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TECHNICAL REPORT

IUTICI./TI-7J/M4

ASSESSMENT OF COLOR-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FOR

OBJECTIVE TEXTILE ACCEPTABILITY JUDGEMENT

S m^

T by

I Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr.

■ Paula J. Aleisi

FtB2 719*>

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Approved for public release;

distribution unlimited.

Rensselaer Color Measurement Laboratory

I Contract No. DAAK 60-77-6-0093

I MARCH 1979

UNITED S1ATES ARMY NATICK RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT COMMAND

NATICK, MASSACHUSETTS 01760

Clothing, Equipment and Materials Engineering Laboratory

CE&MEL 206

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I

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOE (Wion D«i unlorod) ®NATlZlt*iE/4kL

EPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 2. COVT ACCESSION N

'löi ^7. AUTHORf»,

t Fred W./Billmeyer, Jr.

'^

-SV--TYP« OF ««POUT A PERIOD-COVERED

ASURING DISTRIMENTS FOR ASSESSMENT OFJpLORjME/ ^JECTIVE JEXTnE Aj^PTAmilfTjUTXMENT (

Paula J./Alessi

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

1. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

I Mnal RepSb*

^^P^PERFURMING SJVIO. REFORM MMMB—

CSMEL 2Pi ■. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERS

Contract No.c , DAAK.6C-77-J6-0093V

•. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

RENSSELAER COLOR MEASUREMENT LABORATORY A%kk/ t ChamiBtry—^L N|,i S

;ensseiaer ^Polytechnic Institute CE NAME AND ADDRESS

US Army Natick Research & Development Command ATTN: DRUNA-VTC Natick, MA 01760

I«. MONITORING AGENCY NAME » ADORESSf» dffMNnf horn Controlling Olllco)

m li)l*A>l

IS. rxsTRIBU HON STATEMENT {at Mm Report)

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA * WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Materials Testing Technology Ji^-BEPORT DATE

1 Mar* 79

An: IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol Mo ropori)

Unclassified IS«. DECLASSIFICATION/OOWNORAOINO

SCHEDULE

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMErJT (ol tho mboUmel ontorod In Block 20, It dlllotont horn Report;

IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS (Contlnut on frort* oldo II ntcottory and Identity by block number)

COLOR COLOR VISION QUALITY ASSURANCE TEXTILE SAMPLES VISUAL PERCEPTION

COLOR MEASUREMENT COLOR-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTAL SHADE PASSING SPECTROPHOTCMETERS SPECTROSCOPY

CALIBRATED STANDARDS

0. ABSTRACT CCoaintue «a nrotme »Urn It rmeooooty mat Identity by block number)

Three current color-measuring spectrophotorneters (Diano Match-Scan, Hunter D54, Macbeth MS-2000) have been evaluated by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute for NARADCCM. Each instrument was tested to assess its suitability for use in the objective judgment of textile shade acceptability. The program included studies of the accuracy and repeatability of color measurement, the precision of color difference measurement, the sensitivity of the instruments to various sample and measurement parameters, and the statistical evaluation of the distributions of the data obtained.

DO ,ET» 1473 EDITION Ol», I NOV SB IS OBSOLETE Unclassified-

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TM KIS PAGE (Whon D, Dim Bnlorod)

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Each of the three color-measuring instruments tested has adequate short-t3rm and long*-term repeatability and adequate accuracy to carry out the necessary measurements for NARADCOM's proposed program of ob- jective textile acceptability judgments.

However, none of the instruments is fully satisfactory for the pro- posed program from operational and computational points of view. Modifi- cations of any of them will be required to achieve a completely suitable configuration, and these are identified and discussed.

With appropriate modifications, any of the three Instruments tested should be suitable for NARADCOM's requirements.

It is therefore recommended that the final selection of the instru- ment for ultimate use in the program be made by NARADCOM after consulta- tions with the manufacturers regarding modifications.

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PREFACE

The US Army Natick Research and Development Command has undertaken a program to develop an instrumental method for assessing the acceptability of textiles for color. It is Intended that an objective procedure «ill evolve that can replace the subjective method of inspection that is now used.

The program has been planned in four consecutive phases.

Phaee It Survey of Commercial Instruments

Phase II: Design of System

Phase III: System Assembly and Validation

Phase IV: System Field Trial

Phase I is nearing completion. This report, together with in-house studies and experience, will provide the basis for selection of system components for the system design of Phase II.

The Project Officer is Mr. Alvin 0. Ramsley, who expresses his thanks to Dr. Billmeyer and Miss Alesi for a very comprehensive piece of work. He also wishes to thank the National Research Council Committee on Color Measurement for their advice on the first and second phases of the program.

He gratefully acknowledges the help he has received in both managerial and technical aspects of the work from Mr. John V. E. Hansen, Mr. Charles R. Williams and Miss Therese R. Commerford, all of the Clothing, Equipment and Materials Engineering Laboratory at the Natick R&D Command.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Executive Summary«••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1

Preface « • 3

List of Figures ...... 6

List of Tables..... 7

I. Introduction. •••• • »••••••••• • 11

II. Instruments Studied •••••••••••••••• 12

III. Experimental Procedure........ • 14

IV. Results , 19

A. Repeatability of Color Measurement ••••••••••••••••• 19

B. Precision of Color-Difference Measurement. 20

C. Accuracy of Color Measurement • 21

D. Sensitivity to Other Parameters......................... 22

E. Statistical Evaluation of Distribution of ColorImetrie Data Obtained 23

V. Discussion. • 26

A. Repeatability of Color Measurement... 26

B. Precision of Color-Difference Measurement.............. 26

C. Accuracy of Color Measurement.......................... 27

D. Sensitivity to Other Parameters........................ 28

E. Statistical Evaluation of Distributions of Colorimetrlc Data..... ...••.....».... 30

VI. Conclusions and Recommendations,........................... 33

A. General Conclusion* .........? ...••••........• ..... 33

B. Specific Comments on Instruments....................... 33

C. Final Conclusion and Recommendation.................... 36

VII. References 38

VIII. Tables. 41

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LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Figure 1» Block Diagram of Macbeth MS-2000 Spectrophotometer.... 13

Figure 2. Block Diagram of Hunter D54 P-5 Spectrophotometer.•••• IS

Figure 3. Block Diagram of Diano Match-Scan Spectrophotometer.•• 16

Figure 4. Relative Comparison of Photometric Scales............. 31

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UST OF TABLES

PAGE

la. Short-Term Repeatability of NBS Filters. 41

lb. Short-Term Repeatability Study on Non-Fluorescent Samples.. 42

le. Short-Term Repeatability on Fluorescent Samples.. 43

2a. Short-Term and Long-Term Repeatability Study on BCRA Tiles. 44

2b. Short-Term and Long-Term Pepeatability Study on Textile Standards 46

3. Long Term Repeatability Study on "Carrara" Glass Tiles.... 49

4a. NARADCOM Porcelain Enamel Tile Color-Difference Study 51

4b. Precision of NARADCOM Porcelain Enamel Color-Difference -_ Measurement '

5a. Textile Angular Orientation and Cclor-Difference Study. Standard Name: AG 344 P/W Gab 53

5b. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: OG 106 Ox./Nyl. 54

5c. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Differonce Study. Standard Name: OG 1)7 Nyco. Pop 55

5d. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: OG 10' Ctn. B'loon 56

5e. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: OG 107 Ctn. Sat 57

5f. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: OD 7 Ctn. Duck MRWRP 56

5g. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: Tan 46 Ctn. Pop...., 59

5h. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: AG 344 P/W Trop 60

5i. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: Tan 445 Twill Poly./Cot 61

5j. Textil' Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: Blue 150 Gab/Wool 62

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5k. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: 0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD 63

51* Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Names AG 44 Wl. Serge 64

5m. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: Tan Ml, Cl. P/w Trop 65

5n. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name: Blue 150 Trop. HI.... 66

5o. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. Standard Name t OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt 67

5p. Textile Angular Orientation and Color-Difference Study. standard Name» Blue 151 Wool Trop. 68

5q. Precision of Color-Difference Measurement,0° Orientation 69

5r. Precision of Color-Difference Measurement, 45° Orientation 70

5s. Precision of Color-Difference Measurement.90° Orientation. w

6. Accuracy of Color Difference Performance 72

7. Absolute Accuracy of Color Measurerant of NBS SRM 2101-2105 73

8a. Short-term and Long-Term Accuracy on BCRA Tiles 74

8b. Short-Term and Day to Day Absolute Accuracy Study n£

8c. Short-Term Absolute Accuracy Stuuy - SIN Mode 77

9a. Sensitivity to Textile Orientation. Thin Standard...... 70

7b. Sensitivity to Textile Orientation. Pull Standard...... QQ.

9c. Sensitivity to Textile Orientation. Instrument: Hunter D54 45 /0 81

10a. Repeatability In SIN Mode vs. SEX Mode. 82

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Modes 83

10c. Repeatability in SIN Mode vs. SEX Mode. 84

lOd. Comparison of SIN Mode Results vs. SEX Mode Results 85

11. Differences Among Photometric Scales 86

12a. Point to Point Surface Variations. BCRA Tilest SEX Mode... 87

12b. Point to Point Surface Variations. BCRA Tilest SIN Mode... 89

12c. Point to Point Surface Variations - Textile Standards 1 SIN Mode 91

13a. Statistical Frequency Distribution of Standard Normal Deviate of X 93

13b. Statistical Frequency Distribution >>f Standard Normal Deviate of Y 94

13c. Statistical Frequency Distribution of Standard Normal Deviate of Z 95

13d. Statistical Measures of Shape of X Standard Normal Deviate Frequency Distributions. 96

13e. Statistical Measures of Shape of Y Standard Normal Deviate Frequency Distributions 97

13f. Statistical Measures of Shape of Z Standard Normal Deviate Frequency Distributions. 98

14. Significance Levels for Lilliefors Test Results 99

15a. Friedman and Multiple Rank Test Results for K-4 Instruments and N-40 Measurements as Represented by CIE Y. 100

15b. Friedman and Multiple Rank Test Results for IU8 (or 7) Weeks and N-20 Measurements as Represented by CIE Y 101

15c. Friedman Multiple Rank Test Results for K*8 (or 7) Weeks and N-5 Measurements as Represented by CIE Y. 102

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16* Short-Term and Long-Term Repeatability of Color Measurement 105

17. Short-Term and Long-Term Repeatability of Color Measurement 106

18. Coefficients of Variation for NARADCCM Porcelain-Enamel Colot-Difference Measurement. ••••• ••••• 107

19. Summary of Evaluation of Color Difference Performance on Textile Sets.... . • •••• 108

20. Extension of Angular Rotation Study Textile Samplet 0G 106 Nyl./Ox.-Full Standard Instrument» NARADCCM Match-Scan 109

21. Mean Differences between Reflectance Factors in SIN and SEk Modes - Carrara Tiles.... • • HO

22. Average Color Differences for Textile Acceptability..........•••••• HI

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ASSESSMENT OF COLOR-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FOR OBJECTIVE TEXTILE ACCEPTABILITY JUDGMENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

The use of Instrumental methods for color quality assurance, based on acceptability judgments and using textile samples, has been,demon- strated in a number of commercial situations. Several authors have shown that instrumental shade passing Is significantly more reliable than the corresponding visual task. The main thrust of this research is to identify instrumented systems providing substantially more re- liable data than visual observation methods for the assessment of the surface color of textile samples for conformance to shade and tolerance for military purchase of fabrics. The research has been carried out on behalf of, and in cooperation with, the U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Conmand (NARADCOM).

The Rensseleer Color Measurement Laboratory (hereafter, "this Labora- tory") has studied the comparative performance of color-measuring instru- ments and published7' on the subject. We have long held the point of view that the instruments themselves are capable of discriminating re- liably color differences smaller than those which can be seen, even un- der the best conditions for visual observation. What remains is to pre- pare and present to the instruments samples which are reproducible, and can be measured reproducibly, to the same degree. We have nreviously demonstrated the feasibility of doing this with painted papers in our own researches on small color differences. Application to textile samples can present more severe problems, and feasibility for NARADCOM'3 spe- cific interests is demonstrated in this reoort.

1. S. M. Jaekel, "Utility of Color Difference Formulas for Match-Accept- ability Decisions," Appl. Optics 12, 1299-1316 (1973).

2. K. Jelsch and X. Fink, "Analysis of Errors in Acceptability Experiments," J. Soc. Dyers Colourists £2» 227-232 (1976).

3. K. McLaren, "An Introduction to Instrumental Shade Passing and Sorting and a Review of Recent Developments," J. Soc Dyers Colourists 9J2, 317-326(1976)

4. S. M. Jaekel and C. D. Ward, "Practical Instrumental Color Quality Con- trol—the Hatra Experience," J. Soc. Dyers Colourists 22; 353-363 (1976).

5. F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., "Comparative Performance of Color-Measuring In- struments," Appl. Optics 8, 775-783 (1969).

6. F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., E. Campbell, and R. Marcus, "Comparative Per- formance of Color-Measuring Instruments} Second Report," Appl. Optics 13, 1510-1518 (1974)? ibid., "Authors' Reply to Comments," Appl. Optics !£, 275(1975).

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Within the last year several new Instruments have been marketed which appear to offer significant advantages In speed and convenience, including built-in computer capability, while retaining the precision and reproduci- bility of previous models, all at moderate cost. It is from among these newer instruments that we have designated those capable of performing the task defined in the program.

II. INSTRUMENTS STUDIED

The three instruments studied in this project have been compared qual- itatively in recent papers'* from this laboratory as well as in the sep- arate references cited.

A. Macbeth MS-2000 Spectrophotometer.

o The Macbeth MS-2000 spectrophotometer is an abridged double-beam in-

strument with several novel features. A block diagram is given in figure 1. The light source is a pulsed-xenon flashtube, optically filtered to si/iiulate CIE Standard Illuminant D/,. (hereafter simply D,_). An alter- native filter simulating CIE Standard Illuminant A (hereafter, 111. A) is available. The MS-2000 utilises integrating-sphere geometry with diffuse irradiation and 8 viewing. In each measurement the flashtube is fired four times (20-30 micro second duration pulses) with the sample viewed during two pulses and the sphere wall, as an Internal reference, during the other two. A fixed grating monochromator projects the viewing beam onto an array of 17 silicone-photodiode detectors, centered at 20 nm intervals from 380-700 nm, with a spectral width of 16 nm each. The sev- enteen signals produced simultaneously at each firing of the flashtube are amplified to produce a logarithmic photometric scale. A microprocessor end cati;ode-ray tube for data handling and output are included.

