AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Assist. Professor Dr. A. PAPAYANNIS Lasers and Applications Laboratory National Technical

AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece

Assist. Professor Dr. A. PAPAYANNIS

Lasers and Applications Laboratory

National Technical University of Athens, Greece

MONITORING OF SUSPENDED AEROSOL PARTICLES AND MONITORING OF SUSPENDED AEROSOL PARTICLES AND TROPOSPHERIC OZONE BY THE LASER REMOTE SENSING TROPOSPHERIC OZONE BY THE LASER REMOTE SENSING

(LIDAR) TECHNIQUE: A CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOP (LIDAR) TECHNIQUE: A CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOP TOOLS ASSISTING DECISION MAKERSTOOLS ASSISTING DECISION MAKERS


Why Aerosols?Why Aerosols?

Aerosols have important effects on human life:

-Aerosols can be toxic, by composition or by structure (size or shape) -cause respiratory and blood circulation problems

Aerosols have important effects on Ecosystems and Climate:

-Ecosystems are affected by significant mass transport of aerosols

- Aerosols affect the earth’s Climate (radiative budget) cooling / warming effects according to aerosol composition

Climate Forcing


Why tropospheric ozone?Why tropospheric ozone?

High ozone concentrations have important effects on Ecosystems and Climate:- Phyto-toxicityPhyto-toxicity- Global warming effects (earth’s thermal & radiative budget)Global warming effects (earth’s thermal & radiative budget)- plays a key role in photochemistry of the troposphere plays a key role in photochemistry of the troposphere (oxydant agent, primary source of OH(oxydant agent, primary source of OH--) )

Health effects of ozone:-OO33 can irritate the respiratory system can irritate the respiratory system

-OO33 can reduce lung function can reduce lung function

-OO33 can aggravate asthma can aggravate asthma

-OO33 can inflame and damage the lining of the lung can inflame and damage the lining of the lung

-OO33 may aggravate chronic lung diseases (emphysema, bronchitis) may aggravate chronic lung diseases (emphysema, bronchitis)

-OO33 makes people more sensitive to allergens that cause asthma makes people more sensitive to allergens that cause asthma

attacksattacks

WHO: O3 should not exceed 120μg/m3

over 8-hours


Sources of aerosols:

a) Natural sources (sand storms, desert dust, volcanoes, forest fires, DMS etc.)

b) Anthropogenic sources (combustion processes, industrial activities, biomass burning etc.)

-They travel over long distances depending on the meteorological conditions and their size

-Residence time in the troposphere (few days - few weeks)


Sources of ozone:

a) Natural sources (biogenic emissions

from forests, stratospheric intrusions)

b) Anthropogenic sources (photochemical formation: biomass

burning, car traffic, industrial emissions, etc.)

-Ozone travels over long distances depending on the meteorological conditions

-Residence time in the troposphere (few days - few weeks)


The Laser Remote Sensing (LIDAR) Technique


Telescope

Signal Acquisition system

P.C.

Atmosphere

Detectors

LASERLASERLASERLASER

The LIDAR Technique


Ground-based

Airborne Platforms


Space-borne Platforms


Advantages of the LIDAR technique:Advantages of the LIDAR technique:

- Provides vertical profiles of air pollutants concentration Provides vertical profiles of air pollutants concentration (aerosols (PM), ozone, SO(aerosols (PM), ozone, SO22, NO, NO22, benzene, toluene, etc.) , benzene, toluene, etc.)

from ground up to 7-8 km, to combine with long-range from ground up to 7-8 km, to combine with long-range transport studies and to transport studies and to perform identification of air pollution perform identification of air pollution source regionssource regions

- Very high temporal (~ 1 min.) and spatial resolution (~15 m)Very high temporal (~ 1 min.) and spatial resolution (~15 m)

- Active remote sensing techniqueActive remote sensing technique

- Provides 2- or 3-dimensional concentration maps over an areaProvides 2- or 3-dimensional concentration maps over an area

- Combines perfectly well with conventional ground air Combines perfectly well with conventional ground air pollution sensors (chemical analyzers, DOAS)pollution sensors (chemical analyzers, DOAS)


Aerosol Measurements


Aerosols Measurements

7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00

T ime (UT )

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Altitu

de AS

L (km

)

-6.00

-4.50

-3.00

-1.50

0.00

1.50

3.00

4.50

6.00

Athens 22/ 09/ 01 Sahara Dust

d(Slog)/ dz








1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

0,000 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007

310800 Potenza, 351 nm, ??? Athens, 532 nm, 17:30 UTC Thessaloniki, 532 nm, 19:00 UTC

Aerosol Backscatter coefficient (km -1 sr-1)

Alt

itu

de

as

l. (

m)




NASA-EP/TOMS Aerosol Index 31.08.00




1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

0,000 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,008 0,009 0,010

Aerosol Backscatter Coefficient (km -1sr-1)

Altit

ude

asl.

(km

)

MINOS EXPERIMENT Athens, 030801 09:30-10:45 UTC NTUA LIDAR SYSTEM

355 nm 532 nm


1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

5,5

6,0

0,000 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,008 0,009 0,010

Aerosol Backscatter Coefficient (km -1 sr-1)

Alt

itu

de

as

l. (

km

)

Athens (NTUA) 020801 030801 070801 090801 220801 300801

Forest fires over Ukraine


Biomass burning activities in Africa (TRACE A)


Space-borne measurements (LITE Experiment) (1994)


Aerosol SourceRegions:

- Forest fires

- Industrial emissions

- Desert dust aerosols


Ozone Measurements


Ozone Measurements (Paris, France, 1988)




Past Satellite missions


Future Satellite sensors


Develop tools to assist decision makers

How the LIDAR technique can help ?

• Monitoring of air pollution and study the atmospheric structure (combine Lidars, DOAS, Chem. Analyzers, satellite data, etc.)

• Location of air pollution source regions (2-D maps) in combination with meteorological data information

• Use air pollution and meteorological data as input to Atmospheric Chemistry Models(explore different scenarios in short- and long-range)

Propose novel air pollution abatement strategies


1. Systematic monitoring of air pollution sources (industrial, domestic, car traffic, power plants, etc.),

2. Application of severe penalties for polluting industries,

3. Reduce air pollutants of industrial origin (SO2, ΝΟΧ, PM,

etc.) using novel filtering technologies,

4. Improve and extend Public Transportation means,

5. Improve the car traffic circulation in urban areas and adopt clean cars technology,

Main focus: Reduce air pollutants emissions !


6. Use of renewable energy resources for production of electricity,

7. Use natural gas in transportation and industry,

8. Increase the public green and forest areas,

9. Develop infrastructure for alternative transportation (ie. bicycles).

10. Reduce domestic wastes (use of recyclable material) and apply energy saving techniques.


Acknowledgements:

EARLINET was financed by the European Union

Environment Programme

Contract: EVR1-CT1999-40003

Satellite images (NASA, SeaWiFS)

Documents

AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Assist. Professor Dr. A. PAPAYANNIS Lasers and Applications Laboratory National Technical