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Arduino R/C Lawnmower (painted)by johndavid400 on May 19, 2009

Table of Contents

Arduino R/C Lawnmower (painted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Intro:   Arduino R/C Lawnmower (painted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Step 1:   Setting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Step 2:   The Motor Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Step 3:   The Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Step 4:   The Frame part A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Step 5:   The Frame part B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Step 6:   Mounting the motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Step 7:   Mounting the mower deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Step 8:   Select and Install the batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Step 9:   Mount the electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Step 10:   The Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

File Downloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Step 11:   More Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Related Instructables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Author:johndavid400    author's websiteI have always been one to take things apart to figure out how they work, so most of what I own has been dismantled. If it can't be taken apart or hacked, i'drather not have it. And I like to do things the cheapest way possible, because I like to do a lot of things and I don't have a lot of money.

Intro:  Arduino R/C Lawnmower (painted)What this is:

This instructable will show you how to make your Arduino into an R/C interface that you can use for just about anything requiring remote control. I will also show you howI built an R/C lawnmower using my Arduino, a cheap R/C transmitter and receiver pair, and a couple of electric-wheelchair motors from Ebay.  I have used this interfaceto control anything from basic LED's to Bipolar stepper motors, mini-robots, lifeless R/C cars from the thrift store, and even a 100lb lawnmower (all with appropriate motorcontrollers). It is very flexible and easy to change and very simple to set up.

Check it out in MAKE magazine in the April 2010 issue (#22) or here:

http://www.make-digital.com/make/vol22#pg1

UPDATE 3-24-10

New wheel-barrow bucket mounted on top with hinges so it can dump its contents.

UPDATE 3-10-10: NEW CODE

And new video of the Lawnbot400 moving a bunch of dirt from my truck to the flower beds across the yard, also I updated the code again.

.

I added some new code to the project that is safer, including a manual kill-switch and a Failsafe switch.

To implement the Failsafe, I used another Atmega168 (or an Arduino), to control a normally-open 60amp power relay. The relay disconnects the power to the motor-controller unless receiving a "good" signal from the 2nd microcontroller. This signal is updated 2 times every second and is either ON or OFF. If the bot gets out of range,it loses power to the motors. If I flip the kill-switch on the Transmitter, it loses power to the motors. This is also a handy way to disable it remotely if anything were to gonear it that wasn't supposed to. The updated code for both microcontrollers is on the CODE page. In addition to the failsafe, I changed the way the code reads the PPM signals to make it more reliable. Also, I realized that I was only able to run the bot at 80% speedwith the old code, so now it is quite a bit faster and has more power (it can carry me across the yard @ 155lb).

Check out this new video of me riding the Lawnbot400, my wife driving it over a bunch of branches, then me making do some wheelies. Don't worry, the mower wasturned off this time since the grass didn't need cutting, we were just having fun.

Disclaimer:DANGER!!! This is a VERY dangerous piece of equipment if not handled appropriately. Since all the electronics have been home-built and the Arduino code is new, youMUST be very careful while operating anything heavy with this code. I have had 1 or 2 times during testing - and before adding a secondary failsafe - that the mainArduino jammed up and I temporarily lost control of the mower for a few seconds!!!! Though I have added several filters to discard unwanted signals and I rarely haveany issues, an un-manned lawnmower IS STILL A POTENTIAL DEATH TRAP and I assume no responsibility for anything that happens as a result of your use of thiscode or this tutorial. This is meant as a guide for people who not only have the ability to build such a contraption, but the responsibiltity to operate it safely as well. Anysuggestions or ideas on how to make this a safer project is always gladly accepted. Having said that, it's also awesome.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Background:

Most R/C equipment comes packaged for a single specific use, which makes it easy to use but is very limited in what you can do with it. So using the Arduino as aninterpreter between the R/C system and the motor driver, I can use any motor controller that I want (depending on the size of the motor and power required),reprogramming the Arduino to supply the required signals. 