B. Hunter D5AP-5 Spectrophotometer.

This instrument is a single-beam scanning spectrophotometer. A block

7. F. W. Billmeyer, Jr. and D. C. Rich, "Color Measurement in the Computer Age," Plastics Eng. 24 (12), 35-39 (1978).

8. D. C. Rich and F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., "Practical Aspects of Current Color-Measurement Instrumentation for Coatings Technology," J. Coatings Technol. £1 (650), 45-47 (1979).

9. S. J. Kishner, "A Pulsed-Xenon Spectrophotometer with Parallel Wavelength Sensing," in Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., and Gunter Wyszecki, Eds., Color 77t Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1978, p. 305-308.

10. J. S. Christie and G. McConnell, "A New Flexible Spectrophotometer for Color Measurements," in Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., and Gunter Wyszecki, Eds., Color 77. Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1978, p. 309.

12

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diagram Is given in Figure 2. The source is a quartz-halogen tungsten- filament lamp optically filtered to simulate D,g. On special order, the instrument can be modified to operate with the filter removed, producing a Planckian source probably higher in color temperature than HI. A. In- tegrating-sphere geometry is used with diffuse irradiation and 8 viewing. The viewing beam is projected onto a rotating Interference-wedge monochro- mator and then to a silicon-photodiode detector. The spectral bandpass is about lQnm at 400 nm and 18 nm at 700 run. The instrument is optically identical with the Applied Color Systems Spectro Sensor.

Single-beam in|ggratlug-sphere ric scale error ^ * which is cc

instruments are subject to a photo- metric scale error","'t, **' which is corrected In the microprocessor of the D54. An additional calibration step is required to test the accuracy of the correction. Output is by means of a thermal printer.

C. Piano Match-Scan Spectrophotometer

The Match-Scan is a double-beam spectrophotometer of essentially con- ventional design. Its block diagram is shown In Figure 3« The source is a quartz-halogen tungsten-filament lamp which can be operated without fil- ter as CIB Standard Source A or optically filtered to simulate D,_. In- tegrating-sphere geometry with diffuse polychromatic irradiation 2nd 8 viewing is standard, but 8 monochromatic irradiation and diffuse viewing is available as an option. The diameter of the viewing beam can be varied from 20 mm to about 2 mm. A Bausch and Lomb single-pass grating monochro- mator is used, with the spectral bandpass fixed at 10 nm. Potentially, the wavelength range is 200 - 1000 nm, but standard components and soft- ware liirvH. the useful range to the usual 400 - 700 nm. The detector is a photanultiplier tube. The minicomputer provided has greater potential capacity than the microprocessors in the Macbeth and Hunter Instruments. Output is by means of a Decwrlter or equivalent typewriter.

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

A. Samples

A complete listing of all the sampler used in this study was given in

11. R. Stanziola, B. Momiroff, and H. Hemmendinger, "The Spectro Sensor— A New Generation Spectrophotometer," in F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., and Gunter Wyszecki, Eds., Color ,77. Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1978, pp. 313-315t and Color Res. Appl. 4,, In press (1979J.

12. A. C. Hardy and 0. W. Plneo, "The Errors Due to Finite Size of Holes and Sample in Integrating Spheres," J. Opt. Sec. Am. 21, 502-506 (1931).

13. D. C. Goebel, "Generalized Integrating Sphere Theory," Appl Optics 6, 125-128 (1967).

14

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Progress Report No. 1. They fall Into three groins:

1. Textile Color-Difference Sets.

Sixteen sets were obtained from NARADCOM, each consisting of eight visual acceptability limit standards around a central target standard. These samples were used to test short-term and long-term repeatability of color measurement! precision of color-difference measurement, sen- sitivity to orientation of textile weave, and several other parameters.

2. Calibrated Standards

The major calibrated standards used were NBS Standard Reference Materials 2101-2105, a set of transmitting filters, '• and the British Ceramic Research Association (BCRA) Reflecting Tiles, calibrated at the Hemmendinger Color Laboratory. These samples were used primarily to test accuracy of color measurement.

3« Miscellaneous Samples

Other samples selected to test specific parameters or to pro- vide a wider variety of sample characteristics Included the following: porcelain-enamel tile colgivdifference sets obtained from NARADCOM and used in previous studies » y on instrument performance from this Lab- oratory; gray tiles from Johnson in England useful to test photo- metric scale performance} fluorescent papers? and a variety of tiles with various surface characteristics.

14. P. J. Alessi and F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., "Assessment of Color-Meas- uring Instruments for Objective Textile Acceptability Judgments} Prog- ress Reports No. 1 (January 27, 1978), No. 2 (April 21, 1978), No. 3 (July 21, 1978), and No. 4 (October 24, 1978), "unpublished, on file at NARADCOM.

15. H. J. Keegan,j.c.Schleter, and D. B. Judd, "Glass Filters for Check- ing the Performance of Spectrophotometer-Integrator Systems of Color Measurement," J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 66A, 203-211 (1962).

16. K. L. Eckerle and W. H. Venable, Jr., "1976 Remeasurement of NBS Spectrophotometer-Integrator Filters," Color Res Appl. 2, 137-141 (1977).

17. F. J. J. Clarke, "Ceramic Colour Standards—An Aid for Industrial Color Control," Printing Technology 13., 101-113 (1969).

18. See footnote 5.

19. See footnote 6.

20. A. R. Robertson and W. D. Wright, "An International Comparison of Working Standards for Colorimetry," J. Opt. Soc. Am. j£, 694-706 (1965).

17

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B. Measurement Procedures

A variety of white standards was used depending on instrument re- quirements. White ceramic tiles calibrated to the 1977 MBS scale of absolute reflectance at the Hemmendinger Color Laboratory were used where possible. For inter-instrument comparisons, Eastman White Re- flectance Standard (pressed barium sulfate) was used and was either assigned a reflectance factor of 100 at each wavelength, or assigned absolute reflectance factors from the literature. ■*

Measurements were performed with the specular component either in- cluded or excluded (hereafter SIN or SEX, respectively) depending on the sample and test. Most textile measurements were made with the specular component Included (SIN mode).

W # # For uniformity of practice, CIE 1976 Lab (CIELAB) color

coordinates and color differences were routinely used. They were computed for D/_ and the 1931 CIE Standard Observer. In some cases, especially for comparison with literature values, CIE Vftl&ciatijmihxs values, Standard Illuminant C, and FMC-2 color differences were com- puted.

21.See footnote 16.

22. Eastman White Reflectance Standard (barium sulfate), Catalog No. 6091, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. IJ+65O.

23. F. Grum and T. E. Wightman, "Absolute Reflectance of Eastman White Reflectance Standard," Appl. Optic 16, 2775-2776 (1977).

24. Recommendations on Uniform Color Spaces, Color-Difference Equations, and Psychometric Color Terms," Supplement No. 2 to CIE Publication No. 15, Colorimetry, E-1..3.1 (I97l)t Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris, 1978.

25. Publications CIE No. 15 (E-I.3.I) 1971, ColorLnetry, Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris, 1971? Supplement 1, 1972; Available from the U.S. National Committee, CIE, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

26. K. D. Chickering, "FMC Color Difference Formulas: Clarification Concerning Usage," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 118-121 (1971).

18

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IV. RESULTS

The purpose of this section is to present brief details of ex- perimental procedures and to Indicate in which of the accompanying Tables the corresponding numerical data are to be found. Discussion of results is Included under corresponding headings in Section V.

A. Repeatability of Color Measurement

1. Short-Term Repeatability

a. NBS SRM 2101-2105 Filters. Each sample was measured 5 times (on one instrument, 3 times), being removed and replaced between meas- urements. The CIEIAB color difference was calculated between the tri- st imulus values (ill. C) for each measurement and the mean triatimulus values for the 5 (or 3) measurements. These color differences were then averaged, and the table reports these averages and their standard devia- tions. Hereafter quantities calculated in this way will be referred to as "means of color differences from the mean of a set of measurements" or MCEM's. These MCEM's, listed in Table la, are measures of the short- term repeatability of the instruments for these transmitting filters*

b. BCRA Tiles. Each BCRA tile was measured five times (SEX mode) without moving the sample. The MCEM's and their standard deviations are reported in Table lb. (in this instance, they were calculated for D/c.) They represent the short-term repeatability of the Instruments for reflectance measurement of (largely) nonfluorescent tiles; see also the next paragraph.

c. Fluorescent Samples. MCEM's for highly fluorescent samplos, measured as in paragraph b above but In the SIN mode, are presented with their standard deviations in Table lc.

2. Combined Short- and Long-Term Repeatability Studies

a. BCRA Tiles. The 12 BCRA tiles were each measured 5 times, once in the center and once in each corner with 90 rotation between measure- ments, once a week for 8 weeks. The SEX mode and D,£ were used. MCEM's were calculated between the mean of each week's results, providing long- term repeatability data. AU these MCEM's and their standard deviations are given in Table 2a. Some short-term results on the NARADCOM Diano- Hardy II (SIN mode) are included.

b. NARADCOM Textile Samples. The target standard for each NARADCOM textile set, folded to infinite thickness, was measured In 5 different areas, holding the weave orientation constant, once a week for 8 weeks. MCEM's for short-term and long-term repeatability were calculated as in paragraph a above and are presented in Table 2b. Some samples were also measured on the NARADCOM Diane-Hardy II and on an engineering prototype Hunter D54 using 45 /0 illuminating-viewing geometry. These are in- cluded. In all these measurements, the SIN mode and D,_ were used.

19

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3« Other Long-Term Repeatability Studies

Ten "Carrara" glass tiles were measured (SEX mode, D,_) once a week for 8 weeks. MCDM's and their standard deviations are given in Table 3» In this instance, weekly results are included to pro- vide an Idea of the distributions of values obtained.

B. Precision of Color-Difference Measurement

1. NARADCOM Porcelain-Enamel Tiles

For each set of tiles, three measurements were made (SEX mode, 0/.), and CTKIAB color differences calculated between the standard and the "high" limit sample, and between the standard and the "low" limit sample. The means and standard deviations of these color differences are given in Table 4a. (For the reason for two sets of9meajurements for the Hunter Instrument, see Progress Report No.

Coefficients of variation, Cv, were also calculated«- Cv is the standard deviation expressed as a fraction of the mean. Average values of Cv are given in Table 4b, together with their standard deviations.

2. NARADCOM Textile Samples

Each sample in the 16 textile sets was measured three times in each of three different weave orientations: 0 , 45 . and 90 with reference to the standard orientation (SIN mode, D/_). Color dif- ferences were calculated, at fixed orientation, between each limit standard and the target. The means and standard deviations of these color differences are presented in the 16 Tables 5a - 5p. In a few cases, as noted, 6 measurements Instead of 3 were made.

Values of Cv were then calculated and averaged over the 8 samples of each set. These values are presented, for the three orientations, in Tables 5q - 5s.

27. See footnote 14

28. M. G. Kendall and A. Stuart, The Advanced Theory of Statistics. Vol. 1, Distribution Theory, 2nd ed., Hafner, New York, 1963.

20

C. Accuracy of Color Measurement

1. NARADCOM Porcelain-Enamel Tiles

29 *?0 Of all the samples used in earlier studies 1J of the compara-

tive performance of color-measuring instruments in this Laboratory, only the NARADCOM tile sets proved useful for remeasurement. The original data- were treated slightly differently tcr the present study: Tristimulus values from Rensselaer's G. E.-Hardy spectro- photometer (SEX, III. C) were used to calculate three FMC-2 color differences for each pair. The means and standard deviations of these values are given in the first column of Table 6. Data ob- tained in the same way using the instruments currently under study appear in the remainder of the table.

2. NBS SRM 2101-2105

The 1976 remeasured transmittances^ of the master set of SRM 2101-2105 were adjusted to correspond to the thicknesses of the samples of Rensselaer's Set No. 31. These data were integrated (at 20-nm intervals using III. C) and CIEIAB coordinates were generated. From the measurements of this set described in Sec- tion IVAla, transmittances were similarly integrated, and color differences from the corrected NBS values were calculated. The means and standard deviations of these are given in Table 7.

3. BCRA Tiles

The reflectance-factor obtained in Section lVA2a during the 8- week repeatability study (SEX mode) were adjusted to the 1977 NBS absolute reflectance scale and integrated (20 nm interval, D,_). Data supplied by the Hemmendinger Color Laboratory were treated in the same manner. CIELAB color differences were generated and averaged for each week. Their means and standard deviations appear in the first S columns of Table 8a. The five sets of CIELAB coor- dinates obtained (for each sample) in a single week were then av- eraged, and the color difference calculated between the average and the Hemmendinger data. The resulting color differences were averaged over the 8 weeks to give the means and standard deviations in the last column of Table 8a. (The results in this Table differ signifi- cantly from those in Progress Report No. 4 where the method of in- tegrating the reflectance-factor data was not standardized.)

?9. See footnote 5

30. See footnote 6

31. See footnote 5

32. See footnote 16

33. See footnote 14

21

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It was desired to obtain data in the SIN mode also. For the Hunter and Match-Scan instruments, each tile was measured on five days as in Section IVA2a except for change of mod«;. The data were treated as a- bove; the results are given in Table 8b. Similar results were taken from duplicate daily performance test measurements on all the spectro- photometers; these data are those given in Table 8c. (Again, these data differ from those given in Progress Report No. 4, because of differences in mode of Integration.J

D. Sensitivity to Other Parameters

1. Weave Orientation of Textiles

The "thin standard" and "full standard" limit samples from each NARADCOM textile set were used to compare measurements of the same area after rotation of 45 and 90 from the standard position. Three sets of measurements were made (SIN mode). The mean color differences and their standard deviations are given in Tables 9g and 9b. An abbre- viated study was made on the prototype Hunter 45 /Ö D54 spectrophoto- meter, which irradiates the sample from a single asimuthal angle. Color differences obtained on 90 rotation are given in Table 9c.

2. Rejection of Specular Component

a. Glossy-Sample Repg«+«b, j^itrY- A variety of glossy materials rang- ing from polished "Carrara" glasses to painted samples was used to obtain color differences among three repeat measurements, for both the SEX and SIN modes. MCDM's (see explanation in Section IVAla) and their standard deviations are given in Table 10a.

b. Glossy-Sample Spectral Differences. The differences in reflec- tance factors obtained in the above measurements were averaged over the 16 wavelengths at 20 nm intervals, 400-700 nm. The averages and standard deviations are given in Table 10b.

c. Textile-Sample Repeatability. Each NARADCOM textile standard was measured, in both the SIN and SEX modes, 5 tjjnes each week for 8 weeks. Reflectance-factor data were adjusted to compensate for week-to-week changes in reflectance levels, and MCDM's were calculated for each mode. These are given in Table 10c. A few measurements for one instrument at one week were thought to be in error? MCDM's calculated with these spu- rious results omitted are given in parentheses.

d. Textile-Sample SIN-SEX Differences. To compare values obtained in the two modes for the textile samples, color differences were calculated between the grand means (5 measurements per week, 8 weeks) in the SIN and SEX modes. They are tabulated for each textile standard and instrument in Table lOd.

