AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Assist. Professor Dr. A. PAPAYANNIS
Lasers and Applications Laboratory
National Technical University of Athens, Greece
MONITORING OF SUSPENDED AEROSOL PARTICLES AND MONITORING OF SUSPENDED AEROSOL PARTICLES AND TROPOSPHERIC OZONE BY THE LASER REMOTE SENSING TROPOSPHERIC OZONE BY THE LASER REMOTE SENSING
(LIDAR) TECHNIQUE: A CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOP (LIDAR) TECHNIQUE: A CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOP TOOLS ASSISTING DECISION MAKERSTOOLS ASSISTING DECISION MAKERS
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Why Aerosols?Why Aerosols?
Aerosols have important effects on human life:
-Aerosols can be toxic, by composition or by structure (size or shape) -cause respiratory and blood circulation problems
Aerosols have important effects on Ecosystems and Climate:
-Ecosystems are affected by significant mass transport of aerosols
- Aerosols affect the earth’s Climate (radiative budget) cooling / warming effects according to aerosol composition
Climate Forcing
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Why tropospheric ozone?Why tropospheric ozone?
High ozone concentrations have important effects on Ecosystems and Climate:- Phyto-toxicityPhyto-toxicity- Global warming effects (earth’s thermal & radiative budget)Global warming effects (earth’s thermal & radiative budget)- plays a key role in photochemistry of the troposphere plays a key role in photochemistry of the troposphere (oxydant agent, primary source of OH(oxydant agent, primary source of OH--) )
Health effects of ozone:-OO33 can irritate the respiratory system can irritate the respiratory system
-OO33 can reduce lung function can reduce lung function
-OO33 can aggravate asthma can aggravate asthma
-OO33 can inflame and damage the lining of the lung can inflame and damage the lining of the lung
-OO33 may aggravate chronic lung diseases (emphysema, bronchitis) may aggravate chronic lung diseases (emphysema, bronchitis)
-OO33 makes people more sensitive to allergens that cause asthma makes people more sensitive to allergens that cause asthma
attacksattacks
WHO: O3 should not exceed 120μg/m3
over 8-hours
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Sources of aerosols:
a) Natural sources (sand storms, desert dust, volcanoes, forest fires, DMS etc.)
b) Anthropogenic sources (combustion processes, industrial activities, biomass burning etc.)
-They travel over long distances depending on the meteorological conditions and their size
-Residence time in the troposphere (few days - few weeks)
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Sources of ozone:
a) Natural sources (biogenic emissions
from forests, stratospheric intrusions)
b) Anthropogenic sources (photochemical formation: biomass
burning, car traffic, industrial emissions, etc.)
-Ozone travels over long distances depending on the meteorological conditions
-Residence time in the troposphere (few days - few weeks)
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
The Laser Remote Sensing (LIDAR) Technique
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Telescope
Signal Acquisition system
P.C.
Atmosphere
Detectors
LASERLASERLASERLASER
The LIDAR Technique
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Advantages of the LIDAR technique:Advantages of the LIDAR technique:
- Provides vertical profiles of air pollutants concentration Provides vertical profiles of air pollutants concentration (aerosols (PM), ozone, SO(aerosols (PM), ozone, SO22, NO, NO22, benzene, toluene, etc.) , benzene, toluene, etc.)
from ground up to 7-8 km, to combine with long-range from ground up to 7-8 km, to combine with long-range transport studies and to transport studies and to perform identification of air pollution perform identification of air pollution source regionssource regions
- Very high temporal (~ 1 min.) and spatial resolution (~15 m)Very high temporal (~ 1 min.) and spatial resolution (~15 m)
- Active remote sensing techniqueActive remote sensing technique
- Provides 2- or 3-dimensional concentration maps over an areaProvides 2- or 3-dimensional concentration maps over an area
- Combines perfectly well with conventional ground air Combines perfectly well with conventional ground air pollution sensors (chemical analyzers, DOAS)pollution sensors (chemical analyzers, DOAS)
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Aerosols Measurements
7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00
T ime (UT )
0.50
1.00
1.50
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3.00
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4.50
Altitu
de AS
L (km
)
-6.00
-4.50
-3.00
-1.50
0.00
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
Athens 22/ 09/ 01 Sahara Dust
d(Slog)/ dz
Aerosol Measurements
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Aerosols Measurements
Aerosol Measurements
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Aerosols Measurements
Aerosol Measurements
1000
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0,000 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007
310800 Potenza, 351 nm, ??? Athens, 532 nm, 17:30 UTC Thessaloniki, 532 nm, 19:00 UTC
Aerosol Backscatter coefficient (km -1 sr-1)
Alt
itu
de
as
l. (
m)
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Aerosols Measurements
Aerosol Measurements
NASA-EP/TOMS Aerosol Index 31.08.00
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
1,0
1,5
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0,000 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,008 0,009 0,010
Aerosol Backscatter Coefficient (km -1sr-1)
Altit
ude
asl.
(km
)
MINOS EXPERIMENT Athens, 030801 09:30-10:45 UTC NTUA LIDAR SYSTEM
355 nm 532 nm
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
1,0
1,5
2,0
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0,000 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,008 0,009 0,010
Aerosol Backscatter Coefficient (km -1 sr-1)
Alt
itu
de
as
l. (
km
)
Athens (NTUA) 020801 030801 070801 090801 220801 300801
Forest fires over Ukraine
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Biomass burning activities in Africa (TRACE A)
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Space-borne measurements (LITE Experiment) (1994)
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Aerosol SourceRegions:
- Forest fires
- Industrial emissions
- Desert dust aerosols
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Ozone Measurements (Paris, France, 1988)
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
Develop tools to assist decision makers
How the LIDAR technique can help ?
• Monitoring of air pollution and study the atmospheric structure (combine Lidars, DOAS, Chem. Analyzers, satellite data, etc.)
• Location of air pollution source regions (2-D maps) in combination with meteorological data information
• Use air pollution and meteorological data as input to Atmospheric Chemistry Models(explore different scenarios in short- and long-range)
Propose novel air pollution abatement strategies
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
1. Systematic monitoring of air pollution sources (industrial, domestic, car traffic, power plants, etc.),
2. Application of severe penalties for polluting industries,
3. Reduce air pollutants of industrial origin (SO2, ΝΟΧ, PM,
etc.) using novel filtering technologies,
4. Improve and extend Public Transportation means,
5. Improve the car traffic circulation in urban areas and adopt clean cars technology,
Main focus: Reduce air pollutants emissions !
AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece
6. Use of renewable energy resources for production of electricity,
7. Use natural gas in transportation and industry,
8. Increase the public green and forest areas,
9. Develop infrastructure for alternative transportation (ie. bicycles).
10. Reduce domestic wastes (use of recyclable material) and apply energy saving techniques.