What I ended up with:

After successfully hacking a few R/C cars from the thrift store, I got bored driving them around the driveway and I was having a hard time convincing my wife that therewas any usefulness in the revived toy car. So I decided it was time to make my biggest chore at home, a whole lot easier and actually put my Arduino to work, and thatshow I ended up building an R/C lawnmower.

While designing the lawnmower, I thought it would be cool to learn about the electronics that made it move, so I designed and built my own motor speed controller (or H-bridge) to power the lawnmower. I looked around at every H-bridge design I could find before deciding to go with a Mosfet h-bridge that uses both N-channel and P-channel Mosfets.

I built several different motor driver boards for this project, the first two were on Radio-Shack perf-board and the next 4 were designed using EagleCad and etched to apiece of copper-clad PCB, using the toner-transfer method. The most recent board is the one I use to mow the lawn as it has the ability to stay cool even while operatingfor long periods of time (30-40 mins straight) at 10-20amps and 24vdc. FWIW, I had to burn up a lot of Mosfets to find this out. If you want to see any of my other motorcontrollers, go to www.rediculouslygoodlooking.com and check out the Mosfet shield.

Here is what I bought already assembled:FM R/C transmitter and receiver pair from ebay = $40Arduino = $30I already had a used push-mower = $60

Here is what I bought and assembled into the Lawnbot400 (as I call it):(2) electric-wheelchair motors from ebay = $40 ea(2) 12v marine deep cycle batteries - Walmart - $60 ea new (used batteries might work)36" pieces of 2" angle-iron (2) and 1" square-tubing (2) from Home Depot = $8 ea36" pieces of 1" angle-iron (2) and 1" flat steel bar (2) from Home Depot = $5 ea(a lot) of nuts, bolts, washers, lock washers 3/8" or 1/2" with drill bit = $20(2) caster wheels from Harbor Freight Tools = $14 ea(2) drive wheels from Harbor Freight Tools = $8 ea(36") 5/8" threaded rod with several 5/8" nuts and washers from Home Depot = $8(2) sprockets from Allelectronics = $5 ea#25 roller chain and a few universal links from Allelectronics = $10 for 3'sprockets from Electronics Goldmine = $1.50 ea(24) mosfets from Digikey = $1 ea(there were quite a few small parts for building the H-bridge, they are listed later on)

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. the front left mower deck hanger2. the rear left mower deck hanger

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Image Notes1. the Triple8 motor controller with 24 mosfets, each set of 3 is bolted togetherand each mosfet is heatsinked. It has 3x as many Mosfets as it's little brother,but essentially the same circuit.2. the predecessor to the Triple8, only 8 mosfets total (just enough to completea dual h-bridge). Though it would run the Lawnbot400 around for about 10minutes, it would end up getting hot after some use.

Image Notes1. the 2 neutral indicator LED's (1 red and 1 yellow) hard-wired to digital pins 12and 13. Anytime I center one of the control sticks on the lawnbot400, one ofthese lights turns on.2. the female headers used to plug my R/C receiver directly onto (they usestandard .1" spacing like perfboard you can buy at Radio Shack)3. these are the breakout screw-terminals used to route the R/C receiver signalsto the Atmega168. I am only using 2 of the 6 R/C channels right now, so theother 4 can be used for extra servo's or whatever else.4. digital pins 2 and 3 of the Atmega168, used for the External Interrupts onthose pins to capture the R/C signals from the receiver.5. These are the screw-terminals for the signal wires leading to the H-bridgemotor controller. I only need 4 wires to run my motor controller, but there are 3extra digital pins that are unused by the current code.... Any ideas for their use?6. all 6 analog pins are unused! I might add some sensors to automate theLawnbot400 one day.7. the Atmega168, it's reset button, and a kind-of hidden 16mHz crystal oscillator(together make a bare-bones Arduino).8. 5-35v power terminal and onboard 5v regulator for powering the Atmega andR/C receiver. Plus a bunch of capacitors and a reverse polarity protection diode.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. this is the 2nd H-bridge, notice that the motor screw-terminals for each motorwill be on opposite sides of the board.2. This is the 1st H-bridge