22

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3« Differences Among Photometric Scales

Although calibrated nonselective neutral samples, which would have allowed tests of accuracy of the photometric scales of the instruments, were not available, it was of interest to compare these scales in a relative way. For this purpose 11 Johnson gray tiles (10 on the Match- Scan) were measured 11-15 times on each instrument. Values of CIE Y

ferences Y - Y. The latter are plotted in Figure 4*

4. Point-to-Point Specimen Variations

To test the sensitivity of the instruments to point-to-point var- iations within a single specimen, repeatability data reported in Sec- tion IVA2 were treated to calculate color differences between averaged measurements at the center of a specimen and at each of its four cor- ners. These color differences are reported as follows:

Table 12a shows data for the BCRA tiles (SEX mode, D/-), taken from the 8-week repeatability data given in Section IVA2a. Table 12b contains data for these tiles (SIN mode, D,_) taken from the duplicate measurements reported in Section IVC.3 (Table 8c). Table 12c contains data (SIN mode, D,_) for the textile samples taken from the 8-week repeatability study in Section IVA2b.

5. Short-term Calibration Stability. With the Hunter and Match-Scan spectrophotometers, a white tile was measured immediately after each cal- ibration, and again just before recalibration. The time interval between these measurement pairs was 15 to 30 minutes, corresponding to the measure- ment of 20 samples. Four such sets of measurements were made each week as part of the 8-week textile repeatability study reported in Section IVA2b. The grand mean color difference (SIN mode, D,_) for both instruments was 0.034 CIEIAB units. 5

E. Statistical Evaluation of Distributions of Colorlmetric Data Obtained

The 8-week repeatability studies performed on the textile standards (Section IVA2b) provide enough data to model the frequency distributions of the colorlmetric data obtained. Parametric statistical testing of sig- nificance with techniques such as analysis of variance or multiple regres- sion and the determination of confidence and tolerance intervals can be applied validly only if the data under investigation are from a statisti- cal normal distribution. Of primary interest are the distributions of spectral reflectance factor or spectral transmittance obtained in this project, but the number of data points involved makes it expedient to test tristimulus values for normality instead. Since they are linear transformations (i.e., weighted sums) of the spectral data, it can be assumed that the latter are normally distributed if the tristijnulus values are. In contrast, CIEIAB coordinates, which are nonlinear trans- formations (cube roots) cannot be expected to show similar normality

23

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characteriat ics.

1. Characteristics of Tristlmulus Value Distributions

For comparison to the statistical normal distribution, tristlmulus values Xt Y, and Z are transformed into standard normal deviates, A, which have means of aero and standard deviations of one*

At - (W± -W)/cr (1)

where W can be X, Y, or Z, the bar indicates a mean, and a is its associated standard deviation.

One measure of normality is the percentage of values falling within + Iff or + 2a of the mean {(>% and 955ft respectively, for the normal distribution). Tables 13a - 13c present these percentages for the standard normal deviates of X, Y, and Z, respectively, for the weekly textile measurements. Values in parentheses for the Hunter 054 omit measurements suspected of being in error for one week, throughout this Section.

Another measure of normality is the shape of the distribution. This can be characterized^ by its skewness and kurtosia, calculated from the moments M; of the distribution:

M, - (1/n) £ (A, -A)* (2) J i - 1 x

It can be seen that the mean is H. and the standard deviation, M .

The skewness is defined as M-/M-)-3' . It measures the lack of symmetry of a distribution around its mean. The kurtosis is (M, M2' ~3* ** measures the sharpness of the peak of the distribu- tion. The normal distribution has skewness and kurtosis of aero.

Relative frequency distributions of the standard normal deviates of the tristlmulus values for the weekly textile measurements appear on inspection to be slightly skewed toward higher values and to be multimodal,>having two to four or more peaks. Tables 13d - 13f give their skewness and kurtosis. From the sample size it is possible to estimate'5'' the range of these parameters expected for a normal dis- tribut Lonj values deviating from normality are indicated by asterisks in these tables; the estimates are considered to be very conservative.

34. G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods'. 6th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1967.

35. See footnote %.

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2. Lllllefors Goodness of Fit Test

,36 The lllllefors test^ determines how well a data set fits the normal distribution. The lllllefors test statistic, Dt is given by

■"» F (w) - sn (If) (3)

where S (W) is the cumulative distribution function for the nth sam- ple andnF (w) is the cumulative normal distribution function. Values of D indicative of departure from normality at various levels of sig- nificance can be specified. The Lilliefors test is considered to be more powerful than the chi square test. Table 14 refers to D for X, Y, and Z for the weekly textile measurements. Asterisks Indicate where values of D deviate from normality at the indicated levels of significance.

3« Nonparametric Multicomparison Tests

The nonparametric analog of an analysis of variance, applicable to distributions which are not normal,«is known as the Friedman two- way analysis of variance by rank sums. It does not require know- ledge of the means of variances (squares of standard deviations) of the data being studied. It assumes that each data point has a value equal to the (unspecified) mean perturbed by error terms originating independently from each variable—in our case, for example instrument, week of measurement, etc. With slight modification, interactions among these variables can be explored.

The Friedman tests were applied only to tristimulus value Y, since X and Z appear to be similar to I in the other tests for normality em- ployed. The results are summarized in the following tables merely by noting situations in which differences exist which are significant at the 0.01 level. The tables are abbreviated in that many columns and rows for which there are no entries have been omitted.

Table 15a is concerned with differences among instruments. The interpretation of the tabulated data is, for example, that the 40 measurements (5 positions on each of ß weeks) of the Tan 445 sample obtained on instruments 1 and 3 were significantly different with 99$ probability.

Similarly, Table 15b provides comparisons among measurements on different weeks, and Table 15c shows instrument vs. weekly interactions.

36. W. H. Lilliefors, "On the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality with Mean and Variance Unknown," J. American Statistical Association 62, 399-402 (1967).

37. M. Hollander and D. A. Wolfe, Nonparametric Statistical Methods. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1973.

25

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V. DISCUSSION

A. Repeatability of Color Measurement

Averaging color differences over all samples in each repeatability study leads to summary results, in the form of means and standard de- viations, presented in Tables 16 and 17.

The data in Table 16 show each instrument's precision of measure- ment of the same area of a sample. The results are virtually identical for non-fluorescent and fluorescent samples, on a short-term basis.

Although examination of long-term means suggests seme differences in performance among the three NARADCOM instruments, these pre not statistically significant, all the means falling within one standard deviation of one another. We can conclude that the NARADCOM MS-2000, D54» and Match-Scan instruments perform identically nver both short and long (8-week) periods. The Kollmorgen MS 2000 repeatability appears to be slightly poorer, but we have no evidence that this demonstrator instrument was in perfect operating condition.

The data in Table 17 refer to point-to-point variations over a sample. The best performance is found with NBS SRM 2101-2105, not surprising in view of the uniformity of these filters. Parentheti- cally, the thermochromic nature of the selenium red filter, 2101, is thought to be responsible for poorer repeatability for this sample when direct incandescent sphere illumination is used, as in the NARADCOM Match-Scan and the D54. Witn this exception, the short- term means for these samples measured on the various instruments all fall within one standard deviation.

Similarly, the long-term grand means for the BCRA tiles and for the textile samples fall within one standard deviation when the various in- struments are compared. Thus there is no basis in terms of repeatabi- lity to state that one instrument is better than another.

Finally, it is remarkable that in no case is the mean color differ- ence from a mean greater than about 0.1 CIELAB unit in all the tests performed.

B. Precision of Color-Difference Measurement

In this section, results are discussed in terms of coefficients of variation because it is a measure of the spread among the measurements which does not vary with the size of the mean.

The coefficients of variation of the measurements of the NARADCOM porcelain-enamel tiles, given in Table 4a, were averaged over all the samples and are summarized in Table 18. Again, examination of the corresponding standard deviations shows complete overlapping, so that all results fall within one standard deviation for the respective in- struments.

26

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Similarly, examination of the results for the NARADCOM textile samples in Tables 5a - 5s show some trends, which are summarised by averaging over all samples in Table 19. Again, examination of the standard deviations for the worst ease (Blue 150 Trop. Wool) demon- strates that the means for the different instruments fall within one standard deviation. The conclusion is that the precision of textile color-difference measurements is statistically the same for all three instruments.

C. Accuracy of Color Measurement

1. NARADCOM Color-Difference Tiles

Very few conclusions can be drawn from the comparison of the FMC-2 color differences calculated from measurements of color-difference pairs among the NARADCOM tiles on the present instruments and on Rensselaer's Hardy spectrophotometer, taken as the referee instrument in the 1969 comparative performance study from this Laboratory. De- terioration of the surfaces of the tiles, and the obviously lower pre- cision of measurement of the earlier instrument, have apparently in- troduced random variations in the data far greater than those reported in the following paragraphs for newer calibrated standards. There seems to be no value in pursuing this cross-check with past results further.

2. NBS SRM 2101-2105 Filters

In reviewing the data for these filters in Table 7, we can see differences among instruments which we attribute primarily to spectral bandpass. The NBS 1976 remeasured data for the filters-* were con- voluted to a 10-nm bandpass. The best agreement with these data is shown by the Match-Scan, which also has a 10-nm bandpass. The D54, with a bandpass varying between 10 and 18 nm, shows next best agree- ment, and the MS-2000, with 16 nm bandpass, the poorest. The dif- ferences in the case of the MS-2000 are greatest for the 2101 red filter, which has the steepest spectral curve. AU these differences are statistically significant at the one standard deviation level.

For the Match-Scan, the color differences from the NBS data are smaller for monochromatic illumination than the reverse; we see no clear reason to expect this even though these were the conditions of the original calibration.

38. See Footnote 5

39. See Footnote 16

27

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3. BCRA Tiles

Measvrement of the BCRA tiles in the SEX mode (Table 8a) shows a significant discrepancy between the Hunter D54 spectrophotometer and the calibration values, and a smaller trend in the same direction for the Match-Scan, which is not seen for the MS-2000 instruments. The difference is larger for darker colors, suggesting that it is asso- ciated with exclusion of the specular component. This was investi- gated further, as reported in Sections IVD2 and VD2, and measurements of the BCRA tiles in the SIN mode of five successive days were initi- ated; because of the sequential nature of this study the MS-2000 in- struments were not included in this phase. These SIN-mode results} reported in Table 8b, indicate excellent accuracy for the D54 and for the Match-Scan in this mode. This is confirmed by short-term SIN-mode studies on all the instruments, reported in Table 8c. Con- sidering minor differences in measurement geometry and spectral band- pass among the instruments, the absolute accuracy of all cf them, in the SIN mode, is considered satisfactory. It should be noted that this level of accuracy can be achieved only by scaling the reflec- tance factor data to the same standard and using the same data and wavelength interval for integration* the better accuracy reported here than in Progress Report No. 4 results from the observation of these precautions.

D. Sensitivity to Other Parameters

1. Orientation

Although integrating-sphere instruments would not be expected to be sensitive to the weave orientation in textile samples, examination of the data in Table 9a and 9b shows that the NARADCOM Match-Scan ex- hibits statistical sensitivity to orientation for about 60$ of the samples tested. To put the matter clearly beyond doubt, a small piece of the sample showing the largest sensitivity, OG 106 OK./ttyl., was mounted on cardboard in order to eliminate sample variability, and measured on the Match-Scan at orientations differing successively by about 45 • The first reading was stored and color differences from this case obtained for the remaining orientations. The data are given in Table 20. The expected 180 cycle was observed, with maximum color differences at 90 and 270 of about 1.4 CIELAB color-difference units. The maximum color differences, at 180 and 36O ,—as well as the grand mean color differences for the D54 and MS-2000 spectrophotometers in Tables 9a and 9b—are of the same order as the repeatability of color measurement established earlier.

40. See footnote 14

28

The color differences as a function of orientation shown by the Match-Scan are not as large as those measured for the same samples on the prototype Hunter 45 /0 D54 spectrophotometerf exhibited in Table 9c Subsequent discussion with the manufacturer elicited the Information that a retardation plate is normally furnished with the Match-Scan to reduce the observed dependence upon samplo orientation. At the time of the measurements, the retardation plate was not in- stalled on the NARADCOM Match-Scan. Arrangements were made to have this component installed after the termination of this study.

2. Rejection of Specular Component

In view of the lower accuracy of the D54 and, to a lesser extent, the Match-Scan in the SEX mode, the behavior of all the instruments in rejecting the specular component was carefully assessed. It was first established, in Table 10a, that the short-term repeatability of the instruments was the same for both the SEX and SIN modes. This appears to be the case except for the ceramic tiles as measured on the D54 and MS-2000's. These samples probably have the poorest surfaces among those studied, and little weight is given to the slightly poorer SEX-mode repeatability in these cases. Similar data were excerpted from the long-term textile study (Table 10c) and again no significant differences between SEX-mode and SIN-mode repeatability were found, when the D54 results (in parentheses) omitting spurious values are compared.

The study of greatest interest in this area is that summarized in Table 10b, where differences in reflectance factor between the SIN and SEX modes are tabulated. It is clear that this difference is always greatest for the MS-2000's (particularly the Kollmorgen instrument;, intermediate and almost equal for the Diano-Hardy and the Match-Scan, and least by far for the D54, regardless of sample type over a range of generally glossy samples.

Little absolute significance can be attached to the numbers since refractive indices are not known, hence Fresnel reflection coefficients cannot be calculated. For the "Carrara" glasses, however, this coefficient is expected to be near 4$. It thus appears that the SEX-mode readings obtained with the Hunter D54 are uniformly high, leading to smaller SIN-minus-SEX differences and poor agreement with calibration values where available.

One possible cause for the discrepancy could be tested: that there might be stray light in the transmission sample compartment of the D54 which was entering the sphere through the unprotected open specular port in the SEX mode. Experiments performed at NARADCOM

41. T. R. Commerford, NARADCOM, private communication, February 9, 1979.

29

... ... .. .

and reported In Table 21 demonstrate that this Is not the case. Placing a black trap over the specular port made no significant change in the SIN-SEX readings for four "Carrara" tiles, two of which were the same color as samples tested at Rensselaer. Subsequent discussions with the manufacturer elicited the possibility that the discrepancy is related to the single-beam sphere efficiency correction factor, which is of necessity different between SEX-mode end SIK-mode operation. Experi- ments to confirm this had not been made at the termination of this study.

