 30

furibundasimulanhēlānsvagavāditanimamagēns

1

nothusnothanothum:illegitimate;counterfeit*mulier,mulierisf.:womanthiasus,thiasīm.:bandofreligiousrevelersrepente(adv.):suddenlylingua,linguaef.:tongue*trepidōtrepidāretrepidāvītrepidātus:tobe

agitated,bustleabout;quiver,flickerululōululāreululāvīululātus:tohowl,shriekremūgiōremūgīre:tobellowback,toresoundrecrepōrecrepāre:toresound,ring,echo*viridisviridisviride:green;blooming*cituscitacitum:swift,fast

2

*Īda,Īdaef.:Mt.Ida,alargemountaininPhrygia,homeoftheMagnaMāter

properōproperāreproperāvīproperātus:tohasten,hurry,bequick

chorus,chorīm.:achorus,agroupof(religious)dancers

*furibundusfuribundafuribundum:fullofrage,fullofmadness;frenzied

anhēlōanhēlāreanhēlāvīanhēlātus:togasp,pant

*vādōvāderevāsī:togo,walk;torushanima,animaef:breath;soul,spirit

27-38:Attisandthecompanionsrevel.

haec:Asinline11,haeccouldbenomsg.f.oracc.pl.n.,butitmoreprobablytakenasacc.pl.n.,sothatcecinithasadirectobject(itcertainlycanbeusedintransitively,however).

nothamulier:ThisphraseiskeytounderstandinghowthenarratorgendersAttis.Becauseoftheactofcastration,Attisisgenderedasfemale(mulier),butnotarealwoman,onlyaspurious(notha)one:orperhapsbetter,notalegalone?nothusistheusualwordinLatinforanillegitimatechild:onethatisactuallythefather’schildbutisnotrecognizedbythelawsduetothemother’sstatus.Eunuchs(castratedmen)seemtohaveoccupiedapositionofathirdgenderinRome:theyarecalled“neithermalenorfemale”(nequevirōrumnequemulierumnumerō)inValeriusMaximus7.7.6,specificallyreferringtoalegalcaseinvolvingaGallus;theyarealsocalleda“thirdtypeofhumans”(tertiumgenumhominum)intheHistoriaAugusta(SeverusAlexanderxxiii.7).PrudentiusspecificallycallstheGallīamediumgenus(“middletype”)thatpleasesCybele,unlikemaleorfemale(Peristephanon10.1071-3).Mostrelevantly,OvidlatercallsAttisnecfēminanecvir(Ibis455).Grammatically,Latinspeakerscontinuetousemasculineandfemininewords/pronounsforeunuchs(nevertheneuter),withsomelargepreferencetothemasculine..Usuallyeunuchsarenotdescribedas“failed”women,ashere;usuallytheyaredescribedasinsufficientmen:sēmivir,sēmimās;ordescribedas“emasculated”(asintheuseofēvirōabove).ThereisneverinRomansourcesanyinventionofalternatepronouns/endingsasinmodernEnglishzieorsingularthey.However,paycloseattentiontotheideaofalternationinthispoem,assomemodernEnglishspeakersalsodo.Infact,RhiannonRowlands(onp.97inherunpublisheddissertation,EunuchsandSex:BeyondSexualDichotomyintheRomanWorld,availableonlinehttps://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/44199/research.pdf?sequence=1)suggeststhatnothaheremaymean‘mixed’asinatechnicaltermfornounsof,e.g.,mixeddeclension,suggestingthatAttis’genderisregardedasamixofmasculineandfeminine,notjusta“counterfeit”woman.

viridem…chorus:Notethealliterationandinterlockingwordorderinthisline.

animanagēns:Usuallythisphrasemeans‘drivingoutone’sbreath(soul)’,i.e.,‘dying’,buthere(asThomsennotes),itismeantliterallyasasynonymforanhēlāns.

17

1

comitōcomitāre----comitātus:toaccompany,follow

velutī(=velut):like,asiuvenca,iuvencaef.:heifer,youngcowvītōvītārevītāvīvītātus:toavoid,shunonus,onerisn.:burden,loadindomitusindomitaindomitum:unbroken,

untamed*iugum,iugīn.:yokeproperipēs,(gen.)properipedis:swift-footedlassuluslassulalassulum:somewhatweariedlabor,labōrism.:work,suffering,toil*somnus,somnīm.:sleepCerēs,Cererisf.:Ceres(goddessofgrain);

2

grain,foodpigerpigrapigrum:slow,reluctant,sluggishlabōlabārelabāvīlabātus:tototter,sinklanguor,languōrism.:tiredness,weariness;

lassitutde,sluggishnesssopor,sopōrism.:sleep,slumber*operiōoperīreoperuīopertus:tocover*abeōabīreabiīabitus(irr.):togoaway,leave,

depart*quiēs,quiētis:rest,sleep*mollismollismolle:soft,gentlerabidusrabidarabidum:raving,furious,madfuror,furōrism.:fury,madness

comitāta:Notethecontinueduseofthef.;theGallīalsocontinuedtobereferredtointhef.(rapidae).

velutī,etc.:ThesimilecomparesAttistoayoung(female)cowwhohasnotlearnedtoputupwithbeingharnassedtoaplow.

properipedem:Thiswordoccursonlyhere(ahapaxlegomenon).ItgivesaGreekfeel.

domumCybēbēs:Mt.Ida.

tetigēre:=tetigērunt

lassulae:Thisisadiminutiveformedfromtheadjectivelassus–a–um(‘tired,weary’),hence‘somewhatweary’.FemaleLatinspeakerswereperceivedassomewhatmorelikelytousediminutivesthanmalespeakers,perhapslendinganadditionalgenderedcoloringtothisword(seeMichaelGilleland’sdissertation“LinguisticDifferentiationofCharacterTypeandSexintheComediesofPlautusandTerence,”UVa1979,p.250).

nimiōēlabōre:Takethisphrasecloselyasexplanatoryoflassulae.

piger:AsoftenhappensinLatin,wehavetowaittoresolvewhattheadjectiverefersto(here,sopor):thisdelaymakesuswonderifthewordinfactreferstoAttis.

mollī:Thisadjectiveisastandardpartofinvectiveagainstgender-deviant(“unmanly”)meninRomanliterature.AlthoughhereitdescribesthesleepofAttisandtheGallī,itsuseimmediatelycallstomindthatthewordwouldbeusedagainstthemderogatively.mollīrecanevenmean‘tocastrate’.

rabidusfuror:Recallsline4(furentīrabiē),whenthemadnessfirstdescendedonAttisandprovokedtheself-castration;thetwowordshaveswitchedpartsofspeechandorderastheydepartnow(muchasAttishasbeenportrayedtoswitchgenders);thechiasmusbringsthesectiontoaringedclose.

7

comitātatympanōAttisperopācanemoradux,

velutīiuvencavītānsonusindomitaiugī;

rapidaeducemsequunturGallaeproperipedem.

itaque,utdomumCybēbēstetigērelassulae 35

nimiōēlabōre,somnumcapiuntsineCerere.

pigerhīslabantelanguōreoculōssoporoperit;

abitinquiētemollīrabidusfuroranimī.

18

Questions27-38:

1. Findatleastthreeinstancesofalliterationorothersoundplayintheselines.WhatdoyouthinkCatulluswastryingtoconveybytheiruse?

2. Whatdoyouthinkthephrasenothamulier(27)means?WhatdoesitimplyaboutAttis’genderasitisportrayedhere?HowdoesitgoalongwiththegenderingofAttisinthissectionandthepreviousone(1-38)ingeneral?

3. Findwordsrelatingtomadnessorfrenzyinthissectionandthepreviousone(1-38).Whyaretheybeingusedinthesesections?Whatisthepoetsaying?