Step 1: Setting up1. Get R/C transmitter and receiver (I have tested FM and AM systems and they both work)2. Upload code to Arduino (it is on the last page)3. Make sure you are getting a good signal

You will need an R/C radio transmitter(Tx) and receiver(Rx) pair, which is the most expensive part of the project, but can be used for every future project you might haveinvolving R/C.  I went with a 6-channel FM system, but  I have tested a 27mHz AM transmitter/receiver and it works just as well. The beauty of the Arduino is that if youwant to adjust the deadband or the motor-speed at turn-on, (unlike commercial ESC's) it is all easy changed in the Arduino IDE.

Once you have your radio, all you need to do is upload the code to your Arduino, plug in the 2 channels that you want to use from your radio receiver into Digital pins 2and 3 of the Arduino (these are the 2 external interrupt pins on the Arduino) and you are ready to control whatever you want. If you don't have a batter pack for thereceiver, you can run jumper wires from the Arduino +5v and GND to the R/C receiever for power, you only need to supply a single channel with GND and +5v (it is notnecessary to power every channel).

Upload the code using the Aruino IDE (I am using version 0016 on Ubuntu).

I started by controlling 3 LED's with 1 channel on a breadboard. I wired a red LED to be Forward (digital pin 9), a yellow LED for Reverse(digital pin 5), and a green LEDfor Neutral (digital pin 12). This allows you to adjust the code to fit the needs of your radio system. You will have smooth 0-100% PWM control of both LED's and theneutral light will turn on when the control stick is centered. If needed, you can widen the deadband for Neutral, but doing so will increase the speed at turn-on (whichstarts at 0%, so that would likely be desirable). See pictures.

----------------------------------------

The code has 4 PWM outputs for motor control:

channel 1 Forward = Arduino digital pin 9channel 1 Reverse = Arduino digital pin 5channel 2 Forward = Arduino digital pin 10channel 2 Reverse = Arduino digital pin 6

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2 outputs for Neutral indicator lights:

channel 1 = digital pin 12channel 2 = digital pin 13

The 2 INPUTS from the R/C receiver should go to:

channel 1 = digital pin 2channel 2 = digital pin 3

---------------------------------------

If you are interested to see your readings, turn on your Serial Monitor in the Arduino IDE (set to 9600bps) and you can see the actual real-time pulse readings for eachchannel, they should read:

full forward = 2000 (2 milliseconds)center = 1500 (1.5 ms)full reverse = 1000 (1 ms)

These readings reflect the number of microseconds that the pulse signal from the R/C receiver stays HIGH (or at 5v). The typical Servo signal that comes from an R/Creceiver is a pulse whose length varies from approximately 1 ms to 2 ms with 1.5 ms being Neutral (which should also be the position that the control stick returns towhen you let it go). The transmitter reads the position of the control stick and sends that pulse length about once every 20milliseconds. So it is constantly updating forprecise control (for more info, look up PPM on wikipedia).  If you push the transmitter control stick forward, the reading should go up to 2000, if you push it backward itshould go down to 1000. You can also use a voltage meter at this point to see that Digital Pins 5, 6, 9, & 10 will be changing from 0-5v depending on the position of thecontrol sticks on the R/C transmitter.

If you care to know, the code uses the Arduino's 2 external interrupts to capture when the Rx signal pin changes states (goes from HIGH to LOW or vice versa), when itdoes at the beginning of each signal, it calls the interrupt function which reads the digital state of the pin and if HIGH, it records the microseconds value on the Arduinosystem timer0. It then returns to the loop until the pin goes LOW, at which point it subtracts the previously recorded microsecond value from the new current microsecondvalue to determine how long the pulse stayed HIGH (which tells us the position of the Transmitter control stick). It then does that over and over really fast.

I have the values constrained from 600-2400 in the Arduino code to keep things simple. Once it receives the signal and constrains it, it maps that value to beproportionally between 0 and 511, where 255 will be Neutral. The code then determines when the value changes and uses a function to determine the appropriate 0-255PWM value in the appropriate direction and each direction has it's own PWM output pin to control the H-bridge.