The problem is of little consequence for textile samples, however, because their specular component is so small. This is confirmed in Table lOd, which shows that (again omitting spurious results on the D54) the color differences between SEX-mode measurements are as small as or smaller than the long-term repeatability of color measurement for all textile samples and all instruments.

3« Differences Among Photometric Scales

Without spectrally neutral reflecting samples calibrated for lumi- nance factor with high absolute accuracy it is not possible to assess the linearity of the photometric scales of the instruments in absolute terms. The data presented in Table 11 and plotted in Figure 4 do show that there are significant differences among them, ex<* dding O.fjjt for Y<30. Such differences are inexcusable in Instruments designed for absolute work, but are of little consequence for color-difference measurement.

4. Point-to-Point Specimen Variations

The data presented in Tables 12a - 12c appear to reflect no more than statistical fluctuations in the measurements superimposed upon random small variations from point to point of the samples tested. It is not felt that useful conclusions can be drawn.

5. Short-Term Calibration Stability

The mean figure of 0.034 CIELAB color-difference units shift between successive calibrations is of the same order of magnitude as the repeata- bility of color measurement for samples with comparable surface uniformity.

E. Statistical Evaluation of Distributions of Colorimetric Data

1. Characteristics of Tristimulus Value Data

Confirming earlier conclusions from this Laboratory with older in- struments, all tests which were reported in Section IVE1 and IVE2

42. R. T. Marcus and F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., "Statistical Study of Color- Measuring Instrumentation," Appl. Optics !£, 1519-1530 (1974)»

30

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show that the distributions of tristimulua values obtained in this study show large deviations from normality. It follows that the same conclusions apply to the underlying distributions of reflec- tance factors or transmittances» The standard normal deviate data in Tables 13a - 13c show that 70-80$ of the points fall within one standard deviation of the mean, compared to 68.3$ for the statisti- cal normal distribution, and 97*5-100$ within two standard deviations, compared to the expected 95.4$. Thus the observed distributions are more sharply peaked than normal. The kurtosis data In Tables 13d - 13f confirm this, and the skewness data in the same tables also in- dicate non-normality. Finally, the Lilliefors statistic departs from normality in a substantial fraction of the cases, as indicated by asterisks In Table 14. The conclusion stemming from these re- sults is that nonparametric statistical tests are preferred for the evaluation of these or similar data.

2. Nonparametric Multicomparison Tests

From the nonparametric test results given in Tables 15a - 15c, the following conclusions can be drawn without bias from the non-normality of the data sett

The asterisks in Table 15a indicate that statistically significant differences occur frequently when results from either MS-2000 spectre- photometer are compared to those from the D54* or when the MS-2000«s are compared to the Match-Scan. In contrast, the performance of the two Kollmorgen instruments is In general the same. Comparison of the Match-Scan with the D54 gives an intermediate case, with significant differences for some samples but not others. These discrepancies may be related to the differences in photometric scales discussed pre- viously, or in unexplained ways to differences among samples, but no effort has been made to pursue the matter further.

Study of the results in Table 15b shows that only for six textile standards are there no significant week-J o-week variations. For the remaining ten, significant differences appear to cluster In weeks 1-3 and 7-8, but a review of the work appears to offer no reason for this, especially since the measurements on different instruments were carried out at different time periods. It was noticed, however, that the sam- ples most often showing significant variability, the two 0D7 cotton ducks, were those which appear on visual examination to be the least uniform from point to point.

The data in Table 15c point out cross correlations between in- struments and samples in any given week. Here, very few significant differences are found, again often associated with the cotton duck samples and probably attributable to their point-to-point variations.

32

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VI. Conclusions and Recommendations

A. General Conclusion

In preparing the general conclusion of this study, we wished to compare the repeatability of instrumental color measurement with the sizes of the color differences to be measured. (We select the re- peatability of color measurement rather than color-difference meas- urement since the former is expressed in terms of CIEIAB color dif- ference units| the latter in terms of coefficients of variation.) To estimate the sizes of the color differences to be measured, we average«! the mean color differences between the standard and each of the eight limit standards for each textile sample, using the data of Tables 5a - 5p» 0 orientation. These averages are given in Table 22, for each instrument separately and for the three instruments taken tqgether.

On the basis that the repeatability of color measurement (Section VA4) for all three instruments is better than 0.1 CIEIAB unit, that the mean color differences in Table 22 are always larger than this, and In most instances much larger, and that the performance of the three instruments is statistically indistinguishable, we conclude that any of the three is suitable for the objective textile accept- ability judgments contemplated.

B. Specific Comments on Instruments

Given the above general conclusion, it follows that the selection of the instrument to be used in subsequent phases of the NARADCOM study must rest In large part on factors other than their overall performance in terms of repeatability of color and color-difference measurement is. In this section we address the advantages and disad- vantages of the instruments, which are considered by manufacturers' name In alphabetical order.

1. Piano Match-Scan

a. Advantages. The Match-Scan is without question the most ver- satile and most research-oriented instrument of those tested. It is also the most conventional in design and construction, using well- tested standard components whose performance can be predicted with some assurance for a substantial future period. Its capability for illuminating the sample with both 111. A and simulated D,_, and (not on the NARADCOM instrument) for the use of either monochromatic or polychromatic illumination, makes it by far the instrument of choice for measuring fluorescent samples. Its extended wavelength range is valuable for camouflage work. The ability to average repeat measure- ments (with point-to-point variation if desired) of either sample or

33

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Standard is provided. The diameter of the viewing beam (in poly- chromatic illumination) can be varied continuously down to about 2mm, and a series of apertures allows corresponding masking of the illuminated area—a more flexible arrangement than on the other in- struments. The computer capacity of the instrument can be expanded substantially, but at significant extra cost.

b. Disadvantages. The Match-Scan is currently software limited in the stand-alone version. The NARADCOM instrument, for example, can provide tristimulus values for I1L A, D,_, and cool white fluorescent, but not 111. C. The instrument will operate over the wavelength range 200-1000 nm, but currently the data outside the color range (ioO-700 nm) cannot be corrected for 100$ and 0$ errors or scaled. (We under- stand that Diano is preparing software to add this capability for Ciba-Geigy.) Any modification of the calculations, after a measure- ment has been made, is not easily done. It often requires reneasuremeat, whereas the other Instruments retain the spectral data for any desired sequence of computations. Nor can one enter the tristimulus values of a standard into the instrument, In order to compute color differences from a measured trial. (Spectral reflectance factors of a standard can be en- tered and used, however.) Tristimulus values are not always calculated from the best possible selection of standard illuminant and observer data, depending on the number of data points used. Sample presentation is limited for large samples unless a platform is removed; in this re- spect the Match-Scan is intermediate among the instruments tested.

In addition to these specific problems, a general disadvantage to the Match-Scan is that it takes a more skilled operator to use it than do the other instruments. It definitely is the least suitable for occasional casual use, as it presently is programmed. The problem of orientation sensitivity, discussed in Section VD1, must be resolved before the instrument can be recommended for textile work, but it has been reported that this is specific to the NARADCOM instrument and subject to correction.

2. Hunter D54

a. Advantages. The Hunter D54 spectrophotometer is relatively sim- ple in construction. It has only one moving part (the shaft for the in- terference wedge), which should keep mechanical maintenance to a minimum. Although standard configurations do not allow illumination of the sample by both incandescent light and simulated daylight, this can be accom- plished by mounting the D65 filter on the existing filter wheel

34

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instead of in its usual position. The software is reasonable adequate, with new options being added frequently. Sample presentation arrange- ments are the best of those for any of the instruments tested* The potential exists for obtaining a modified interference wedge which would allow the instrument to operate in the near Infrared region on keyboard command. Hunter Associates Laboratory has a good reputation in the field for repair, maintenance, and the willingness and ability to undertake special projects.

b. Disadvantages. The single-beam design of the D54 is a disad- vantage as well as an advantage. Although it allows simple construc- tion, it leaves photometric accuracy vulnerable to the condition of the coating of the integrating sphere. The need for an additional performance check to insure the applicability of the sphere correc- tion factor encumbers the user, always prone to ignore calibration steps, with an extra responsibility. If this test is failed, he has no alternative procedure to repair the instrument, which superficially appears atill to be working properly. The inability of the Instrument to reject the specular component properly is a serious problem, which should be resolved by the manufacturer. Until the matter is resolved, we recommend that only SIN-mode measurements be made with the D54 spectrophotometer; this is not a severe disadvantage where the NARADCOM task is concerned, since this study has demonstrated that the specular component is insignificant for the NARADCOM textile samples. Averaging of readings for repeat measurements of sample and standard is not avail- able on the NARADCOM D54, bub we understand it is now offered as an op- tion. Like the other instruments tested, the D54 is sold without an operating system for its microprocessor—that is, the user cannot write software programs for it.

3. KoUmorgen MS-2000

a. Advantages. A major advantage of the MS-2000 is the simplicity of its operation. All the controls are at hand and clearly marked; there are few decisions to make in order to get a measurement. The two MS-2000 spectrophotometers tested showed good inter-instrument agreement (there was no opportunity to test this for the other in- struments). The MS-2000 has an interlock which insures that the SIN mode is being used when the readout says so, and similarly for the SEX mode. Sample heating is minimal on this instrument, and it is expected (though we did not confirm this) that the filtered xenon flashtube can provide a better simulation of 111. D,- than the in- candescent sources in the other instruments. The M5^2000 measures very rapidly, though its slower microprocessor makes the total time to an answer about the same as for the other instruments. Sample measurement averaging is available, and we understand that averaging of readings of the standard is available on newer Instruments.

35

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b. Dlaadvantages. The Innovative design of the MS-2000 is accom- panied by some inherent disadvantages. It is an abridged apectrophoto- photometer, pure and simple. However, much of the presently foreseen NARADCOM work does not require smaller spectral bandpass and closer wavelength sampling. A second disadvantage is that the pulsed xenon lamp does not allow tae option of direct incandescent illumination, though this can be easily simulated by filtering. Sample presenta- tion arrangements are inconvenient. Large samples cannot be placed at the port satisfactorily, and samples cannot be shifted freely to select a specific area for measurement. Pressed powder transfer standards are subject to damage by the sample port configuration and surrounding surfaces. There are some limitations in the soft- ware: for example, it is not possible to enter and scale to the spectral reflectance factors of the user's white standard. One must either use the instrument standard provided or assign 100 to each spectral reflectance factor for whatever other atandard is used. Finally, the logarithmic photometric scale introduces two disad- vantages which are fortunately not serious for the NARADCOM project. First, there is an artificial lower limit of reflectance factor of about 0.1$, which can interfere with the measurement of true blacks or of transmitting samples of high absorbance at some wavelengths. Second, there is not adequate photometric resolution for near-whites.

k» General Disadvantages

All three of the instruments have some disadvantages which should be remedied by special modifications and/or programming before they can be considered satisfactory for NARADCOM*s intended use.

a. Calibration. It is possible to miscalibrate any of the in- struments in their present form. Any sample whatever can be placed at the measurement port and the calibration command given. The in- strument will signify that a satisfactory calibration has been a- chieved. Some safeguards should be added: for example, measured values of the calibration standard or a performance test standard could be compared to those stored in memory, and the report of a satisfactory calibration withheld unless the two agree within specified tolerances.

b. SBacjdar, Exclusion. The D54 and Match-Scan instruments currently echo a keyboard statement of whether the specular com- ponent is included or excluded, for later reference, but this is not related to the actual instrument configuration. An interlock should be provided so that the indication has real meaning.

C. Final Conclusion and Recommendation

We conclude that, although any of the instruments tested could pro- vide NARADCOM's proposed objective textile acceptability measurements

36

with adequate precision, none of them is entirely satisfactory from all points of view, both objective and subjective. Thus some modifications of any of them will be required.

With appropriate modifications, any of the three instruments tested should be suitable for NARADOOM's requirements.

It is therefore recommended that the final selection of the instrument for ultimate use in the program be made by NARADCCM after consultations with the manufacturers regarding modifications.

.. «-.arch undertaken at

37

VII. References

Alessi, Paula J. and Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., "Assessment of Color- Measuring Instruments for Objective Textile Acceptability Judgments; Progress Reports No. 1 (January 27, 1978), No. 2 (April 21, 1978), No. 3 (July 21, 1978), and No. 4 (October 24, 1978),H Unpublished, on file at NARADCOM.

Billmeyer, Jr., Fred W., "Comparative Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments," Appl. Optics 8, 775-783 (1969).

Billmeyer, Jr., Fred W., Ellen D. Campbell, and Robert T. Marcus, "Comparative Performance of Color-Measuring Instruments? Second Report," Appl. Optics 13* 1510-1518 (1974)? ibid., "Authors« Reply to Comments," Appl. Optics !£, 275 (1975).

Billmeyer, Jr., Fred W. and Danny C. Rich, "Color Measurement in the Computer Age," Plastics Eng. 2k C12)» 35-39 (1978).

Chickerlng, K. D., "FMC Color-Difference Formulas: Clarification Concerning Usage," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 118-121 (1971).

Christie, J. S. and George McConnell "A New Flexible Spectrophoto- meter for Color Measurements," in Fred H. Billmeyer, Jr., and Gunter Wysceeki, Eds., Color 77. Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1978, p. 309.

Clarke, F. J. J., "Ceramic Colour Standards — An Aid for Industrial Color Control, "Printing Technology 13., 101-113 (1969).

Commerford, Therese R., NARADCOM, private communication, February 9, 1979.

Eastman White Reflectance Standard (Barium Sulfate) Catalog No. 6091, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. I465O

Eckerle, K. L. and W. H. Venable, Jr., "1976 Remeasurement of NBS Spectrophotometer - Integrator Filters," Color Res. Appl. 2, 137-141 (1977).

Goebel, David G., "Generalized Integrating Sphere Theory," Appl.Optics £, 125-128 (1967).

Grum, Franc and T. E. Wightman, "Absolute Reflectance of Eastman White Reflectance Standard," Appl. Optics 16, 2775-2776 (1977).

Hardy, Arthur C. and 0. W. Pineo, "The Errors Due to Finite Size of Holes and Sample in Integrating Spheres," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 21, 502- 506 (1931).

Hollander, M. and D. A. Wolfe, Nonparametric Statistical Methods. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1973.

38

Mi'ii miiäääää 11 111 i USjgafta uji« ¥ Vi'iYririr'--|'ar-'-■»•-• •■^^xi**:**--*

Jaekel, S. M., "Utility of Color Difference Formulas for Match- Acceptability Decisions," Appl. Optics 12, 1299-1316 (1973).