4. Whatdoyouthinkisthepointofthesimilein33?HowisAttislikeaiuvenca?Whydidthepoetchoosethiscomparison?

19

8

sedubiōrisaureīSōlradiantibusoculīs

lūstrāvitaetheraalbum,soladūra,mareferum, 40

pepulitquenoctisumbrāsvegetīssonipedibus,

ibiSomnusexcitamAttinfugiēnscitusabiit;

trepidanteeumrecēpitdeaPāsitheasinū.

1

aureus–a–um:goldenradiōradiāreradiāvīradiātus:toshine,gleamlūstrōlūstrārelūstrāvīlūstrātus:topurify;survey;

traverseaether,aetheris(acc.aethera)m.:upperair,skyalbusalbaalbum:white,shining*ferusferaferum:fierce,wild

2

pellōpellerepepulīpulsus:topush,pushasideumbra,umbraef.:shadow,shadevegetusvegetavegetum:quick,livelysonipēs,sonipedism.:horseexciōexcīreexciīexcitus:torouse,stir;frightenPāsithea,Pāsitheaef.:Pasitheasinus,sinūsm.:bosom,lap

ōrisaureī:Takewithoculīs,notSōl(seeThomson’snote).

aethera:acc.ofaether(Greek)

aethera…ferum:Notetheasyndeton(lackofconjunctions):asyndetonisusedtomakelistsflowquickly.

sola:Asinline7,thisisfromsolum‘ground’,notanyoftheotherwordsonemightconfuseitwith!

sonipedibus:Thiscompound,usedbyLuciliusandAcciusbeforeCatullusandlaterusedbyVergilandotherpoets,literallymeans‘resoundingfoot’,butthatisaverypoeticwaytosay‘horse’.TheSunisimaginedtodrivehischariot,pulledbyhorses(sonipedibus),acrosstheskytobringthedayinthisstandardpoeticdescriptionofdawn.

excitam:Notethegender.

Attin:acc.ofAttis(Greek);directobjectoffugiēns

citus:Thiswordnowdescribessleep,notAttisortheGallī.

trepidante…sinū:Notehowthewordorderechoesthemeaning,becausethewordsforher‘tremblingbosom’encircletherestoftheline,includingthewordreferringtotheSun(eum).

Pāsithea:oneofthelesserGraces;thewifeofSleep.ThistypeoflearnedallusionistypicalofAlexandrianismintheNeotericpoetssuchasCatullus.

39-49:Morningarrives,andAttismustreflectuponthepreviousday’saction.

20

9

itadēquiētemollīrapidāsinerabiē

simulipsepectoreAttissuafactarecoluit, 45

liquidāquementevīditsinequīsubiqueforet,

animōaestuanterūsumreditumadvadatetulit.

ibimariavastavīsēnslacrimantibusoculīs,

patriamallocūtamaestastitavōcemiseriter.

1

pectus,pectorisn.:chest,breast,heartfactum,factīn.:deed,actionrecolōrecolererecoluī:toreview,recalltomind,

considerliquidusliquidaliquidum:clearaestuōaestuāreaestuāvīaestuātus:toheave,

swell;betempestuous;rage,burn,beinflamedrūsum(=rursus):again*reditus,reditūsm.:return

quiētemollī:Notetherepetitionofthisphrasefromline38;thepoetsurelywishesustoreflectonthewordmollīespecially(muchasAttiswillhaveto).

ipse:Oneoftheplaceswithatextualproblem.Themanuscriptsallhaveipse;itwascorrectedbyRenaissancescholars.Thomsonprintsipsa.

liquidāquemente:‘withaclearmind’(nowthatthereligiousfrenzyhaspassed):phrasessuchasthiscometobefeltastheequivalentofadverbs(i.e.,‘clearly’),and–mentebecomesanadverbialsuffixintheRomancelanguages.

sinequīs:Notethemacrononquīs(=quibus),anoldablativeformoftherelative/interrogative,notthenom.sg.(Inthispoem,Catullusonlyreferstotheparts,sc.thetestes,whichAttisremoved,viaeuphemism,asThomsonnotes).

ubique:Thisisubi+que(nottheadverbubique).Therearetwoseparateindirectquestions:‘whathewaswithoutandwherehewas’.

foret:=esset.Latinoftenformstheimperfectsubjunctiveofsumofftheinfinitivefore(=futūrumesse)insteadofesse,withnodifferenceinmeaning.

tetulit=tulit>ferō(ararereduplicatedforminsteadofthemorefamiliarone)

allocūta:Unlikethemessbeloworipsein45,thisnom.sg.f.iscertain.

maestastitavōcemiseriter:Thereisatextualissuehereinthemanuscripts;thisisaguessbya16thc.editoraboutwhattheoriginaltextsaid:themanuscriptshavethingslikeestitavocemiseritusmaiestates.Thesecondsyllableofmaesta(e)sthastobelongtofitthemeter,butitcouldbelongeitherbynatureandposition(maestāest)orjustbyposition(maestaest).Ihaveprintedwithoutthemacronaboveasanom.sg.f.(describingAttis),butmaestācouldcertainlybeablativeinstead.

miseriter:Thisisaveryrare(old/poetic)adverbformedfrommiser;thenormalformismiserē.ItoccursotherwiseonlypossiblyinEnnius(3rd–2ndc.BCE),inthemimesofLaberius(1stc.BCE,contemporarywithCatullus),andinApuleius.

2

vadum,vadīn.:shallow,shoal;seavastusvastavastum:vast,immense;desolatevīsōvīserevīsīvīsus:toview,behold,survey*patria,patriaef.:fatherland,homeland,native

landalloquor,alloquī,allocūtussum:toaddress,talktomaestusmaestamaestum:sad,gloomymiseriter(adv.):wretchedly,miserably

21

Questions39-49

1. WhatisAttis’stateofmindonawakeningthenextday?Citespecificwordsfromthetextthatcontributetothatimpression.

2. Findexamplesofhigh-flownpoeticdictioninthissection.Whydoyouthinkthepoetemploysthesetypesofwords?Whatfeelingdoesitgivetothepoem?

3. Whydoyouthinkthepoetspendssolongdescribingsunriseinmythologicalterms?4. HowisAttisgenderedinthissection?Howdoyouaccountforthat?5. Whichdoyouthinkisthecorrectreadinginline45,ipseoripsa?Why?6. Whatdoyouthinkisthecorrectreadingofline49,maestaormaestā(orsomething

else)?Why?

22

1

*ō(interj.):o!creātrīx,creātrīcisf.:(female)creatorgenetrīx,genetrīcisf.:mother;ancestresserifuga,erifugaem.:runawayslave,aslavefleeing

theirmasterfamulus,famulīm.:slave,servant

2

*nix,nivisf.:snowfera,feraef.:wildbeast,wildanimalgelidusgelidagelidum:icycold,frozenstabulum,stabulīn.:habitation;lairlatibulum,latibulīn.:hiding-place,den

50-73:Attisaddressespatriaandlamentsofwhathashappened.

meī…mea:Thereisavariātiōwhereinthefirstphraseusesanobjectivegenitiveofthepronoun(‘creatorofme’),whilethesecondphraseusesthepossessiveadjective(‘mymother’).

quammiser:Notethegender(miserawouldhavebeenpossiblemetrically,butallthemssagreeonmiser).Rememberthatquamwithapositiveadjectiveistranslated‘how’;itis‘than’withacomparativeand‘as…aspossible’withasuperlative.

erifugae:Oneofthealwaysmasculinenounsofthefirstdeclension,likeagricola.TherearecertainlyotherwordsCatulluscouldhavechosen;doeshisselectionofaPAINnounechothegenderingofAttis?

famulus:Asynonymforservus,butoneemphasizingtheslave’sstatusaspartofthehousehold(familia).AttisrunningtoPhrygia/Cybeleisthuslikenedtoarunawayslaveinthissimile.

tetulī:=tulī.pedemferre,lit.‘tobringone’sfoot’,thereforemeans‘tostep,go’.

forem:=essem

operta:Onepossiblereadinghere.Themssallhaveomnia,whichdoesn’tmakemuchsense;otherconjecturesincludeopāca.

furibunda:Thereisdisagreementaboutwhetherthiswordistobetakenasnom.f.sg.(describingAttis)oracc.pl.n.(describinglatibula).AsThomsonnotes,thephrase‘frenzieddens’makeslittlesense,nottomentionthatoperta(orwhateverwordactuallywentthere)alreadymodifieslatibula.IfitdoesdescribeAttis,thegenderhasbeenswitchednowfromline51(miser):why?

