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Compounds
• Compounds: 2+ atoms bonded together • Chemical formula: states the elements in a compound and the number• Example: Water: 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen
Glucose: 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen
Salt: 1 Sodium, 1 ChlorineNaCl
C6H12O6
H2O
Compounds
• Ionic Bond: Charged atoms electrically attracted to each other
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Compounds
• Covalent Bond: Atoms share electrons
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Compounds
• Organic Compound: Contains 2 or more carbon • Inorganic Compound: Has less than 2 carbon
Mineral
• Mineral: • Naturally occurring: Not synthetic (made in factory or laboratory)
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Mineral
• Mineral: • Specific Chemical Composition: Minerals have a specific chemical formula
• Silicate minerals: Contains Silicon and Oxygen Compounds • Nonsilicate minerals: No Silicon and Oxygen Compounds
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Pyrite: FeS2
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Quartz: SiO2
Mineral
• Mineral: • Crystal: A solid whose atoms or compounds are arranged in a repeating pattern
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Salt crystal:NaCl
Conflict Minerals
http://video.pbs.org/video/1622330246/
Diamond Factory
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/artificial-diamonds.html
Rock
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•Rock: More than one mineral bonded together• Rocks change into other types by the rock cycle (long process)
Rock Cycle• Igneous • Forms when magma solidifies
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Rock Cycle• Metamorphic • Forms when rocks change due to heating and extreme pressure
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Rock Cycle• Sedimentary • Forms when:
• Rocks uplifted from underneath surface of Earth, weathered (broken down)/eroded (transported away) into sediments • Lithification of Sediment (rock pieces joined together)
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Soil• Soil: Mixture of weathered/eroded rocks, minerals, nutrients, organic matter, water, air, and organisms
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Soil• Horizons: Soil layers
• O: Litter- organic matter, organisms• A: Topsoil-decomposed organic matter, organisms, nutrients and minerals for plant• B: Subsoil- Inorganic matter, minerals•C: Parent Material- Rock that was originally weathered to make soil
• Different climates have different combinations of horizons
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Soil
• Texture: Percentage of different size particles by mass• Clay: less than 0.002 mm- sticky• Silt: 0.002-0.05 mm- floury• Sand: 0.05-2 mm- gritty
Soil• Texture determines:
• plasticity (change of shape)• water and nutrient retention
• Loam: Best for growing most plants QuickTime™ and a
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Soil
• Soil color can indicate chemical makeup• Dark brown/ brown-red- Organic chemicals• Red/Yellow- Iron• White/Gray- Minerals
Soil• Soil erosion and degradation is a problem for agriculture
• Caused by overgrazing, deforestation, addition of chemicals• Desertification: Top soil is lost, land is dried