Jaekel, S. M. and C. D. Ward, "Practical Instrumental Color Qual- ity Control — the Hatra Experience," J. Soc. Dyers Colourists 22, 353-363 (1976).

Jeltsch, K. and X. Fink, "Analysis of Errors In Acceptability Ex- periments," J. Soc. Dyers Colourists 22, 227-232 (1976).

Keegan, Harry J., John C. Schleter, and Deane B. Judd, "Glass Fil- ters for Checking the Performance of Spectrophotometer - Integrator Systems of Color Measurement," J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 66A. 203- 211 (1962).

Kendall, M. G. and A. Stuart, The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol 1. Distribution Theory. 2nd ed., Hafner, New York,(1963).

Klshner, S. J., "A Pulsed-Xenon Spectrophophotometer with Parallel Wavelength Serving," In Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., and Gunter Wyssecki, Eds., Color 77. Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1978, p. 305-308.

Lilliefors, W. H., "On the Kolmogorov - Smirnov Test for Normality with Mean and Variance Unknown." J. American Statistical Association 62, 399-402 (1967).

Marcus, Robert T. and Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., "Statistical Study of Color-Measuring Instrumentation," Appl. Optics 1£, 1519-1530 (1974).

McLaren, Keith, "An Introduction to Instrumental Shade Passing and Sorting and a Review of Recent Developments, "J. Soc. Dyers Colourists 22, 317-326 (1976).

Publication CIE No. 15 (E-I.3.I) 1971, Colorimetry. Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris, 1971; Supplement 1, 1972? Available from the U.S. National Committee, CIE, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234.

"Recommendations on Uniform Color Spaces, Color-Difference Equations, and Psychometric Color Terms," Supplement No. 2 to CIE Publication No. 15, Colorimetry, E-I.3.I (l9?l), Bureau Central de la CIE, Paris, (1978).

Rich, Danny C. and Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., "Practical Aspects of Current Color-Measurement Instrumentation for Coatings Technology," J. Coatings Technol. 51 (650), 45-47 (1979).

Robertson, A. R. and W. D. Wright, "An International Comparison of Worth- ing Standards for Colorimetry," J. Opt. Soc. Am. jj£, 694-706 (1965).

Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods. 6th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, (1967;.

39

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Stansiola, Ralph, Boris Momiroff, and Henry Hemmendinger, "The Spectro Sensor-A New Generation Spectrophotometer," in Fred W. BilLneyer, Jr., and Gunter Wyssecki, Eds.t Colpr 77. Adam Hil- ger, Bristol, 1976, pp. 313~315t and Color Res. Appl. £, In press (1979).

40

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TABUE 5q

DECISION OF COUQR-QIFFESENCE ?%ASUREMENT

0° ORIENTATION

Textile Mean Coefficient of Variation Set NARADCOM MS-20ÖÖ NARADCÖM Hunter Ö54P-5 NARADCÖM Match-Scan

AG 344 P/W Gab.

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

0D7 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 P/W Trop.

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot.

Blue 150 Gab./Wool

007 Ctn. Duck UTRD

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Tan Ml C1. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

0.14 ±0.054

0.041±0.047

0.061±0.031

0.062±0.040

0.039±0.022

0.070±0.057

0.038±0.026

0.070±0.046

0.070±0.079

0.15 ±0.064

0.061±0.040

0.091±0.048

0.070±0.051

0.18 ±0.074

0.18 ±0.098

0.11 ±0.125

0.029±0.025

0.02U0.012

0.013±0.009

0.025±0.013

0.068±0.046

0.032±0.018

0.029±0.017

0.038±0.031

0.15 ±0.075

0.029±0.013

0.064±0.022

0.055±0.034

0.11 ±0.046

0.033±0.024

0.055±0.028 0.063±0.032

69

0.14 ±0.056

0.028±0.018

0.056±0.044

0.059±0.037

0.031±0.022

0.098±0.060

0.025±0.015

0.041±0.021

0.056±0.074

0.092±0.083

0.065±0.033

O.097±0.052

0.12 ±0.059

0.10 ±0.048

0.090±0.057

0.085±0.052

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TABLE 5r

PRECISION OF COLOR-DIFFERENCE MEASUREMENT

'S0 ORIENTATION

Textile Set

Mean Coefficient of Variation NAftAoCOM HS-flW NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5 NARADCOM Match-ScärT

AG 344 P/W Gab.

OG 106 Ox./fyl.

OG 107 iSyco. Pop.

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 Ctn Sat.

0D7 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

KÜ ;44 P/W Trop.

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot.

Blue 150 Gab./Wool

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 Fl. Shirt

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

OMl ±0.049

0.050±0.067

0.084±0.058

0.063±0.040

0.062±0.031

0.051±0.037

0.043±0.033

0.066±0.040

0.13 ±0.143

0.13 ±0.104

0.038±0.030

0.11 ±0.085

0.094±0.053

0.16 ±0.085

0.088±0.054

0.092±0.070

0.096±0.127

0.049±0.063

0.046±0.052

0.048±0.027

0.020±0.010

0.057±0.038

0.015±0.012

0.018±0.018

0.046±0.042

0.14 ±0.065

0.019±0.016

0.078+0.019

0.071±0.064

0.14 ±0.067

0.082±0.039

0.042±0.033

0.088±O.055

0.11 ±0.089*

0.083±0.046*

0.030±0.025

0.048±0.025

0.083±0.061

0.051±0.015*

0.035±0.019

0.072±0.062

0.24 ±0.102

0.057±0.047

0.10 ±0.051

0.095±0.063

0.16 ±0.097

0.072±0.040

0.095±0.042

I

♦Includes average of six measurements on all samples of textile set. 70

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TABLE 5s

F^ECISION OF COUDR-DIFFERENCE ^ASUREMENT

90° ORIENTATION

Textile rean coefficient of Variation "" Set NAMDCOM HS-2ÖÖ0 NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5 NARADCOH Hatch-Scan

AG 344 P/W Gab.

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

0D7 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 P/W Trop.

Ta;i 445 Twill poly./cot.

Blue 150 Gab./Wool

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Ml.

0G 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

0.12 ±0.157

0.033±0.033

0.079±0.077

0.042±0.024

0.037±0.025

0.10 ±0.052

0.041±0.013

0.040±0.020

0.15 ±0.146

0.18 ±0.089

0.027±0.018

0.13 ±0.060

0.12 ±0.083

0.098±0.048

0.091±0.058

0.086±0.066

0.11 ±0.126

0.039±0.052

0.047±0.020

0.041±0.025

0.022±0.008

0.039±0.024

0.015±0.013

0.022±0.011

0.062±0.093

0.099±0.035

0.020±0.007

0.058±0.033

0.13 ±0.059

0.082±0.04H

0.058±0.089

0.062±0.0i7

0.082±0.060

0.026±0.020

0.058±0.044

0.038±0.025

0.037±0.018

0.14 ±0.091

0.032±0.019

0.051±0.019

0.11 ±0.134

0.21 ±0.090

0.032±0.027

0.11 ±0.056

0.071±0.039

0.23 ±0.152

0.070±0.066

0.057±0.028 71

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TABLE 8b

SHORT-TERM AND DAY TO DAY ABSOLUTE ACCURACY STUDY

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT DS - SIN MODE

BCRA Tile

Day Day Day Day Day Grand #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Mean j

Brown 0.16±0.063 0.15±0.061 0.18±0.035 C.26±0.129 0.17±0.066 0.12±0.051 0.54±0.080 0.61±0.103 0.65±0.127 0.64±0.101 0.64±0.099 0.61+O.044

Pink 0.78±0.021 0.79±0.026 0.82±0.031 0.81±0.022 0.78±0.046 0.80±0.018 0.25±0.022 0.29±0.037 0.32±0.044 0.37±0.066 0.33±0.038 0.31±0.047

Dark Blue

1.04±0.291 1.03±0.295 1.03±0.314 1.02±0.325 0.97±0.276 1.02±0.026 0.24±0.051 0.24±0.074 0.29±0.099 0.30±0.149 0.29±0.099 0.22+O.024 *

Medium Gray

0.31±0.01S 0.27±0.0?2 0.26±0.028 0.28±0.024 0.27±0.022 0.28±0.018 0.15±0.016 0.15±0.018 0.14±0.015 0.15±0.008 0.15±0.019 0.15±0.005

Light Gray

0.29+0.081 0.21±0.057 0.20±0.075 0.2O±0.072 0.20±0.083 0.22±0.040 0.13+O.011 0.12±0.029 0.12±0.020 0.13±0.039 0.12±0.036 0.12±0.004

Yellow 0.57±0.076 0.52±0.125 0.50±0.125 0.48±0.120 0.50±0.120 0.50±0.033 0.53±0.075 0.65±0.122 0.64±0.081 0.68±0.086 0.68±0.110 0.63±0.062

Light 0.27±0.036 0.27±O.O31 0.29*C.C27 0.29±0.034 0.30±0.038 0.28±0.015 Green 0.32±0.024 0.32i0.028 0.31±0.035 0.35±0.017 0.34±0.029 0.32±0.016

Dark 0.49±0.070 0.49±0.049 0.51±0.051 0.50±0.047 0.48+0.044 0.49±0.013 Green 0.06±0.013 0.09±0.025 0.12±0.044 0.09±0.020 0.13±0.058 0.09±0.027

Maroon 0.46±0.252 0.43±0.180 0.45+0.248 0.46±0.217 0.41±0.166 0.43±0.023 0.37±0.100 0.36±0.088 0.43±0.128 0.53±0.129 0.44±0.089 0.42±0.067

Greenish 0.17+0.033 0.15±0.028 0.16±0.038 0.17±0.043 0.18+0.036 0.16±0.011 Blue 0.24±0.031 0.24±0.035 0.23±0.042 0.24±0.025 0.22±0.032 0.23±0.011

Medium 0.32±0.034 0.36±0.181 0.26±0.036 0.28±0.038 0.27±0.035 0.29+0.030 Blue 0.17±0.016 0.17±0.029 0.18±0.024 0.20±0.008 0.18±0.027 0.18±0.016

Dark 0.09±0.019 0.11±0.011 0.08±0.013 0.07±0.007 0.07±0.006 0.08±0.018 Gray 0.13±0.018 0.14±0.024 0.12+0.014 0.12±0.029 0.11±0.018 0.12±0.008

Top line represents results from NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5. Bottom line represents results from NARADCOM Match-Scan.

76

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TABLE 8e

SHORT-TERM ABSOLUTE ACCURACY STUDY - SIN MODE

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIBLAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

BCftA Tile

Diano-Hardy II (n-5)

Measurement #1

Measurement #2

Grand Mean

Brown 0.63±0.165 1.10±0.059 0.64±0.049 0.18±0.052 0.45±0.080

1.09±O.094 0.65±0.040 0.2HQ.041 0.46±0.079

1.09±0.011 0.6410.010 0.16±0.003 0.44±0.014

P1nk 0.4610.057 1.31±0.038 1.28±0.026 0.83±0.031 0.14±0.072

1.33±0.026 1.31±0.036 0.86±0.032 0.14±0.056

1.3210.017 1.2910.021 0.84±0.021 0.1310.005

Dark Blue

O.S9±0.258 1.27±0.070 1.03±0.0U5 0.81±0.197 0.27±0.161

1.26±0.043 1.03±0.088 0.79±0.233 0.24±0.150

1.2310.002 l.OOiO.OOl 0.80±0.010 0.16±0.006

Medium Gray

0.20±0.026 0.63±0.029 0.67±0.049 0.17±0.014 0.17*0.020

0.64±0.024 0.66±0.043 0.18±0.014 0.15±0.030

0.63±0.014 0.6610.014 0.17±0.001 0.16±0.014

Light Gray

0.18±0.079 0.24±0.052 0.28±0.023 0.16±0.054 0.10±0.020

0.24±0.025 0.26±0.018 0.16±0.057 0.09±0.027

0.2310.001 0.26±0.001 0.15±0.001 0.09±0.005

Yellow 0.73±0.078 1.35±0.042 0.89±0.081 0.56±0.132 0.58±0.112

1.35±0.059 0.93±0.053 0.62±0.119 0.53±0.117

1.34±0.001 0.90±0.030 0.59±0.042 0.54±0.049

Light Green

0.47±0.064 0.73±0.043 0.78±0.032 0.30±0.035 0.25±0.038

0.73±0.032 0.78±0.026 0.32±0.010 0.23±0.031

0.73±0.003 0.78±0.008 0.31±0.020 0.24±0.021

Dark Green

0.46±0.040 1.32±0.052 1.00±0.034 0.59+0.033 0.09±0.015

1.35±0.055 1.01±0.029 0.60±0.053 0.06±0.013

1.3410.022 1.0110.009 0.59±0.009 0.06±0.028

77

*T. XTT^^tWtHSlMv*1^

r

TABLE & (CONT'D.)

BCRA Dlano-Hardy Measurement Measurement Grand Tile II (n-5) #1 #2 Mean

Maroon 0.58*0.091 1.10±0.046 1.0910.039 1.0810.000 0.84±0.046 0.8510.047 0.8310.002 0.3610.083 0.3310.114 0.3310.025 0.4010.126 0.4210.141 0.4010.017

Greenish 0.31*0.025 1.0H0.031 I.OltO.040 1.0110.004 Blue 0.9010.045 0.9110.038 0.9010.008

0.1510.043 0.1210.051 0 1310.027 0.1710.022 0.1410.007 0.14*0.120

Medium 0.19±0.028 0.8510.020 0.8610.038 0.8610.004 Blue 0.7910.010 0.8210.019 0.8010.020

0.1810.031 0.1710.027 0.1810.012 0.1610.025 0.1510.015 0.1510.002

Dark 0.36±0.019 0.9110.P19 0.9210.022 0.9110.007 Gray 0.8410.016 0.8310.016 0.8310.010

0.1010.014 O.lliO.024 o.ioto.on 0.1510.024 0.1410.027 0.1410.005

First line represents results from Kollmorgen MS-2000. Second line represents results from NARADCOM MS-2000. Third line represents results from NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5. Fourth line represents results from NARADCOM Match-Scan.