10

'patriaōmeīcreātrīx,patriaōmeagenetrīx, 50

egoquammiserrelinquēns,dominōsuterifugae

famulīsolent,adĪdaetetulīnemorapedem,

utapudnivemetferārumgelidastabulaforem,

eteārumopertaadīremfuribundalatibula,

23

11

ubinamautquibuslocīstēpositam,patria,reor? 55

cupitipsapūpulaadtēsibidērigereaciem,

rabiēferācarēnsdumbrevetempusanimusest.

egoneāmeāremōtahaecferarinnemoradomō?

patriā,bonīs,amīcīs,genitōribusaberō?

aberōforō,palaestrā,stadiōetgyminasiīs? 60

1

ubinam(adv.):where,infact,;whereintheworldreor,rērī,rātussum:tothink,consider,supposepūpula,pūpulaef.:pupil(oftheeye)dērigōdērigeredērēxīdērēctus:toturn,aim,

directaciēs,acieīf.:lineofsightcareōcarērecaruī(+abl.):tolack,bewithout

2

removeōremovēreremōvīremōtus:toremove,moveback,withdraw

genitor,genitōrism.:father;ancestorpalaestra,palaestraef.:exercise-ground,wrestling-

areastadium,stadiīn.:stadium,trackgyminasium,gyminasiīn.:gymnasium

ubinam:Thesuffix–namisanintensifier.

positam:sc.esse

sibi:Theequivalentofsuamaciem;dativeofreference

rabiēferā:Withcarēns,whichtakestheablative.

carēns…est:=caret;‘isfreefrom’

dum:Thisistheconjunctionfortheentirephrase(rabiē…est).

brevetempus:Acc.ofduration.

remōta:Couldbeeithernom.sg.f.(withego)oracc.pl.n.(withnemora).Thomsonfeelsitismorelikelywithego,butcertainlyitmakesgoodsensemeaning‘distant,remote’andoftendoesdescribenaturalfeaturessuchasnemora.Itcouldevenbereadremōtā(the–aelidesinanycase)withdomō;althoughitisAttiswhohasleftthepatria,itwouldbeperfectlynaturaltocallthedomusnow‘distant’.

ferar:Futureindic.,notpres.subj.,asshownbyaberōinthefollowingline.

patriā…genitōribus:Abls.ofseparation(withoutprepositions)withaberō.Attisfirstlamentstheseparationfromcountryandpeople/familyintermsthatanyRomanwouldunderstand.

forō:CatullususestheRomantermequivalenttotheGreekagora,themarketplaceinthecenterofthecitythatfunctionedasitscivicheart.

aberō…gyminasiīs:Inthisline,CatullushasAttislamentthethingsthatmadeupthefocusofdailylifeforanyyoungGreekman:athleticsandcivicengagement.Notethechiasticarrangementofthesetwolines(abls.–aberō–aberō–abls.)

24

12

miserā!miser,querendumestetiamatqueetiam,anime.

quodenimgenusfigūraeest,egonōnquodobierim?

egomulier,egoadulēscēns,egoephēbus,egopuer;

egogymnasīfuīflōs;egoeramdecusoleī:

mihiiānuaefrequentēs,mihilīminatepida, 65

1

ā!(interj.):ah!(expressessorrow)queror,querī,questussum:tocomplain,lamentgenus,generisn.:type,kindfigūra,figūraef.:figure,shapeobeōobīreobiīobitus(irr.):togoto,meet;

perform,executeadulēscēns,adulēscentism./f.:youthephēbus,ephēbīm.:youth,youngman

2

puer,puerīm.:boygymnasium,gymnasiīn.:gymansiumflōs,florism.:flower,bloomdecus,decorisn.:ornament,gloryoleum,oleīn.:oil;palaestrafrequēns,(gen.)frequentis:crowded,throngedlīmen,līminisn.:threshold,doorwaytepidustepidatepidum:warm

miserāmiser:Themeterguaranteesthelongquantityoftheā!,andonecannotreadmisera,miser,butsurelytheoriginalaudiencewouldhaveinitiallyheardmiseraherebeforerevisingtheirparsing.

anime:AnapostrophetoAttis’animus.Thevocativeofanimus(alwayswithmī,however)isusedasanendearmentcharacteristicallybywomeninLatin(seeEleanorDickey,LatinFormsofAddressFromPlautustoApuleius,Oxford:OxfordUP,2002:p.311);anaddresstoone’sownsoulisgender-neutral.

quodenim…obierim:‘ForwhattypeofhumanroleistherethatIhavenotplayed?’Lit.‘whattypeofshape’.

egomulier,etc.:Someeditorsprintpūber(‘[physical]adult’)inplaceofmulier;allthemss.havemulier(ormuliēs,whichisclearlywrong).Thomsondoesnotbelievemuliercanbetherightreading,becausehetakesfuīwithallthenounsanddislikestheuseofitasbothpresentandpast.However,onecouldeasilyreadtheendofthelineasastoppingpointandtakefuīsolelywithflōsin64.Thomsoncorrectlynotesthatthereisachronologicalprogressionherefromthepresent:puerīaretheyoungest(toaboutage15/16,orinRomancultureuntiltheyoungman’sassumptionofthetogavirilisandformalenrollmentamongthecitizenbody,usuallybyage17),thenephēbī(16-19ish;thisGreektermdenotesyoungmenwhohavenotreallybeguntogrowabeardandwhowereconsideredthemostattractive;seebelow),thenadulēscentēs(whichcancoverquiteabroadrangeofmenwewouldconsideradults,sometimesthroughone’s30s!).pūberisrelativelyrarecomparedtoadulēscēnsandnotthemostnaturaltermtoopposetoit;andaspūberalsocoversboysassoonastheyhavehitphysicalmaturity(14orso),itwouldnotmakemuchsenseastheculminationofthischronologicallist,whereasmulierbothlogicallycompletesAttis’pointandonlyreferstoanadult.viristhetermthatshouldhavecompletedtheprogression(orsenex),butinstead,theverypointisthatAttiswillneverreachthatstage.

gymnasī…flōs:InGreek(i.e.,Athenian)culture,itwasperfectlynormalandexpectedforoldermen(knownasanerastēs,‘lover’)tocompetewitheachotherfortheaffectionofyoungermen(generallyamanintheephebicstage;knownasanerōmenos,‘beloved’),whowereconsideredtheperfectexpressionofphysicalhumanbeauty;therefore,theplacethattheerastaiwouldobservetheerōmenosparticularlywouldbeatthegymnasium(so-named,ofcourse,becauseGreekmendidathleticsinthenude(Gk.gymnos)orotherplacesofexercise.Theerastēswasexpectedtowootheerōmenoswithgiftsand,oncechosen,toprovidehisbelovedwithmoralinstructioninhowtobeagoodcitizen.

oleī:Because(olive)oilwasrubbedonthebodiesofmendoingwrestling,the‘oil’metonymicallycanbetheplaceitwasused,thepalaestra.

iānuae…tepida:AlloftheerastaiwouldwaitoutsidethedoorofthehousetoseeAttis.

