H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 H 2 – Mobility of the future Based on material provided by courtesy of

1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003

HH

H2 – Mobility of the future

Based on material provided by courtesy of BMW Group AG

2


HH Mobility – The engine of progress



mobility = an important economic factor

reliable infrastructure as a business advantage

mobility is an indicator of wealth and an important

factor of globalisation

Challenge: To arrive to sustainable mobility



Disadvantages of mobility

depletion of the world’s crude oil and natural gas reserves

increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere

increase in traffic volume and traffic congestion

health risks for human, animal and plant life through harmful emissions (e.g. sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides)



Possible solutions

energy conservation

use of renewable energy (solar energy, hydroelectric power, wind power, biomass)

implementation of hydrogen as an energy source


HH Fossil energy sources are finite

Reserves are running out Growth of the world’s population causes energy

demand to increase Lifespan of individual energy sources in years:

Source: German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

169

65

42

coal

natural gas

cruide oil


HH Fossil energy sources are finite


HH On the move with hydrogen

The discovery of hydrogen: hydrogen = ύδωρ-hydor (water) + γεννώ-

gennο (generate) hydrogen pioneers: Paracelsus, Robert Boyle,

Henry Cavendish, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier Two thirds of the Earth’s atmosphere is made

up of H2

On Earth H2: water (H 66%-O 33%), organic compound (H 48%-O 28%)


HH

as a component of water, a resource available in large quantities

environmentally compatible as part of the biological life cycle

its oxidation creates pure water

easily transported and stored in compressed gas form or as a supercooled liquid

releases chemically stored energy in the form of heat, or in the form of electricity and heat in fuel cells

high energy content = suitable as fuel for cars

H2 as the energy source of tomorrow

A storage medium for heat and electricity: hydrogen = ideal energy source to bridge the time

and distance gaps between supply and demand: energy source

energy content fuel for cars


HH H2 as the energy source of tomorrow


HH H2 as the energy source of tomorrow


HH On the way to our energy source of the future



Advantages of Sustainable Energy: fossil fuel resources no longer burnt

cyclical system: hydrogen as well as the energy required to generate it are derived from

renewable sources

combustion of hydrogen emits no greenhouse gases

local power supply in the home and cars


HH

The next steps development of a wide-ranging H2 infrastructure

today: extraction of hydrogen from fossil-fuel

resources (above all natural gas) – cost-effective but

not ecological

aim: hydrogen production using renewable energy

sources – production processes more expensive, but

without CO2 emissions

On the way to our energy source of the future

hydrogen production using renewable energy

reduction in costs through series production making

the hydrogen economy financially competitive

sources



Cost Of H2

Renewable energy sources: Solar power produced H2 today has a cost of 21 € / KWh

Natural gas (CH4) as a starting point has significant cost advantages (cost of 7 € / KWh)

Depends on the primary source of energy used:

During the transition phase: Use of “intelligent mix” of fossil and renewable fuel.

Possible Solution



Emissions versus cost of fossil fuels and renewable energy


HH

loss-free storage for approx. 12 days

thermal insulation through double-shell vacuum-insulated cryogenic tanks with super-insulation

through crash tests

Properties of the tank Cryogenic tank variant

goal: travel as far as cars with petrol engines thermally insulated tank carrying liquid hydrogen

Hydrogen in the car

Ecological fuelling and travelling fuelling

crash tests

Cryogenic tank variant

pressure up to max. five bar: -253 to -245° C

Safety guarantee

different safety-relevant behaviour to petrol


HH Hydrogen in the car


HH The case of the electric car:How do you store electricity?

The problem of storing electricity: electrical energy can only be used when stored in an

intermediate storage medium (e.g. as chemical energy in a battery)

expensive and inefficient additional stage

The advantages of electrically powered cars: quiet over 90 % efficiency low emissions


HH

The solution: electric cars powered by fuel cells

Batteries are not the alternative cannot achieve the same energy density as petrol

and diesel not endlessly rechargeable too expensive too heavy and large operating range limited to 100-150 kilometres

fuel cells electricity generated from chemical reaction between

hydrogen and oxygen recharging not necessary due to onboard tank

The case of the electric car:How do you store electricity?


HH The fuel cell – electricity from hydrogen


HH

Advantages of fuel cells eco-friendly and efficient operation with pure hydrogen: low emissionsoperation with pure hydrogen conversion of chemical energy directly into electrical

energy (conversion of more than 1/2 of the energy input into electricity)

much higher efficiency than conventional power plants (no detour via turbine and generator which results to 2/3 of energy loss )

Reaction between H2 and O2 without flame:

"Cold Combustion"

The fuel cell – electricity from hydrogen


HH Fuel cells in use

The Fuel for Fuel Cells

Fuel Cells can run onOn pure H2

On a number of H compounds:

Natural gas (CH4)

Methanol

Biomass

Petrol

CH4+H2O CO+3H2

CO+O2 CO2


HH Fuel cells in use


HH A new way of thinking – starting today


HH

hydrogen extracted from renewable energy sources

is in some respects cheaper in view of the ecological

“cost” of burning fossil fuels

alternative concepts proposed by DaimlerChrysler

and Opel: electric cars powered by fuel cells

the CleanEnergy approach adopted by the BMW

Group: to build hydrogen-powered cars with internal

combustion engines

BMWhydrogen-powered cars with internal

DaimlerChrysler

hydrogen extracted from renewable energy sources

important: public information about the advantages of

the hydrogen economy

Group

combustion engines

Hydrogen represents the mobility of the

future

A new way of thinking – starting today






HHA new way of thinking - starting today


HH

H2 – Mobility of the future

Documents

H H 1st AREHNA Workshop „Mobility-Environment-Health“, Kos, Greece, 3-5 May 2003 H 2 – Mobility of the future Based on material provided by courtesy of