78

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TABLE 9a

SENSITIVITY TO TEXTILE ORIENTATION

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

THIN STANDARD

Thin Standard NMAUCOH HS-2000 NARADCOH Hunter D54P-S NARADCOH Hatch-Scan Name 45' 90" 45" 90' 45* 90*

P/W3Gab 0.05±0.012 0.11±0.015 0.06±0.021 0.08±0.030 0.29±0.035 0.23±0.040

Ox /Nyl 0.09±0.012 0.26±0.015 0.21±0.006 0.20±0.017 1.03±0.144 1.20±0.044

Nyco°7Rop 0.07±0.006 0.14±0.020 0.03±0.015 0.06±0.021 0.09±0.026 0.27±0.071

Ctn10ß'loon 0.06±0.020 0.05±0.029 0.08±0.040 0.09±0.065 0.21±0.031 0.32±0.015

Ctn10Sat 0.08±0.038 0.26±0.017 0.03±0.012 0.03±0.017 0.13±0.025 0.46+0.103

SSck^RWRP 0.08±0.023 0.05+O.021 0.06±0.023 0.06±0.036 0.09±0.025 0.14±0.010

Ctn 4Pop 0.06±0.021 0.08±0.025 0.03+0.017 0.03±0.012 0.10±0.026 O.15±0.021

P/W3Trop 0.07±0.026 0.08+O.031 0.07±0.006 0.09±0.025 0.10±.049 0.12±0.071

Twill4po1y /cot °-10±0-049 0.17+0.015 0.04±0.012 0.07±0.025 0.14±0.021 0.20±0.012

Gab6/Wool 0.07±0.006 0.08±0.017 0.08±0.017 0.07±0.036 0.20±0.050 0.24±0.035

Duc^UTRD 0.04±0.015 0.06±0.046 0.02±0.006 0.05±0.035 0.18±0.098 0.25±0.076

W? 4Serge 0.04±0.020 0.07±0.025 0.03±0.010 0.04±0.015 0.13±0.065 0.18±0.058

P/W Trop1' 0.05±0.006 0.08±0.006 0.08±0.010 0.10±0.015 0.19±0.020 0.21±0.017

TJJ! ^ 0.06±0.040 0.05±0.012 0.03+0.010 0.03±0.006 0.11+0.093 0.09±0.072

Fl ^hirt^ 0.07+O.017 0.I0+O.052 0.03±0.017 0.08±0.029 0.09±0.015 0.12±0.036

Woo! Trip. 0.06±0.045 0.10±0.015 0.02+O.015 0.05±0.010 0.08±0.015 0.15+0.039

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TABLE 9b

SENSITIVITY TO TEXTILE ORIENTATION

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

FULL STANDARD

NARADCÖM HS-2ÖÖÖ NAftADCÖM Hunter D54P-5 RÄRÄDCW Hatch-Scan 45° 90* 45- 90* 45- • 90*

Full Standard Name

AG 344 P/W Gab.

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

007 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 P/W Trop.

Tan 4A5 Tvrill poly./cot.

Blue 150 Gab./Wool

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

AG 44 W1. Serge

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N FT. Shirt

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

0.07±0.040 0.09±0.015 0.10±0.031 0.13±0 032 0.24±0.026 0.28±0.040

0.14±0.035 0.34±0.092 0.23*0.012 0.18±0.045 1.27±0.148 1.56±0.078

0.07±0.035 0.22±0.035 0.1U0.030 0.14±0.031 0.18±0.038 0.55±0.070

0.05±0.026 0.05±0.012 0.08±0.044 0.12±0.006 0.20±0.061 0.31±0.049

0.14±0.023 0.31±0.025 0.06±0.035 0.07±0.032 0.18±0.065 0.64±0.107

0.06±0.006 0.06±0.000 0.03±0.000 0.04±0.007 0.13±0.010 0.17±0.044

0.06±0.021 0.10±0.006 0.02±0.000 0.0210.015 0.15±0.031 0.16±0.015

0.06±0.025 0.06±0.023 0.05±0.015 0.08±0.012 0.19±0.025 0.16±0.006

0.14±0.061 0.19±0.021 0.05±0.010 0.04±0.020 0.17±0.087 0.20±0.064

0.09±0.042 0.08±0.042 0.05±0.023 O..05±0.000 0.10±0.035 0.18±0.100

0.03±0.015 0.03±0.006 0.03±0.017 0.05±0.000 0.32±0.127 0.34±0.078

0.07±O.03O 0.06±0.038 0.03±0.017 0.05±0.021 0.20±0.035 0.21±0.058

0.10±0.025 0.08±0.029 0.05±0.040 0.08±0.053 0.21±0.038 0.20±0.006

0.04±0.012 0.06±0.030 0.04±0.026 0.04±0.025 0.10±0.032 0.12±0.038

0.03±0.010 0.07±0.038 0.07±0.026 0.08±0.036 0.12±0.067 0.17±0.042

0.04±0.015 0.06±0.021 0.04±0.015 0.06±0.021 0.08±0.026 0.11±0.006 80

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TABLE 9C

SENSITIVITY TO TEXTILE ORIENTATION

INSTRUMENT: HUNTER D54 *670*

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

Textile Standard

9Ö1

Rotation

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

0.36

0.32

1.05

0.69

0.19

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TABLE iob

DIFFERENCES IN I^FLECTANCE FACTORS BETWEEN SIN AND SEX MODES

Sample Sample Dlano- Kollmorgen NARADCOM NARADCOM NARA^OM Group Name Hardy II MS-2000 MS-2000 Hunter D54P-5 Match-, ;an

NARADCOM E4 4.16±0.057 5.00±0.077 4.62±0.026 3.45±0.083 4.0910.046 Porcelain E9 4.95±0.107 5.92±0.144 5.61±0.053 4.15±0.066 4.79±0.06C Enamels Ell 5.26±0.112 6.30±0.146 5.94±0.028 4.41±0.039 5.03±0.035

El 4 4.78±0.113 5.6910.106 5.41±0.041 3.97±0.083 4.61±0.049 E17 5.14±0.114 6.1U0.115 5.86±0.053 4.34±0.079 4.98±0.068 E19 3.98±0.119 4.66±0.109 4.41±0.105 3.19±0.115 3.86±0.076

Painted LI 2.76±0.053 3.24±0.090 3.14±0.104 1.84±0.019 2.72±0.082 Panels Bl 2.90±0.034 3.50±0.064 3.34±0.101 1.91±0.040 2.77±0.032

Johnson Jl 3.97±0.041 4.78±0.050 4.47±0.064 3.42±0.043 4.04±0.050 G%y J2 4.33±0.097 4.98±0.107 4.90±0.148 3.70±0.103 4.26±0.068 Tiles J3 4.35±0.092 5.06±0.092 4.95±0.058 3.67±0.110 4.26±0.079

J4 4.30±0.085 5.05±C.071 4.85±0.048 3.59±0.095 4.19±0.067 J5 4.20±0.053 4.85±0.045 4.76±0.066 3.68±0.034 4.10±0.018 J6 4.15±0.049 4.95±0.029 4.85±0.027 3.84±0.074 4.18±0.041 J7 4.04±0.065 4.65±0.034 4.57±0 053 3.70±0.069 3.99±0.027

Davis- Po-1 3.54±0.075 4.08±0.133 4.02±0.119 2.95±0.085 3.62±0.106 Bruning Po-2 3.55±0.151 4.14±0.204 4.03±0.218 2.90±0.065 3.49±0.200 Porcelain Po-3 2.92±0.178 3.37±0.221 3.36±0.209 2.60±0.094 2.98±0.171 Enamels Po-4 4.22±0.144 4.66±0.244 4.16±0.316 3.4U0.122 4.10±0.?41

Ceramic C3 5.32±0.091 5.05±0.053 3.69±0.112 4.44±0.076 THes C6 5.22±0.054 5.01±0.032 3.76±0.079 4.31±0.045

CIO 4.73+0.050 4.54±0.052 3.30±0.124 3.98±0.110 C13 4.76±0.054 4.68±0.104 3.52±0.102 4.00±0.083 C15 4.78±0.073 4.73±0.048 3.63±0.111 4.04±0.058 C17 4.72±0.095 4.61+0.070 3.54±0.138 3.98±0.094 C18 4.88±0.066 4.78±0.059 3.62+0.050 4.08±0.060 C27 4.39±0.083 4.33±0.054 3.49±0.106 3.84±0.031

"Carrara" Dl 4.34±0.089 4.27±0.092 3.39±0.061 3.70±0.014 Glasses D2 4.35±0.049 4.26±0.046 3.26±0.084 3.67±0.034

D3 4.38±0.055 4.31±0.082 3.35±0.033 3.66±0.033 D4 4.34±0.068 4.25+0.059 3.23±0.054 3.65±0.039

83

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TABl£ ^

fePEATABILITY IN SIN ftOE VS. SEX MODE

COLJOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELA3 UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

Textile Kol1morgen MS-2000

NARADCÖM MS-2000

NARADCÖM Hunter D54

NARADCÖM Match-Scan

Standards _* AESIN

_* AESEX

AESIN

_* AESEX AESIN AESEX AESIN AESEX

A6 344 P/W Gab.

0.07 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.14 (0.02)

0.05 0.07 0.06

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

0.04 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.C3 0.03

OG 107 Nyco. Pro.

0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.18 (0.06)

0.04 0.05

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.13 (0.10)

0.23 (0.09)

0.06 0.07

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.21 (0.08)

0.10 0.10 0.10

0D7 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

0.18 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.09

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 (0.06)

0.08 0.05

AG 344 P/W Trop.

0.09 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot.

0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.14 (0.15)

0.14 0.04 0.03

Blue 150 Gab./Wool

0.09 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.19 (0.08)

0.42 (0.06)

0.04 0.05

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

0.08 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.06

AG 44 Wl. Serge

0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.10 (0.04)

0.03 0.04 0.05

Tan Ml Cl. P/W TroD.

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.07

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

0.06 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.26 (0.05)

0.08 0.05 0.07

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.13 (0.05)

0.04 0.10 0.05

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

0.06 0.07 0.06 0.O4 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06

84

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TABLE iod

COMPARISON OF SIN Ite INSULTS VS. SEX MUDE RESULTS

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

Textile Standard

Ko11morgen MS-2000

IE

NARADCOM MS-2000

SIN vs. SEX NARADCOM

Hunter D54P-5 NARADCOM Match-Scan

A6344 P/W Gab.

0G 106 Ox./Nyl.

0G 107 Nyco. Pop.

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

0D7 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 P/W Trop.

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot,

Blue 150 Gab./Wool

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

0.06

0.06

0.03

0.04

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.01

0.06

0.05

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.08

0.04

0.05

0.08

0.08

0.Q4

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.05

0.05

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.05

0.04

0.05

85

0.11 (0.07)

0.12

n is (ö.iö) o.n

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0.08 (0.08)

0.11

0.09 (0.07)

o.n

0.07 (0.07)

o.n (0.08)

0.08

0.08 (0.05)

0.13

0.18 (0.05)

0.08 (0.08)

0.07

0.04

0.09

0 = 02

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.05

0.01

0.04

0.03

0.05

0.02

0.03

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86

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TABLE 12a

POINT TO POINT SURFACE VARIATIONS - BCRA TILES: SEX MODE

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILUUMINANT D65

-TCRA Corner Corner Corner Comer T1le #1 #2 #3 #4

Brown 0.23 0.16 0.03 0.05 0.18 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.52 0.23 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.08 OJO

Pink 0.11 0.07 0.07 Ö.15 0.08 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.07

Dark 0.12 0.45 1.22 0.38 Blue 0.10 0.47 1.11 0.46

0.15 0.31 0.90 0.42 0.16 0.37 0.83 0.10

Medium 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.12 Gray 0.03 0.01 0.02 O.l1

0.05 0.08 0.04 0.G3 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02

Light 0.08 0.07 0.18 0.17 Gray 0.12 0.04 0.14 0.15

0.15 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.12

Yellow 0.45 0.05 0.07 0.16 0.37 0.09 0.05 C.ll 0.39 0.09 0,04 0.16 0.25 0.07 0.02 0.09

Light 0.12 0.03 0.09 0.05 Green 0.04 0.01 0.06 0J3

0.06 0.10 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.05

Dark 0.19 0.03 0.04 0.03 Green 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.06

0.11 0.25 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.08 0.05 0,03

87

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i^ükh^lü ^jik.jL,n^a;^iw-.~ 'S^S^esmtfES^samim/'eemsmmxmmäaMmii^^

TABLE 12A (CONT'D.)

BCRA Corner Corner Corner Corner Tile #1 #2 #3 #4

Maroon 0.26 0.10 0.58 0.62 0.09 0.06 0.35 0.56 0.24 1.46 0.74 0.71 0.05 0.09 0.48 0.22

Greenish 0.10 0.08 0.14 0.10 Blue 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.15

0.07 0.09 0.22 0.21 . 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.01

Medium 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.11 Blue 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.06

j 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.06

Dark 0.05 0.06 0.22 0.11 Gray 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.01

1 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05

i 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.02

First line represents results from Kollmorgen MS-2000. Second line represents results from NARADC0M MS-2000. Third line represents results from NARADC0M Hunter D54P-5. Last line represents results from NARADCOM Match-Scan.

88

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TABLE 12b

POINT TO POINT SURFACE VARIATIONS - BCRA TILES: SIN fas

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

~"KRA Corner Corner Comer Corner T1le #1 #2 #3 #4

Brown 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.05 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.17 0.08 0.27 0.38 0.18 0.12 0.39 0.53 0.35 0.28

P1nk 0.08 0.04 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.13 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.17 C.J8 0.06 0.14 0.06 0.17 0.12

Dark 0.07 0.26 0.74 0.30 Blue 0.04 0.24 0.68 0.31

0.13 0.16 0.41 0.06 o.n 0.39 0.63 0.08 0.06 0.32 0.81 0.25

Medium 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 Gray 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.12

0.06 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.11 0.13

Light 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.08 Gray 0.10 0.04 0.09 0.05

0.08 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.14 0.13 o.n 0.15

Yellow 0.32 0.05 0.07 0.22 0.30 0.09 0.09 0.18 0.36 0.15 0.06 0.14 0.26 0.15 0.07 0.05 0.43 0.21 0.12 0.30

89

I

r WPJ^pijMlllWI

TABLE 12b (CONT'D.)

BCRA Corner Comer Corner Corner T1le #1 #2 #3 #4

Light 0.09 0.03 0.07 0,07 Green 0.06 0.03 0.09 0.12

0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.14 0.16 0.12

Dark 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.13 Green 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.07

0.13 0.08 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.06 o.n 0.06 0.02 0.07

Maroon 0.19 0.06 0.42 0.40 o.n 0.07 0.30 0.40 o.n 0.06 0.34 0.21 o.n 0.13 0.38 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.54 0.63

Greenish 0.04 0.03 o.n 0.09 Blue 0.05 0.05 o.n 0.12

0.08 0.08 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.10

Medium 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.08 Blue 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.05

0.04 0.08 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04

Dark 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 Gray 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.05

0.04 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.0. 0.04 o.n 0.04 0.02 0.08

First line represents results from Kollmorgen MS-2000. Second line represents results from NARADCOM MS-2000. Third line represents results from NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5. Fourth line represents results from Diano-Hardy II. Last line represents results from NARADCOM Match-Scan.