25

13

mihiflōridīscorōllīsredimītadomuserat,

linquendumubiessetortōmihiSōlecubiculum.

egonuncdeumministraetCybelēsfamulaferar?

egoMaenas,egomeīpars,egovirsteriliserō?

egoviridisalgidāĪdaeniveamictalocacolam? 70

1

flōridusflōridaflōridum:flowery,bloomingcorōlla,corōllaef.:garland,wreathlinquōlinquerelīquīlictus:toleave,leave

behindorior,orīrī,ortussum:torise,ariseministra,ministraef.:(female)attendant,maid-

servant

2

*famula,famulaef.:(female)servant,slave-woman

sterilissterilissterile:barren,sterile;uselessalgidusalgidaalgidum:cold,frostyamictusamictaamictum:cloaked,coveredcolōcolerecoluīcultus:tocultivate,inhabite,

dwellin

flōridīscorōllīs:Thesegarlandsaresignsofthedevotionofthevariouserastai.ItmustbenotedthattheRomans(aswellastheGreeks)feltagreatdealofanxietyaboutasystemthatissetuptoallowmale-malerelationships,butonlywhenonepartnerisyounger,because,ofcourse,themostbeautifuladulēscēnsgrowsup–andhastobeginactinglikeavir(allexceptAttis,thatis)andnolongerplayingtheroleoftheerōmenos.TheRomansgenerallyresolvedthistensionbyfrowningonrelationshipswithacitizenyouth,althoughtojudgefromoursources,theserelationshipsofcourseoccurredanyway.TheRomanmanespeciallywhodidnotsuccessfullytransitionawayfromtheroleofthedesired(younger,lesspowerful)partnerwouldbecomethefrighteningfigureofthecinaedus–anadultmalewhopreferentiallystillhadrelationswithothermen(whowereregardedasmorepowerful).Thecinaeduswastheultimateunmanlyman(exceptingfiguresliketheGallī,withwhomtheywereoftencompared/conflated).

linquendumubiesset…mihi:‘everytimeIhadtoleave’;thisisaso-calledfrequentativeoriterativesubjunctive,showingthattheactionhappenedoverandover.

ortōSōle:abl.absolutevirtuallyequivalenttoanabl.oftimewhen

deum:=deōrum

ministra,famula:notetheuseofthefemininefirstdeclensionforms(correspondingtoministerandfamulus

Cybelēs:Gk.genitiveform

ferar:‘WillIbeaccounted’or‘WillIpassfor’

Maenas:Attisreturnstotheequivalencythatwasestablishedearlierbetweenthe(female)followersofBacchusandthe(eunuch)followersofCybele.

meīpars:i.e.,onlyapartofwhatIoncewas

virsterilis:ThiswayofreferringtoaeunuchisalsousedbyMartialtodescribetheGallī(3.91.5).

26

14

egovītamagamsubaltīsPhrygiaecoluminibus,

ubicervasilvicultrīx,ubiapernemorivagus?

iamiamdoletquodēgī,iamiamquepaenitet.'

1

Phrygia,Phrygiaef.:Phrygiacolumen,columinisn.(=culmen):peakcerva,cervaef.:doe,deersilvicultrīx,silvicultrīcisf.:a(female)forest-

dwelleraper,aprīm.:boar

50-73Questions

1. Whatemotion(s)isAttisexpressinginthisspeech?Whathascausedthesefeelings?2. WhydoyouthinkitistopatriathatAttisaddressthelament?Inwhatwayisthatmost

important,ofallthethingslost?3. Inline58,whatdoyouthinkremōtamodifies?Why?4. Inline63,whichdoyouthinkisthecorrectreading,pūberormulier?Defendyour

answer.5. Basedontheselines,howdoyouthinkAttisviewshis/her/theirgendernow?What

makesyouthinkso?6. WhydoyouthinkCatulluschosetohaveAttisregrettheactofself-castration(ifthatis

infactwhat’sgoingon)?Certainlyitwasnotnecessarytowritethepoeminthisway.WhatdoesitsayabouthowpeopleinRomeviewedtheGallī?

2

nemorivagusnemorivaganemorivagum:wanderingthroughthegroves

paenitetpaenitērepaenituit(impers.vb+acc.ofpersonandgen.ofcause):toregret,feelsorryfor

cerva,aper:sc.vītamagit.AttisisleavingbehindthehumanworldtobecomelikethedoeortheboarinlivinginthewoodsofPhrygia.

iamiam,iamiamque:ThispainfulandpointedrepetitionlendsanimmensesenseofpathoshereatthecloseofAttis’lament.Thomsonpointsoutthattheslowedrhythmaddstothiseffect(thelinehasthemaximumnumberofpermittedlongsyllables).

27

15

roseīsuthuiclabellīssonituscitusabiit

gemināsdeōrumadaurēsnovanūntiareferēns, 75

ibiiūnctaiugaresolvēnsCybelēleōnibus

laevumquepecorishostemstimulānsitaloquitur:

'agedum,'inquit'ageferōxī,facuthuncfuroragitet

1

roseusrosearoseum:rosy,rose-pinklabellum,labellīn.:lip,littlelipsonitus,sonitūsm.:soundgeminusgeminageminum:twin,doublenūntium,nūntiīn.:news,message,reportiungōiungereiūnxīiūnctus:tojoin(together)

2

resolvōresolvereresolvīresolūtus:toloosen,letgo

leō,leōnism.:lionlaevuslaevalaevum:leftagedum(interj.):comeon!

74-83:Cybeleherselfweighsin.

roseīs…labellīs:Atypicaldescriptionofalovelypuellaoriuvenis.

iūncta…leōnibus:Cybelewasoftenpicturedasseatedonathroneflankedbyorinachariotpulledbytwolions,oneoneithersideofher.

laevum:sc.leōnem

pecorishostem:inappositiontolaevum(leōnem).Theleōisthehostisofthepecusbecauseitwouldliterallyeatcattleanimalsifallowedto(muchlikealupus).ButastheGallīearlierwerelikenedtopecora,itisapoignantphrasetouseherebeforeCybelesetstheleōonAttis.

agedum,age:Attisearlierusedagitewhenspeakingtothecomitēs;agedumisanintensifiedformofage.Interestingly,althoughagedumandagitedonotappeartohavebeenperceivedasgender-markedforms,theuseofthesingularagewasrarebywomeninRomancomedy,asJ.N.Adamspointedout(“FemaleSpeechinRomanComedy,”Antichthon18[1984]:p.67f.),whereitisnevergiventoafemalespeakerinTerenceandonlyrarelyinPlautus,becauseitisalesspoliteformofcommandthantheimperativealoneortheimperativeplusawordsuchasamābō,andwomen’sspeechisgenerallybelievedtobemorepolitethanmen’s.Cybele’sspeechmarksher,likeAttis,asgendernon-conforming,buthereintheoppositedirection.Infact,insomeversionsofthestory,Cybeleisidentifiedwith(orthemotherof)adeitynamedAgdistis,who,likeAttis,hadanon-binarysex/gender,beingbornintersexwithbothmaleandfemalesexcharacteristics,whothenperformedaself-castrationbecauseoftheothergods’fear.Pausanias(7.17.10-12)furtherrelatesthatthisAgdistiswastheparentofAttis(viathetransformationoftheseveredmemberintoanalmondtree,thefruitofwhichmagicallyimpregnatedthedaughteroftherivergodSangarius;AdgististhenfellinlovewithAttis,butbecauseAttiswastowedsomeoneelse,hecastratedhimselfinafitofmadness.

facut:Thisperiphrasisfortheimperative(‘seetoitthatyoudo’=‘do!’)alsogivesitthecharacterofanexhortation.Itismoreurgentthananimperative,likeage+imperative.

hunc:sc.Attin.CybeleisusingthemasculinetorefertoAttis.

furoragitet:CybelewantstheliontocausefurortoonceagainpursueAttis(whohascomeoutoftheyesterday’sfrenzy).

28

16

facutīfurōrisictūredituminnemoraferat,

mealīberēnimisquīfugereimperiacupit. 80

agecaedetergacaudā,tuaverberapatere,

faccūnctamūgientīfremitūlocaretonent,

rutilamferōxtorōsācervīcequateiubam.'