90

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TABLE 12°

POINT TO POINT SURFACE VARIATIONS - TEXTILE STANDARDS: SIN toE

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

"Textile Corner Corner Corner Corner Standard #1 #2 #3 #4

AG 344 0.09 0.21 0.18 0.09 P/W Gab. 0.10 0.17 0.12 o.n

0.08 0.20 0.13 0.17 (0.09) (0.19) (0.13) (0.16) 0.09 0.17 0.12 0.14

OS 106 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.07 Ox./Nyl. 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.08

0.34 0.19 0.26 0.21 0.21 0.12 0.17 0.13

OG 107 0.09 0.04 0.23 0.18 Myco. Pop. 0.09 0.04 0.18 0.14

0.10 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.11 0.13 0.18 0.16

OG 107 0.05 0.09 0.17 0.16 Ctn. B'loon 0.05 0.09 0.20 0.13

0.16 0.08 0.21 0.19 (0.20) (0.09) (0.23) (0.19) 0.28 0.09 0.24 0.14

OG 107 0.14 0.09 0.23 0.13 Ctn. Sat. 0.15 0.05 0.20 0 09

0 20 0.11 0.22 0.12 (0.20) (0.12) (0.22) (0.12) 0.10 0.10 0.19 0.08

0D7 Ctn. 0.11 0.19 0.42 0.34 Duck 0.14 0.22 0.43 0.32 '1RWRP 0.12 0.17 0.28 0.25

0.10 0.04 0.42 0.34

Tan 46 0.14 0.04 0.09 0.08 Ctn. Pop. 0.13 0.04 0.13 0.09

0.09 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.11

AG 344 0.16 0.24 0.02 0.13 P/W Trop. 0.16 0.21 0.10 0.19

0.16 0.21 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.23 0.03 0.23

91

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Mjnujßm., J^iiJij..iiBP..Ay(»',4^R,.iL.a:jiJä-gij*i,

TABUE UQ (CONT'D,)

Textile Corner Corner Corner Corner Standard #1 #2 #3 #4

Tan 445 0.03 0.09 0.08 0.04 Twill 0.04 c.n 0.04 0.05 poly./cot. 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02

(0.03) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.03

Blue 150 0.05 C.04 0.08 0.09 Wool Gab. 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.05

0.11 0.09 0.09 0.03 (0.11) (0.10) (0.10) (0.05) 0.10 o.n 0.06 0.05

007 Gtn. 0.12 0.04 0.06 0.11 Duck 0.10 0.0£ 0.08 o.n UTRO 0.09 0.26 0.19 0.30

0.06 0.18 o.n 0.08

AG 44 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.04 Wl. Serge 0.08 o.n 0.02 0.03

0.05 0.07 0.03 0.10 (0.05) (0.06) (0.02) (0.09) o.n 0.14 0.07 0.11

Tan Ml 0.15 0.12 0.04 0.03 Cl. P/W 0.10 0.12 0.02 0.05 Trop. 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.09

0.11 0.14 0.01 0.08

Blue 150 0.08 0.08 o.n 0.10 Trop. Wl. 0.03 0.13 0.10 0.C9

0.12 0.22 0.14 0.21 (0.10) (0.22) (0.14) (0.22) 0.22 0.22 0.20 0.21

OG 108 W/N 0.12 0.12 0.22 0.05 n. Shirt 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.07

0.14 0.14 0.18 0.09 (0.16) (0.16) (0.18) (o.n) 0.10 0.14 0.10 0.06

Blue 151 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.06 Wool Trop. 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.03

0.04 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.09

First line represents results from Kollmorgen MS-2000. Second line represents rssults from NARADCOM MS-2000. Third line represents results from NARADCCM Hunter D54P-5, Last line represents results from NARADCOM Match-Scan.

92

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TABLE *3*

STATISTICAL FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF STANDARD NCRMAL DEVIATE OF X

PERCENTAGE OF RHNTS WITHIN * 1* AND ± 2<* FROM THE ffcAN

" Textile Standard

Kol1morgen MS-20OO

NARADCÖM MS-2000

NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5

HAWDCffl Match-Scan

± la ± Zo ± lo 1 2a ± la ± 2a ± 10 ± 2a

AG 344 P/W Gab.

67.5 97.5 85.0 92.5 87.5 90.0 ( 68.6) ( 97.1)

67.5 100.0

OG 106 Ox ./Nyl.

67.5 100.0 72.5 92.5 65.0 97.5 72.5 100.0

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

67.5 100.0 80.0 92.5 60.0 100.0 72.5 95.0

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

75.0 95.0 75.0 97.5 80.0 95.0 ( 77.1) ( 94.3)

67.5 100.0

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

72.5 95.0 72.5 100.0 87.5 90 0 ( 65.9) (100.0)

77.5 97.5

007 Ctn. Ouck MRWRP

70.0 97.5 75.0 97.5 80.0 95.0 62.5 100.0

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

72.5 97.5 75.0 95.0 75.0 95.0 72.5 97.5

AG 344 P/W Trop.

70.0 97.5 70.0 100.0 70.0 100.0 82.5 100.0

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot.

72.5 100.0 67.5 97.5 77.5 100.0 ( 71.4) (100.0)

77.5 95,0

Blue 150 Wool Gab.

72.5 95.0 85.0 97.5 87.5 87.5 ( 60.0) ( 97.1)

70.0 97.5

0D7 Ctn. Ouck UTRD

70.0 95.0 67.5 97.5 70.0 95.0 72.5 95.0

AG 44 W1. Serge

65.0 95.0 70.0 100.0 87.5 90.0 ( 65.7) ( 97.1)

72.5 97.5

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

80.0 92.5 75.0 95.0 /5.0 97.5 62.5 97.5

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

75.0 100.0 70.0 100.0 87.5 87.5 (80.0) ( 97.1)

72.5 95.0

OG 108 W/N FT. Shirt

77.5 95.0 75.0 100.0 82.5 92.5 ( 77.3; ( 97.1)

65.0 100.0

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

72.5 97.5 77.5 93

95.0 85.0 92.5 72.5 100.0

MäaiBilMÜliliiHMBi

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7**^

TABLE 13b

STATISTICAL FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF STANDARD NORMAL DEVIATE OF Y

ABTCENTAGE OF POINTS WITHIN ± 1° AND * 2° FROM THE ?tAN

Textile " Kollmorgen PRÄDcDR nTOBCDR NTOBCoTT Standard MS-2000 KS-200O Hunter P54P-5 Match-Scan

* lg ± Za TTc ± Zg"~ ± Ig t Zg ± lg ± !<r

AG 344 P/W Gab.

77.5 97.5

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

77.5 97.5

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

65.0 100.0

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

67.5 95.0

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

75.0 95.0

007 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

70.0 97.5

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

75.0 97.5

AG 344 P/W Trop.

70.0 97.5

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot.

82.5 100.0

Slue 150 Wool Gab.

70.0 95.0

007 Ctn. Duck UTRD

75.0 95.0

AG 44 Wl, Serge

72.5 100.0

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

77.5 95.0

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

70.0 10C.0

OG 108 W/N FT. Shirt

77.5 92.5

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

77.5 97.5

80.0 95.0 87.5 90.0 70.0 97 5 ( 65.7) ( 97.1) *7'9

77.5 97.5 60.0 100.0 80.0 100.0

77.5 92.5 60.0 100.0 72.5 95.0

80.0 97.5 80.0 95.0 72.5 100.0 ( 77.4) ( 94.3)

70.0 100.0 87.5 90.0 75.0 95 0 ( 65.7) (100.0) '

77.5 97.5 82.5 92.5 65.0 100.0

77.5 95.0 72.5 95.0 70.0 97.5

67.5 ^00.0 62.5 100.0 70.0 100.0

70.0 97.5 75.0 100.0 72.5 95 0 ( 80.0) (100.0)

75.0 95.0 87.5 87.5 70.0 95 0 ( 82.9) ( 97.1) b-°

72.5 97.5 72.5 95.0 77.5 92.5

80.0 100.0 87.5 87.5 70.0 100.0 ( 74.3) (100.0)

75.0 95.0 72.5 97.5 67.5 97.5

65.0 100.0 87.5 87.5 82.5 100.0 —-■■ L68.6) (100.0)

77'5 97,5 t S-2, , 92-5 65-o 100.0 ( 77.2) ( 97.1)

80'°94 95"° 70-° 92.5 70.0 97.5

^:^*wk<i'k.,-~Mi^id-:v^^^^:,^;_-r,^

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TABLE . 13c

STATISTICAL FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF STANDARD NORMAL DEVIATE OF Z

PERCENTAGE OF POINTS WITHIN ± la AND ± 2° FROM THE MEAN

Textilfe Standard

Koll MS-

morgen •2000

NARADCOM MS-2000

NARAMÖM Hunter D54P-5

NÄRAbCÖM Match-Scan

± la ±2* ± la ±2a ± la ± 2a ± la ±2a

AG 344 P/W Gab.

67.5 97.5 80.0 97.5 87.5 (65.8)

95.0 (100.0)

72.5 97.5

- OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

60.0 95.0 82.5 92.5 65.0 100.0 77.5 9/. 5

• OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

67.5 100.0 72.5 97.5 62.5 100.0 75.0 95.0

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

77.5 97.5 80.0 92.5 77.5 (68.7)

95.0 (94.3)

72.5 100.0

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

70.0 97.5 67.5 100.0 87.5 (71.5)

90.0 (100.0)

82.5 97.5

007 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

75.0 97.5 72.5 97.5 75.0 92.5 67.5 100.0

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

77.5 97,5 67.5 97.5 77.5 97.5 67.5 100.0

AG 344 P/W Trop.

75.0 97.5 70.0 100.0 67.5 100.0 67.5 100.0

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot

75.0 •

95.0 77.5 97.5 82.5 (65.9)

92.5 (100.0)

72.5 97.5

Blue 150 Wool Gab.

72.5 97.5 75.0 97.5 87.5 (88.7)

87.5 (94.3)

80.0 92.5

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

75.0 95.0 75.0 97.5 72.5 95.0 70.0 95.0

AG 44 I'l. Serge

72.5 100.0 62.5 100.0 87.5 (77.1)

90.0 (94.2)

62.5 97.5

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

72.5 97.5 70.0 97.5 75.0 97.5 72.5 97.5

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

80.0 97.5 75.0 95.0 87.5 (65.7)

87.5 (97.1)

77.5 100.0

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

77.5 100.0 72.5 97.5 80.0 (71.4)

87.5 (94.3)

70.0 100.0

1 Blue 151 Wool Trop.

70.0 95.0 80.0 97.5

95 75.0 95.0 70.0 100.0

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TABLE 13d

STATISTICAL MEASURES OF SHAPE OF X STANDARD NoamL DEVIATE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

Textile Standard

Kon morgen MS-20O0

Skanness Kurtosls

NARADCÖM NARAMÖM NARADCöM MS-2000 Hunter D54P-5 Match-Scan

Skewness Kurtosls Slowness Kurtosls Skewness Kurtosls

AG 344 P/W Gab.

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

0G 107 Nyco. Pop.

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

007 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 P/W Trop.

Tan 445 Twill poly./Cot.

Blue 150 Wool Gab.

0D7 Ctn. Ouck UTRD

AG 44 W1. Serge

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

0.044 -0.826

0.165 -0.636

0.179 -0.839

0.302 0.725

0.071 -0.217

-0.243 -0.655

0.689* -0.089

0.233 -0.408

-0.741* 0.605

0.175 0.407

-0.259 -0.090

0.371 -0.721

0.689* 0.344

0.408 -0.562

-0.431 -0.423

-0.361 -0.089

0.417 0.291 -1.860** 2.383* -0.051 -0.765 (0.120) (-0.469)

0.257 0.113 -0.107 -0.984* 0.192 -0.699

-0.503 -0.079 -0.055 -1.006* 0.375 0.600

-0.499 -0.133 -0.401 0.345 (0.785*) (-0.262)

-0.357 -0.884*

-0.147 -1.157* -1.564** 1.605* 0.339 0.402 (-0.053) (-1.078*)

-0.231 -0.589 0.147 0.334 -0.094 -1.990*

0.053 -0.331 -0.207 -0.266 0.247 -0.801

0.058 -0.983* -0.226 -1.111* -0.192 -1.078*

-0.106 -0.913* 0.070 -1.205* -0.826* -0.012 (0.255) (-1.686*)

0.753* 1.683* -2.109** 2.826* -0.263 -0.2Ö0 (0.036) (-0.879)

-0.249 -0.581 -0.054 -0.373 -0.387 -0.601

■0.230 -0.679 -1.885** 2.413* -0.iOl -0.767 (-0.430) (-0.221)

0.437 0.147 0.022 0.019 0.701* -0.341

0.359 -0.566 -2.072** 2.756* 0.848* 0.865 (0 348) (-0.715)

0.217 -1.036* -1.181** 1.247* 0.067 -1.030* (0.221) (-0.135)

-0.913** 0.643 -0.055 0.233 0.228 -0.796

♦Significance at 0.05 level ♦♦Significance at 0.01 level

96

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TABUE 13e

STATISTICAL MEASURES OF SHAPE OF Y STANDARD NORMAL DEVIATE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

Textile NAMDCÖM Kollmorgen RXRXDEOH RÄRÄDÜÜFI standard MS-2000 MS-2000 Hunter DS4P-5 Match-Scan

Skewness Kurtos1s Skewness Kurtos1s Skewness Kurtosis Skewness Kurtosis

AG 344 0.187 -0.721 P/W Gab.

OG 106 0.530 -0.409 Ox./Nyl.

OG 107 0.097 -1.029* Nyco. Pop.

OG 107 0.224 0.887 Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 -0.036 -0.555 Ctn. Sat.

007 Ctn. -0.177 -0.724 Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 0.724* -0.078 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 0.184 -0.598 P/W Trop.

Tan 445 -0.991** 1.556* Twill poly./Cot.

Blue 150 0.157 0.112 Wool Gab.

0D7 Ctn. -0.199 0.182 Duck (JTRD

AG 44 -0.414 -0.965* Wl. Serge

Tan Ml C1. 0.615* 0.375 P/W Trop.

Blue 150 0.354 -0.694 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N -0.577* -0.323 Fl. Shirt

Blue 151 -0.295 -0.470 Wool Trop.