1

ictus,ictūsm.:blow,strikelīberlīberalīberum:freeimperium,imperiīn.:power,commandcaedōcaederececīdīcaesus:tocut,scourge;killcauda,caudaef.:tailverber,verberisn.:lash,whip;blow,floggingcūnctīcūnctaecūncta:all;everymūgiōmūgīremūgīvīmūgītus:tomoo;bellow,

Questions74-83

1. WhatdoesCybelewantherlionstodo?2. WhydoyouthinkCybeledoesnotaddressAttisdirectlyhere?3. DiscussthegenderingofCybeleintheselines.Howissheportayed,andwhatisthe

significanceofthat?

2

resoundfremitus,fremitūsm.:roar(ing),bellow(ing)retonōretonāre:tothunderback,roarbackrutilusrutilarutilum:ruddy,reddishtorōsustorōsatorōsum:muscular,brawnycervīx,cervīcisf.:neckiuba,iubaef.:crest,mane

utī:Thisisanolderformofutthatpoetsandothersoftenmakeuseofmetrīcausāorforvariātiō.Itisdistinguishedfromtheinfinitiveofūtor‘use’bythequantities:utī=ut;ūtī>ūtor

redituminnemora:Almostareturntothepsychologicalstateofthegrove,tobeingovercomebyfuror.

līberēnimis:Takethesewordstogether,‘withexcessivefreedom’(lit.‘excessivelyfreely’)

quī:refersbacktotheunderstoodsubjectofferatin79;notethegender.

agecaede:Again,Cybeleusestheunfeminineunmodifiedage+imperativeconstruction.Shewantstheliontobesofiercethatitwillwhip(caede)itsownback(terga)withitstail(caudā).

patere:Imperative,2ndsg.deponent/passive(notapresentactiveinfinitive!).

fac:sc.ut;itisperfectlynormaltoleaveoututinexpressionslikethisandtojustusethesubjunctive(retonent)afterit.

mūgientī:Abl.withfremitū.Thepresentparticiplecanuseeitherthei-stemabl.sg.ending(mūgientī)ortheconsonantalending(mūgiente).Theconsonantalendingismorefrequentlyusedinabl.absoluteconstructions,thei-stemendingelsewhere.Althoughmūgiōisproperly(omomatopoetically)ofcows,itcanbeusedofothernoisesaswell(cf.remūgit29).

retonent:Anotherhapax.

29

17

aithaecmināxCybēbēreligatqueiugamanū.

ferusipsesēsēadhortānsrapidumincitatanimō, 85

vādit,fremit,refringitvirgultapedevagō.

atubiūmidaalbicantislocalītorisadiit,

tenerumquevīditAttinpropemarmorapelagī,

facitimpetum.illedēmēnsfugitinnemorafera;

ibisemperomnevītaespatiumfamulafuit. 90

1

aiō(defectiveverb):tosaymināx,(gen.)minācis:threateningreligōreligārereligāvīreligātus:tountieadhortor,adhortārī,adhortātussum:to

encourage,exhort,urgefremōfremerefremuīfremitus:toroar,bellowrefringōrefringererefrēgīrefrāctus:tobreak

intopieces,breakoffvirgulta,virgultōrumn.pl.:thickets,bushes;

2

cuttings,slipsūmidusūmidaūmidum:wet,dampalbicōalbicāre:tobewhitemarmor,marmorisn.:marble;thebright

surfaceofthesea,theseadēmēns,(gen.)dēmentis:outofone’smind,

madspatium,spatiīn.:space,extent,length

mināx:Interestingly,PetroniususesthissamewordtodescribeBellona(124.1),sincethereissomeassociationbetweenCybeleandBellona;Bellona’spriestsalsowoundedthemselves(aboutthearmsandlegs)onthediēssanguinis,whileJuvenal(6.511ff.)describesfollowersofbothgoddessesprocessingtogetherasifitwereonecelebration.Otherwise,itisnotgenerallyusedtodescribefemalefigures(SenecausesitofbothHecateandMinerva).

ferusipse:Theleō,asbecomesclearwhenitseesAttisin88,butatfirstthoughthoweverthereaderthinksofAttis.

sēsē:Anintensiveformofsē.

rapidum:Somescholarshavesuggestedcorrectingtorabidum.

vādit…vagō:Observeallthesoundeffectsinthislinetomimicthelion’scrashingabout.

tenerum:Asinline10,notethatthiswordwasassociatedbytheRomanswithfemininity.Themss.allhavetenerum,butsomeeditorscorrecttoteneram.

ille:Someeditorscorrecttoilla,butthereisnomanuscriptsupportfortheswitch.

fera:CoulddescribeAttisorthenemora,ofcourse.IfitmodifiesAttis,itisredundantwithdēmēns,soperhapsitmakesbettersensewithnemora(‘wildgroves’).IfitiswithAttis,thenAttisisgenderedbothmasculine(ille)andfeminine(fera)inthesameline,unlesswecorrectilletoilla.

famula:Notethegender.Attis’fearsfromtheearlierspeechhavecometrue.

84-90:Cybele’slionhuntsdownAttisandbringsbackmadness.

30

Questions84-90

1. Whichdoyouthinkisthecorrectreadingin88,teneramortenerum?In89:illeorilla?Whatgeneralprincipleareyoufollowinginyouranswers?

2. Nowthatyouhavefinishedthenarrativesectionofthepoem,completeyourlistofgenderedtermsrelatedtoAttis:besuretoincludewordsthataredefinitelymasculine,definitelyfeminine,common/ambiguousgender,andacategoryforwordsthatmayormaynotdescribeAttis.Whatpatternsdoyounoticeabouttheirusage?Doesthatchangeyourthoughtsaboutanyofthecontestedreadings?Whatdoyouthinkabouttheuseofthosetermsthatcouldbemorethanonething:doyouthinkCatullusmayhaveintentionallybeenusingambiguityofgenderthere?WhatwouldthattellusaboutAttis,perhaps,ifso?

3. WhatreactiondoyouhavetoAttis’storynowthatthenarrativeiscomplete?Doyoufeelpity?Somethingelse?Why?Doyouthinkthenarrativeistryingtocreateacertainemotioninthereader?

31

18

dea,magnadea,Cybēbē,deadominaDindymī,

proculāmeātuussitfuroromnis,era,domō:

aliōsageincitātōs,aliōsagerapidōs.

1

Dindymus,Dindymīm.(alsoDindymon,Dindymīn.):Mt.Dindymus,nearPessinus

2

procul(adv.):far,atadistance

dea,etc.:Noteallthesoundeffectsinthisline,againmimickingthenoisyprocessionsinhonorofthegoddess.

procul:Itisunusualinaprayertoaskthatthedeity’spowerbefarfrom,notnearto,thepetitioner.Theformulationproculāmeā…domō,ofcourse,remindsoneofAttis,removedfromtheGreekpatria.

sit:Becarefulwiththemood(volitivesubjunctive,‘mayitbe’).

age:Inthesenseof‘drive’,‘pursue’.

rapidōs:Asinline85,editorssometimescorrecttorabidōs.

91-93:ThistagdirectlyaddressesCybeleandprovidesthe‘moralofthestory’.

Questions91-93

1. Whodoyouthinkisspeakingtheselines?Why?2. Whatdoesthespeakerintheselinesprayfor?3. Wereyousurprisedbythisending?Why/not?4. DotheselinescementthegenreofthispoemasahymntoCybele?Ifso,how?5. Overall,whatdoyouthinkaboutthepoem’spresentationofthestoryofAttis?