0.404 0.389 -1.893** 2.511* 0.044 -0.607 (0.166) (-0.633)

0.387 0.100 -0.082 -0.993* 0.206 -0.972*

•0.621* -0.156 -0.103 -0.978* 0.255 0.054

-0.607* -0.009 -0.433 0.45a -0.271 -0.846 (0.811*) (-0.147)

■0.122 -1.242* -1.538** 1.620* 0.087 0.243 (0.085) (-1.117*)

-0.257 -0.652 0.205 0.168

0.072 -0.365 -0.099 -0.182

-0.043 -1.233*

0.297 -0.703

0.021 -1.003* -0.235 -1.146* -0.160 -0.968*

-0.257 -0.867* 0.054 -1.192* -0.685* -0.279 (0.252) (-1.683*)

0.517 0.958 -2.089** 2.772* -0.359 0.012 (0.122) (-0.106)

-0.193 -0.676 0.059 -0.458 -0.678* -0.499

•0.168 -0.762 -1.844** 2.342* 0.010 -0.715 (-0.300) (-0.707)

0.538 0.457 0.121 0.016 0.545 -0.455

0.399 -0.707 -i:.063** 2.723* 1.099** 1.077* (0.226) (-0.995*)

0.089 -1.063* -1.106** 1.070* 0.128 -0.974* (0.312) (-0.282)

-0.982** 0.682 -0.061 -0.015 0.335 -0.481

♦Significance at 0.05 level ♦♦Significance at 0.01 level

97

—•—.—-iW, mm i ii:-.:_.--l-;U*L:Ja«ti^\i*»i:Ujj^-i;-. ..'■ "> *>^"r^^---*rk™Ur7'?^rss-r--

■^-„«.■w-'jsi....... .-^=^r -^

TABLE I3£

STATISTICAL !%ASURES OF SHAPE OF Z STANDARD NOKMAL DEVIATE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS

Textile Standard

Millmorgen MS-2000

Skewness Kyrtosls.

—NARAKöH mmm NARADCöM— ., HS-MQQ Hunter DS4P-S Natch-Scan Skewness Kurtosls Skewness Kurtosls Skewness Kurtosls

AG 344 P/W Gab.

0.094 -0.800

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

0.416 -0.450

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

0.096 -1.314*

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

-0.287 -0.118

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

0.287 -0.110

007 Ctn. Ouck MRWRP

-0.166 -0.684

Tan 46 Ctn. Fop.

0.674* -0.119

AG 344 P/W Trop.

0.H73 -0.509

Tan 445 Twill poly./Cot.

-0.952** 0.848

Blue 150 Wool Gab.

-0.090 0.701

007 Ctn. Duck UTRD

-0.477 0.126

AG 44 Wl. Serge

-0.342 -0.791

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

0.672* 0.011

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

0.273 -0.262

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

-0.108 -0.838

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

-0.169 -0.704

0.707* 0.258 -1.800* 2.489* -0.182 -0.582 (0.338) (-0.731)

0.756* 0.111 -0.061 -1.007* 0.279 -0.665

-0.145 -0.586 0.157 -1.032* 0.120 -0.580

•0.192 0.413 -0.349 0.341 -0.283 -1.070* (0.979**) (0.114)

-0.075 -1.089* -1.669** 1.808* 0.454 0.812 (-0.075) (-0.985*)

-0.169 -0.789 0.363 0.179

0.221 -0.585 0.065 -0.115

0.008 -1.170*

0.320 -0.686

0.004 -1.065* -0.333 -1.132* -0.202 -1.280*

-1.181** 2.364* -0.808* -0.013 -0.364 -0.980* (0.064) (-1.539*)

0.181 0.175 -2.066** 2.718* -0.408 0.424 (-0.489) (0.243)

-0.150 -0.706 0.061 -0.528 -0.554 -0.561

0.120 -0.688 -1.799** 2.234* -0.025 -0.874 (-0.369) (0.159)

0.415 -0.181 -0.269 -0.445 0.390 -0.342

0.406 -0.249 -1.948** 2.432* 0.977** 1.133* (0.191) (-0.669)

0.631* -0.134 -1.339** 1.630* -0.067 -0.671 (0.815*) (-0.102)

-0.279 0.067 -0.429 0.383 0.452 -0.827

♦Significance at 0.05 level ♦♦Significance at 0.01 level

98

i.xiiiz~.~~r..--,.-. •■iBiJwmBij-m'i,ii.j»!iii-jii.».......-.■ ~™,;::s^s "':.L.-:;~V":"''.V. -:",-. ■■"■-■?,-«»,y*atHv

BOPVif ■ ■ --!I?.--«= F™=E

TABLE IA

SIGNIFICANCE LEVELS FOR LILLIEFQRS TEST RESULTS

T.yf<1. Kollnorgen RÄRÄBclSH RATOcTSR RflRKOH

jggj K^iPS, EgfjJB gQ! fl*fc*1 P/W Gab.

Ox./Nyl.

0S107 * * Nyco. Pop.

Ctn. B'loon ** * * * * **

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

007 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

**

AG 344 P/W Trop.

Tan 445 Twill poly./Cot.

Blue 150 Wool Gab.

007 Ctn. Duck UTRD

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

0G 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

♦Significance at 0.05 level ♦♦Significance at 0.01 level

99

* *

****** * * **

**

** * * **

-- I

* *

. .,»:,Vi-w

TABLE 15«

FRIEDMAN AND MULTIPLE RANK TEST RESULTS FOR K - H INSTRUMENTS AND N - 40

MEASUREMENTS AS REPRESENTED BY CIE Y

W 1-? M 2-3 2-4 3-4 A6 344 P/W Gab.

06 107 Ctn. a*loon

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

Tan 445 Twill poly./Cot.

Blue 150 Wool Gab.

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N F1. Shirt

N - 35

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

007 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 P/W Trop.

007 Ctn. Duck UTRO

Tan M1C1. P/W Trop.

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

Key Instrument 1 Instrument 2

Borderline

Kollmorgen MS-2000 NARADCOM MS-2000

♦indicates significance at the 0.01 level

Instrument 3 - NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5 Instrument 4 ■ NARADCOM Match-Scan

100

.""':, ■-—rr- ^■■■"■■'.;:,':;;:;>--:—rr-:';i^:vi;j"^^:-c..yi!»Bffi..~

a A

1 TABLE 15b

FRIEDMAN AND MULTIPLE RANK TEST RESULTS FOR K - 8 (OR 7) WEEKS AND N - 20

MEASUREMENTS AS REPRESENTED BY CIE Y

U M l-§ 1-S 1-7 H 2-5 2-g g-7 2-8 ?■$ ?-fi W 3-g 4-8 AG 344 # P/W Gab.

OG 707 * # Ctn. B'loon

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

Tan 445 * * * * Tw1H poly./Cot.

Blue 150 # # Wool Gab.

AG 44 Wl. Serge

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt ~—-——--"—""- ------ " ------ «~ —■

Ox./Nyl.

0G107 * * * Nyco. Pop.

007 Ctn. ***** *** * * * i Duck MRWRP

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

AG 344 P/W Trop.

007 Ctn. **** ******; Duck UTRD

Tan M1C1. * P/W Trop.

Blue 151 * * Wool Trop.

k_» 7 weeks

k - 8 weeks"

♦indicates significance at 0.01 level 101

*&*m^wmm#*tr.

■ '..'■ '"jl^^ä^'^U '.'"., .',.:.v,--tV;.--, :'■:■, .'!"■:T:i. ^S'-^'J'y-.^TTv

4MWJpWf' LIJLL^IHaUI II, .1 ' **7!**rK*?.--M*.*^*!S3-

TABLE 15O

FRIEDMAN MULTIPLE RANK TEST RESULTS FOR K - 8 (OR 7) WEEKS AND \\ - 5 MEASUREMENTS AS REPRESENTED BY CIE Y

BSE 1-6 1-7 1-a 2«4 2-6 2-7 2-fl 3-6 3-7 3-8 4-7 5-8

AS 344 P/W Gab.

n 12 * 13 14

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

II 12 13 14

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

II 12 13 * * 14 *

Tan 445 Twill poly./Cot.

II 12 13 14

*

Blue 150 Wool Gab.

II 12 13 14

AG 44 W1. Serge

11 12 13 14

Blue 150 Trop. HI.

II 12 13 14

102

i'aw^ A

mmjji^mmwm pmfüwiipipww

AG 344 P/W Trop.

n 12 13 14

T«b1t 15o (cont'd)

OG 108 W/N Fl. Shirt

II 12 13 14

1-6 1-7 1-8 2-4 2-6 2-7 2-8 3-6 3-7 3-8 4-7 S-8

k « 7

k - 8 08 106 Ox./Nyl.

II 12 13 14

06 107 Nyco. Pop.

II 12 13 14

*

* *

*

007 Ctn. Duck NRWRP

II 12 13 14

* *

* *

* *

*

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

II 12 13 14

* *

OD 7 Duck UTRD

II 12 13 14

* i *

Jt *

103

,^t-i i ifiMWl flHB-iSlIJBIIlllEU.1. . ■'■ ^ca,^L-^^nsaaaamtaaai.i-mtr i

Table 15« (cont'd)

1-6 1-7 1-8 2-4 2-6 2-7 2-8 3-6 3-7 3-8 4-7 S-B

Tan MCI. P/W. Trop.

II 12 13 * 14

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

11 * 12 * 13 14

11 - Kollraorgen MS-2000

12 - NARADCOM MS-2000

13 • NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5

14 - NARADCOM Match-Scan

♦Indicates significance at 0.01 level

104

.-::;-. ;*-."ü ^!äU ■'•■..,..« ^-_. J: ~-r _, ■ ■ * '.L SäfflSHHHiSIHSBSWSBfflPSSSi^^ >, <^^k;i?^?r^^

■ ■ ...,l,..l...l I IB .s I „., ■ JlILxl .

TABLE 16

SHORT-TERM AID LONG-TERM REPEATABILITY OF COLOR ^ASUREMENT

Instrument Repeatability

Kollmorgen MS-2O00

Short-term Fluorescent

Short-term Non-Fluorescent

Long-term Carrara Glasses !

0.05 ± 0.025 0.04 t 0.020 0.12 ± 0.090

NARAOCOM MS-2OO0 0.03 t 0.018 0.02 t 0.010 0.06 ± 0.019

NARADCOM Hunter-D-54 0.03 t 0.025 0.03 ± 0.014 0.06 ± 0.053

NARAOCOM Natch-Scan 0.03 ± 0.010 0.03 t 3.007 0.08 ± 0.042

COLOR DIFFERENCES IN CIELAB UNITS FOR ILLUMINANT D65

105

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CM

2

m O s.

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CO c i «a

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u

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2

s

ttl o c 2!

s- o

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106

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TABLE IS

COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION FOR NARADCOM PQRCEUIN-ENAMEL

COLOR-DlFFERENCE ftASUREMENT

Instrument Cv

Dlano-Hanty 11 0.046 t 0.021 ;

Kollmorgen MS-2000 0.028 ± 0.010

NARADCOM MS-2000 0.027 ± 0.008

NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5 (n-3)

0.040 i 0.023

NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5 (n-3)

0.031 i 0.021

NARADCOM Match-Scan 0.028 t 0.031

107

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B

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00 s

s $ 6 © ♦i ♦<

$ s

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8

108

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a—a

TABLE 20

EXTENSION OF ANGULAR ROTATION STUDY

TEXTILE SAMPLE: OG106 NYL./GX. - FULL STANDARD

INSTRUMENT: fWRflüCQM I^TCH-SCAN

Angular Orientation AE* vs. 0° 1

45c 0.71 ± 0.051

90° 1.40 ± 0.036

135° 0.63 ± 0.093

180° 0.07 ± 0.035

225° 0.73 ± 0.055

270° 1.44 i 0.045

315° 0.67 ± 0.067

360° 0.05 t 0.000

109

f «awwwwwwwwi :. .-aaJBHv '• >

«gpapiP^BWWi

TABLE 21

I%AN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REFLECTANCE FACTORS IN SIN

AND SEX MUES — CARRARA TILES

Instrument Tile Color

Beige (02) Dark Blue (03) Dark Green P1nk

Dlano-Hardy II 3.58 3.53 3.71 3.66

Hunter 054 Normal Light Trap Rensselaer

3.27 3.25 3.26

3.34 3.32 3.35

3.51 3.50

3.29 3.23

NARADCOM MS-2000 NARADCOM Rensselaer

4.42 4.26

4.45 4.31

4.59 mm

4.51

110

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■ 1 J

TABLE 22

VERAGE COLOR DIFFERENCES FOR TEXTILE ACCEPTABILITY

NARADCOM Textile Set

NARADCOM MS-2000

NARADCOM Hunter D54P-5

NARADCOM Match-Scan

Grand Mean over 3

Instruments

AG 344 P/W Gab.

0.60±0.315 0.56±0.281 0.52±0.271 0.56±0.287

OG 106 Ox./Nyl.

2.49±1.411 2.43±1.346 2.45±1.318 2.4611.340

OG 107 Nyco. Pop.

0.9210.300 0.86±0.307 0.91±0.299 0.9010.299

OG 107 Ctn. B'loon

1.32±0.490 1.56±0.518 1.61±0.516 1.4910.516

OG 107 Ctn. Sat.

1.24±0.319 1.27±0.216 1.22±0.285 1.24±0.274

007 Ctn. Duck MRWRP

1.24±0.815 1.31±0.834 1.32±0.800 1.29±0.802

Tan 46 Ctn. Pop.

1.54±0.581 1.48±0.608 1.54±0.576 1.52±0.580

AG 344 P/W Trop.

1.54±0.668 1.72±0.672 1.58±0.656 1.61±0.661

Tan 445 Twill poly./cot.

0.88±0.793 0.85±0.724 0.84±0.722 0.86±0.737

Blue 150 Gab./Wool

0.29±0.127 0.35±0.080 0.31±0.105 0.32±0.108

0D7 Ctn. Duck UTRD

1.61±0.734 1.72±0.853 1.63±0.799 1.65±0.787

AG 44 Wl. Serge

0.36±0.083 0.38±0.070 0.39±0.077 0.38±0.077

Tan Ml Cl. P/W Trop.

0.59±0.342 0.55±0.334 0.58±0.322 0.57±0.329

Blue 150 Trop. Wl.

0.48+0.174 0.43±0.143 0.42+0.168 0.45±0.162

OG 108 W/N Fl, Shirt

1.09±0.325 1.08±0.353 1.13±0.388 1.1010.352

1

Blue 151 Wool Trop.

0.71±0.263 0.71±0.239

111

0.72±0.249 0.71±0.247

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