32

1

superaltavectusAttiscelerīratemaria,Phrygiumutnemuscitātōcupidēpedetetigit,adiitqueopācasilvīsredimītalocadeae,stimulātusibifurentīrabiē,vagusanimīs,dēvolsitīlīacūtōsibiponderasilice. 5itaqueutrelictasēnsitsibimembrasinevirō,etiamrecenteterraesolasanguinemaculāns,niveīscitātacēpitmanibuslevetypanum,typanumtuum,Cybēbē,tua,māter,initia,quatiēnsquetergataurītenerīscavadigitīs 10canerehaecsuīsadortaesttremebundacomitibus.'agiteīteadalta,Gallae,Cybelēsnemorasimul,simulīte,Dindymēnaedominaevagapecora,aliēnaquaepetentēsvelutexulēslocasectammeamexsecūtaeducemēmihicomitēs 15rapidumsalumtulististruculentaquepelagīetcorpusēvirāstisVenerisnimiōodiō;hilarāteeraecitātīserrōribusanimum.moratardamentecēdat:simulīte,sequiminīPhrygiamaddomumCybēbēs,Phrygiaadnemoradeae, 20ubicymbalumsonatvōx,ubitympanareboant,tībīcenubicanitPhryxcurvōgravecalamō,ubicapitaMaenadesvīiaciunthederigerae,ubisacrasanctaacūtīsululātibusagitant,ubisuēvitilladīvaevolitārevagacohors, 25quōnōsdecetcitātīscelerāretripudiīs.'simulhaeccomitibusAttiscecinitnothamulier,thiasusrepentelinguīstrepidantibusululat,levetympanumremūgit,cavacymbalarecrepant.viridemcitusaditĪdamproperantepedechorus. 30furibundasimulanhēlānsvagavāditanimamagēnscomitātatympanōAttisperopācanemoradux,velutīiuvencavītānsonusindomitaiugī;rapidaeducemsequunturGallaeproperipedem.itaque,utdomumCybēbēstetigērelassulae 35nimiōēlabōre,somnumcapiuntsineCerere.pigerhīslabantelanguōreoculōssoporoperit;abitinquiētemollīrabidusfuroranimī.

33

2

sedubiōrisaureīSōlradiantibusoculīslūstrāvitaetheraalbum,soladūra,mareferum, 40pepulitquenoctisumbrāsvegetīssonipedibus,ibiSomnusexcitamAttinfugiēnscitusabiit;trepidanteeumrecēpitdeaPāsitheasinū.itadēquiētemollīrapidāsinerabiēsimulipsepectoreAttissuafactarecoluit, 45liquidāquementevīditsinequīsubiqueforet,animōaestuanterūsumreditumadvadatetulit.ibimariavastavīsēnslacrimantibusoculīs,patriamallocūtamaestastitavōcemiseriter.'patriaōmeīcreātrīx,patriaōmeagenetrīx, 50egoquammiserrelinquēns,dominōsuterifugaefamulīsolent,adĪdaetetulīnemorapedem,utapudnivemetferārumgelidastabulaforem,eteārumopertaadīremfuribundalatibula,ubinamautquibuslocīstēpositam,patria,reor? 55cupitipsapūpulaadtēsibidērigereaciem,rabiēferācarēnsdumbrevetempusanimusest.egoneāmeāremōtahaecferarinnemoradomō?patriā,bonīs,amīcīs,genitōribusaberō?aberōforō,palaestrā,stadiōetgyminasiīs? 60miserā!miser,querendumestetiamatqueetiam,anime.quodenimgenusfigūraeest,egonōnquodobierim?egomulier,egoadulēscēns,egoephēbus,egopuer;egogymnasīfuīflōs;egoeramdecusoleī:mihiiānuaefrequentēs,mihilīminatepida, 65mihiflōridīscorōllīsredimītadomuserat,linquendumubiessetortōmihiSōlecubiculum.egonuncdeumministraetCybelēsfamulaferar?egoMaenas,egomeīpars,egovirsteriliserō?egoviridisalgidāĪdaeniveamictalocacolam? 70egovītamagamsubaltīsPhrygiaecoluminibus,ubicervasilvicultrīx,ubiapernemorivagus?iamiamdoletquodēgī,iamiamquepaenitet.'roseīsuthuiclabellīssonituscitusabiitgemināsdeōrumadaurēsnovanūntiareferēns, 75ibiiūnctaiugaresolvēnsCybelēleōnibuslaevumquepecorishostemstimulānsitaloquitur:

34

3

'agedum,'inquit'ageferōxī,facuthuncfuroragitetfacutīfurōrisictūredituminnemoraferat,mealīberēnimisquīfugereimperiacupit. 80agecaedetergacaudā,tuaverberapatere,faccūnctamūgientīfremitūlocaretonent,rutilamferōxtorōsācervīcequateiubam.'aithaecmināxCybēbēreligatqueiugamanū.ferusipsesēsēadhortānsrapidumincitatanimō, 85vādit,fremit,refringitvirgultapedevagō.atubiūmidaalbicantislocalītorisadiit,tenerumquevīditAttinpropemarmorapelagī,facitimpetum.illedēmēnsfugitinnemorafera;ibisemperomnevītaespatiumfamulafuit. 90dea,magnadea,Cybēbē,deadominaDindymī,proculāmeātuussitfuroromnis,era,domō:aliōsageincitātōs,aliōsagerapidōs.

35

1

--suīsibisēsē(reflexivepronoun):himself,herself,itself,themselves(4x)

-ne(encliticadv.):makesastatementintoayes/noquestion-que(encliticconj.):and(6x)

ā,ab(prep.+abl.):from,awayfrom;by(2x)ā!(interj.):ah!(expressessorrow)abeōabīreabiīabitus(irr.):togoaway,leave,depart(3x)absumabesseāfuīāfutūrus(irr.):tobeawayfrom,beabsent

from,bemissingfrom(2x)aciēs,acieīf.:lineofsightacūtusacūtaacūtum:sharp(2x)ad(prep.+acc.):to,towards(5x)adeōadīreadiīaditus(irr.):togotoward,approach(4x)adhortor,adhortārī,adhortātussum:toencourage,exhort,

urgeadorior,adorīri,adorsussum:toapproach;toattack;tobegin,

undertakeadulēscēns,adulēscentism./f.:youthaestuōaestuāreaestuāvīaestuātus:toheave,swell;be

tempestuous;rage,burn,beinflamedaether,aetheris(acc.aethera)m.:upperair,skyage(pl.agite):comeon!(3x)agedum(interj.):comeon!agitōagitāreagitāvīagitātus:tochase,hunt,pursue(2x)agōagereēgīāctus:todo,drive(out),push(out);spend,pass

(5x)aiō(defectiveverb):tosayalbicōalbicāre:tobewhitealbusalbaalbum:white,shiningalgidusalgidaalgidum:cold,frostyaliēnusaliēnaaliēnum:someoneelse’s,another’s;foreignaliusaliaaliud:other,another(2x)alloquor,alloquī,allocūtussum:toaddress,talktoaltusaltaaltum:high,deep(3x)amictusamictaamictum:cloaked,coveredamīcus,amīcīm.:friendanhēlōanhēlāreanhēlāvīanhēlātus:togasp,pantanima,animaef:breath;soul,spiritanimus,animīm.:mind,spirit(7x)aper,aprīm.:boarapud(prep.+acc.):at(thehouseof),amongat(conj.):butatque(conj.):and,andalsoAttis,Attidism.:Attis(6x)aureusaureaaureum:goldenauris,aurisf.(i-stem):earaut(conj.):or

bona,bonōrumn.pl.:goods,possessionsbrevisbrevisbreve:brief,short

caedōcaederececīdīcaesus:tocut,scourge;killcalamus,calamīm.:reed;reed-pipecanōcanerececinīcantus:tosing,chant(3x)capiōcaperecēpīcaptus:totake,seize(2x)caput,capitisn.:headcareōcarērecaruī(+abl.):tolack,bewithoutcauda,caudaef.:tailcavuscavacavum:hollow(2x)cēdōcēderecessīcessus:toyield,givein,giveway;withdraw

2

celerceleriscelere:swift,quickcelerōcelerārecelerāvīcelerātus:tohasten,bequickCerēs,Cererisf.:Ceres(goddessofgrain);grain,foodcerva,cervaef.:doe,deercervīx,cervīcisf.:neckchorus,chorīm.:achorus,agroupof(religious)dancerscitātuscitātacitātum:quick,impetuous(4x)cituscitacitum:swift,fast(3x)cohors,cohortism.:crowd,throng;militarycompanycolōcolerecoluīcultus:tocultivate,inhabite,dwellincolumen,columinisn.(=culmen):peakcomes,comitism./f.:companion,comrade(3x)comitōcomitāre----comitātus:toaccompany,follow(2x)corōlla,corōllaef.:garland,wreathcorpus,corporisn.:bodycreātrīx,creātrīcisf.:(female)creatorcubiculum,cubiculīn.:bedroomcūnctīcūnctaecūncta:all;everycupiōcuperecupīvīcupītus:todesire,want(2x)curvuscurvacurvum:curved

Cybēbē,Cybēbēsf.:Cybele,theMagnaMāter(5x)Cybelē,Cybelēsf.:Cybele,theMagnaMāter(3x)cymbalum,cymbalīn.:cymbal

dē(prep.+abl.):downfrom,from;about,concerningdea,deaef.:goddess(6x)decetdecēredecuit:itisfitting,itisproperdecus,decorisn.:ornament,glorydēmēns,(gen.)dēmentis:outofone’smind,maddērigōdērigeredērēxīdērēctus:toturn,aim,directdeus,deīm.:god(2x)dēvellōdēvelleredēvolsīdēvulsus:topluck,pullout,pull

offdigitus,digitīm.:fingerDindymēnēs,Dindymēnaef.:Cybele,whowasworshipped

nearMt.DindymusinMysia(AsiaMinor)nearPessinus

Dindymus,Dindymīm.(alsoDindymon,Dindymīn.):Mt.Dindymus,nearPessinus

dīva,dīvaef.:goddessdoleō:tohurtdomina,dominaef.:mistress(2x)dominus,dominīm.:masterdomus,domūsf.(irr.):home,house(5x)dum(conj.+indic.):whiledūrusdūradūrum:harsh,harddux,ducism./f.:leader(4x)

ē,ex(prep.+abl.):outof,fromegomeīmihimēmē(1stpersonsg.pron.):I,me(24x)enim(postpositiveconj.):for,indeedeōīreiīitus(irr.):togo(4x)ephēbus,ephēbīm.:youth,youngmanera,eraef.:mistress,lady(2x)erifuga,erifugaem.:runawayslave,aslavefleeingtheir

mastererror,errōrism.:wandering,stroll;goingastrayet(conj.):and(5x)etiam(adv.):even,also;again(3x)ēvirōēvirāreēvirāvīēvirātus:tounman,emasculateexciōexcīreexciīexcitus:torouse,stir;frighten

CompleteGlossary

36

3

exsequor,exsequī,exsecūtussum:tofollow(allthewaytotheend)

exul,exulism./f.:abanishedperson,anexile

faciōfacerefēcīfactus:tomake,do(4x)factum,factīn.:deed,actionfamula,famulaef.:(female)servant,slave-woman(2x)famulus,famulīm.:slave,servantfera,feraef.:wildbeast,wildanimalferōferretulīlātus(irr.):tobring,bear,carry;endure;(pass.)

tobeaccounted,topassfor(6x)ferōx,(gen.)ferōcis:fierce,ferocious(2x)ferusferaferum:fierce,wild(4x)figūra,figūraef.:figure,shapeflōridusflōridaflōridum:flowery,bloomingflōs,flōrism.:flower,bloomforum,forīn.:forumfremitus,fremitūsm.:roar(ing),bellow(ing)fremōfremerefremuīfremitus:toroar,bellowfrequēns,(gen.)frequentis:crowded,throngedfugiōfugerefūgīfūgitūrus:toflee;fleefrom(3x)furibundusfuribundafuribundum:fullofrage,fullof

madness;frenzied(2x)furōfurere:torage,rave,beinafrenzyfuror,furōrism.:fury,madness(3x)

Galla,Gallaef.:Galla/us,castratedpriestofCybele(2x)gelidusgelidagelidum:icycold,frozengeminusgeminageminum:twin,doublegenetrīx,genetrīcisf.:mother;ancestressgenitor,genitōrism.:father;ancestorgenus,generisn.:type,kindgravisgravisgrave:heavy,weighty,seriousgyminasium,gyminasiīn.:gymnasiumgymnasium,gymnasiīn.:gymansium

hederigerhederigerahederigerum:ivy-bearing,wreathed

withivyhichaechoc(demonstrativepron.andadj.):this;the

following;thelatter(7x)hilarōhilarārehilarāvīhilarātus:tomakecheerful,gladdenhostis,hostism.(i-stem):enemy

iaciōiacereiēcīiactus:tothrow,tossiam(adv.):now,already(4x)iānua,iānuaef.:dooribi(adv.):there,then(5x)ictus,ictūsm.:blow,strikeĪda,Īdaef.:Mt.Ida,alargemountaininPhrygia,homeofthe

MagnaMāter(3x)īlium,īliīn.:groinilleillaillud(demonstrativepron.andadj.):that;theformer;

thatfamous(2x)imperium,imperiīn.:power,commandimpetus,impetūsm.:attackin(prep.+abl.):in,onin(prep.+acc.):into,onto(3x)incitōincitāreincitāvīincitātus:tourgeon,encourage(2x)initia,initiōrumn.pl.:holyrites,mysteriesinquit(defectiveverb):says,saidipseipsaipsum(intensivepronounandadjective):-self;the

very(3x)iseaid(weakdemonstrativepronounandadjective):he,she,

it;this,that(2x)

4

ita(adv.):so,thus,inthisway(3x)itaque(conj.):andso(2x)iuba,iubaef.:crest,maneiugum,iugīn.:yoke(3x)iungōiungereiūnxīiūnctus:tojoin(together)iuvenca,iuvencaef.:heifer,youngcow

labellum,labellīn.:lip,littleliplabōlabārelabāvīlabātus:tototter,sinklabor,labōrism.:work,suffering,toillacrimōlacrimārelacrimāvīlacrimātus:tocry,weeplaevuslaevalaevum:leftlanguor,languōrism.:tiredness,weariness;lassitutde,

sluggishnesslassuluslassulalassulum:somewhatweariedlatibulum,latibulīn.:hiding-place,denleō,leōnism.:lionlevislevisleve:light,slight,trivial(2x)līberlīberalīberum:freelīmen,līminisn.:threshold,doorwaylingua,linguaef.:tonguelinquōlinquerelīquīlictus:toleave,leavebehindliquidusliquidaliquidum:clearlītus,lītorisn.:shoreloca,locōrumn.pl.:region,place(5x)locus,locīm.:place,spotloquor,loquī,locūtussum:totalklūstrōlūstrārelūstrāvīlūstrātus:topurify;survey;traversemaculōmaculāremaculāvīmaculātus:tospot,stain,defileMaenas,Maenadisf.:Maenad,frenziedfemalefollowerof

Bacchus(2x)maestusmaestamaestum:sad,gloomy

magnusmagnamagnum:big,large,greatmanus,manūsf.:hand(2x)mare,marisn.(i-stem):sea(3x)marmor,marmorisn.:marble;thebrightsurfaceofthesea,the

seamāter,mātrisf.:mothermembrum,membrīn.:limb;(pl.)bodymēns,mentisf.:mind(2x)meusmeameum:my,mine(5x)mināx,(gen.)minācis:threateningministra,ministraef.:(female)attendant,maid-servantmisermiseramiserum:wretched,miserable(3x)miseriter(adv.):wretchedly,miserablymollismollismolle:soft,gentle(2x)mora,moraef.:delaymūgiōmūgīremūgīvīmūgītus:tomoo;bellow,resoundmulier,mulierisf.:woman(2x)nemorivagusnemorivaganemorivagum:wanderingthrough

thegrovesnemus,nemorisn.:grove(5x)nemus,nemorisn.:grovenimis(adv.):toomuch,excessivelynimiusnimianimium:excessive,beyondmeasure,immoderate

(2x)niveusniveaniveum:snowy,snow-whitenix,nivisf.:snow(2x)nōn(adv.):notnōsnostrumnōbīsnōsnōbīs(2ndpersonpl.pron.):we,usnothusnothanothum:illegitimate;counterfeitnovusnovanovum:new

37

5

nox,noctisf.(i-stem):nightnunc(adv.):nownūntium,nūntiīn.:news,message,report

ō(interj.):o!(2x)obeōobīreobiīobitus(irr.):togoto,meet;perform,executeoculus,oculīm.:eye(3x)odium,odiīn.:hatredoleum,oleīn.:oil;palaestraomnisomnisomne:all;each,every(2x)onus,onerisn.:burden,loadopācusopācaopācum:dark,shadyoperiōoperīreoperuīopertus:tocover(2x)orior,orīrī,ortussum:torise,ariseōs,ōrisn.:mouth;facepaenitetpaenitērepaenituit(impers.vb+acc.ofpersonand

gen.ofcause):toregret,feelsorryforpalaestra,palaestraef.:exercise-ground,wrestling-areapars,partisf.(i-stem):partPāsithea,Pāsitheaef.:Pasitheapatior,patī,passussum:tosuffer,endure;allowpatria,patriaef.:fatherland,homeland,nativeland(5x)pectus,pectorisn.:chest,breast,heartpecus,pecorisn.:cattle,aherdofcattle(2x)pelagus,pelagīn.:thesea(2x)pellōpellerepepulīpulsus:topush,pushasideper(prep.+acc.):through,alongpēs,pedism.:foot(4x)petōpeterepetīvīpetītus:toseek,attack,headforPhrygia,Phrygiaef.:PhrygiaPhrygiusPhrygiaPhrygium:Phrygian(3x)Phryx,(gen.)Phrygis:Phrygianpigerpigrapigrum:slow,reluctant,sluggishpondus,ponderisn.:weight,burdenpōnōpōnereposuīpositus:toput,placeprocul(adv.):far,atadistanceprope(prep.+acc.):nearproperipēs,(gen.)properipedis:swift-footedproperōproperāreproperāvīproperātus:tohasten,hurry,be

quickpuer,puerīm.:boypūpula,pūpulaef.:pupil(oftheeye)quam(adv.):how,than,as…aspossiblequatiōquatere----quassus:toshake,brandish(2x)queror,querī,questussum:tocomplain,lamentquīquaequod(relativepron.):who,which,that(7x)quiēs,quiētis:rest,sleep(2x)quō(adv.):where…to;to…thererabidusrabidarabidum:raving,furious,madrabiēs(--,--,rabiem,rabiē):madness,rage,fury(3x)radiōradiāreradiāvīradiātus:toshine,gleamrapidusrapidarapidum:quick,rapid(5x)rates,ratisf.(i-stem):boat,raftreboōreboāre:tobellowback,resound,echorecēns,(gen.)recentis:fresh,newrecipiōrecipererecēpīreceptus:totakeback;receive,

welcome;recoverrecolōrecolererecoluī:toreview,recalltomind,considerrecrepōrecrepāre:toresound,ring,echoredimiōredimīreredimiīredimītus:tobind,crown,encircle

(2x)

6

reditus,reditūsm.:return(2x)referōreferrerettulīrelātus:tobringback;report,deliverrefringōrefringererefrēgīrefrāctus:tobreakintopieces,

breakoffreligōreligārereligāvīreligātus:tountierelinquōrelinquererelīquīrelictus:toleave,leavebehind(2x)removeōremovēreremōvīremōtus:toremove,moveback,

withdrawremūgiōremūgīre:tobellowback,toresoundreor,rērī,rātussum:tothink,consider,supposerepente(adv.):suddenlyresolvōresolvereresolvīresolūtus:toloosen,letgoretonōretonāre:tothunderback,roarbackroseusrosearoseum:rosy,rose-pinkrūsum(=rursus):againrutilusrutilarutilum:ruddy,reddishsacersacrasacrum:sacred,holysalum,salīn.:thesalt-sea,theopenseasanctussanctasanctum:sacred,holysanguis,sanguinism.:bloodsecta,sectaef.:path;method,proceduresed(conj.):butsemper(adv.):alwayssentiōsentīresēnsīsēnsus:tofeel;notice,perceivesequor,sequī,secūtussum:tofollow(2x)silex,silicism.:flint,hardstonesilva,silvaef.:forest,woodssilvicultrīx,silvicultrīcisf.:a(female)forest-dwellersimul(adv.):atthesametime(6x)sine(prep.+abl.):without(4x)sinus,sinūsm.:bosom,lapsōl,sōlism.:sun(2x)soleō,solēre,solitussum:tobeaccustomed,usuallysolum,solīn.:ground,earth,land(2x)somnus,somnīm.:sleep(2x)sonipēs,sonipedism.:horsesonitus,sonitūsm.:soundsonōsonāresonuīsonitus:tosound,resoundsopor,sopōrism.:sleep,slumberspatium,spatiīn.:space,extent,lengthstabulum,stabulīn.:habitation;lairstadium,stadiīn.:stadium,tracksterilissterilissterile:barren,sterile;uselessstimulōstimulārestimulāvīstimulātus:togoad,spuron(2x)sub(prep.+abl.):undersuēscōsuēsceresuēvīsuētus:tobecomeaccustomed;(pf.)to

beaccustomedto,beusedtosumessefuīfutūrus(irr.):tobe(8x)super(prep+acc.):over,uponsuussuasuum:his,her,its,their(own)(2x)tangōtangeretetigītāctus:totouch(2x)tardustardatardum:slow,latetaurus,taurīm.:bulltempus,temporisn.:timetenerteneratenerum:tender,delicate,soft(2x)tepidustepidatepidum:warmtergum,tergīn.(oftenplural):back,hide(2x)terra,terraef.:ground,earth,landthiasus,thiasīm.:bandofreligiousrevelerstībīcen,tībīcinism.:piper,flute-playertorōsustorōsatorōsum:muscular,brawny

tremebundustremebundatremebundum:trembling,full

38

7

offeartrepidōtrepidāretrepidāvītrepidātus:tobeagitated,bustle

about;quiver,flicker(2x)tripudium,tripudiīn.:religiousdancingtruculentustruculentatruculentum:fierce,savage,grimtūtuītibitētē(2ndpersonpronounsg.):you(2x)tuustuatuum:your,yours(sg.)(4x)tympanum,tympanin.:drum,timbrel(5x)

ubi(conj.):when,where(10x)ubinam(adv.):where,infact,;whereintheworldululātus,ululātūsm.:wailing,keeningululōululāreululāvīululātus:tohowl,shriekumbra,umbraef.:shadow,shadeūmidusūmidaūmidum:wet,damput(conj.+indic.):as,when,how(5x)ut(conj.+subj.):inorderto,sothat,that(3x)

vādōvāderevāsī:togo,walk;torush(2x)vadum,vadīn.:shallow,shoal;seavagusvagavagum:wandering;wavering,fickle(5x)vastusvastavastum:vast,immense;desolatevegetusvegetavegetum:quick,livelyvehōveherevexīvectus:tocarry,conveyvelut,velutī(conj.):like,as(3x)Venus,Venerisf.:Venus;sexverber,verberisn.:lash,whip;blow,floggingvideōvidērevīdīvīsus:tosee(2x)vir,virīm.:man;husband;hero(2x)virgulta,virgultōrumn.pl.:thickets,bushes;cuttings,slipsviridisviridisviride:green;blooming(2x)vīs,--,(--,acc.vim,abl.vī)f.:force,violencevīsōvīserevīsīvīsus:toview,behold,surveyvīta,vītaef.:life(2x)vītōvītārevītāvīvītātus:toavoid,shunvolitōvolitārevolitāvīvolitātus:toflyaround,flitabout,

fluttervōx,vōcisf.:voice,sound(2x)