On a side note:

To make things easier, I built an Arduino-based breakout board using Radio-Shack perf-board, a 28pin DIP socket, a 16mhz oscillator, and a bit of wire. I also added aset of female-headers in such a way that I can plug my R/C receiver directly onto the breakout board. For secure connections while mowing grass, I added screw-terminals on each Output pin and each of the 6 channels from the receiver. It also has a built in 5v regulator to power both the Atmega168 from the Arduino and the R/Creceiver (which gets power when you plug it onto the breakout board). So you just route jumper wires from the channels you want to use on the receiver, to the Atmegadigital pins 2 and 3. I also added 2 LED lights that are hard wired to the digital pins 12 and 13 for the Neutral lights for each channel so I can easily see when I am inneutral.

Since this bot is a Tank steer setup with 1 drive motor on each wheel, the coding is very straightforward where the left stick controls the left motor and the right stickcontrols the right motor. Both sticks forward means lawnmower goes straight forward, both backward and it goes in reverse. If you push the left forward and the rightbackward, it does a zero-turn circle. As you can imagine, mowing the grass is really fun now.

Image Notes1. this is my receiver plugged into a breakout board I made for it using perfboard.2. the Arduino receiving R/C servo signals and translating them intoforward/reverse PWM values.3. each set of LED's is controlled by it's own channel from the R/C receiver.Forward will turn on the green light, reverse the Red light, and neutral will light upthe Yellow light. This is the easiest way to test the setup.

Image Notes1. this is a typical R/C transmitter with 4 channels, the one I got is a knockoff ofthis one, but looks very similar.2. this is a typical R/C receiver. Mine has it's connector pins on the end of theunit instead of the top, enabling me to plug my receiver directly onto the controlboard.3. these are typical servo motors. They can be controlled directly by the R/Creceiver and are useful for many things.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. the Atmega168 from my Arduino (I bought a few extras to use for projects likethis). I remove it when I need to re-program it in the Arduino.2. my R/C receiver plugged into the control board. Notice the green antennacoming out.

Step 2: The Motor DriverI built several motor drivers before finding a design that worked for my needs. For what it's worth, there are several nice products already out there that are fullyassembled and require a lot less work if you are not interested in building your own electronics. The Open Source Motor Controller is an open source design that hasbeen under constant community improvement for several years now and can handle up to 160amps at 36vdc! But they are over $100 and only control 1 motor. TheSabertooth 2x25amp motor controller is nice and controls 2 motors, but it is $125.

So I thought I would just make an extremely simple dual h-bridge that could handle at least 25 amps at 24vdc continuous and handle surges of up to 100amps for a fewseconds. Once I found out that you can parallel Mosfets and multiply their current carrying capacity accordingly, I thought I would come up with a simple design andslightly complicate it by adding more mosfets until I had enough to handle the current that I needed.  Digikey has a good selection of Mosfets to choose from and goodfilters to narrow it down by what you need, so I spent a lot of time looking for Mosfets that were rated for around 50amp and could handle over 30 volts. Also, they have tobe cheap because my plan is to use a bunch of them. I decided on the FQP47P06 p-channel and the FQP50N06L n-channel Mosfets from Fairchild Semiconductor,which I bought from Digikey.

If you are wondering what an H-bridge is, find out here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-bridge and this will all make more sense to you.

The design is simple: 2 P-channel mosfets control the high-side switches and 2 N-channel mosfets for the low-side switches. But instead of using 1 mosfet for eachswitch, lets use 3. Now we have 12 mosfets per H-bridge (3 mosfets x 4 switches) and theoretically the ability to carry 150 amps (that is not accurate though). The boardis as small as I could make it with nothing touching. Each set of 3 mosfets have heatsinks and are bolted together to help dissipate heat. Also, there is an 80mm coolingfan mounted directly above mosfets to further keep them cool.  The mosfets are very good at handling sudden changes in direction and speed changes.

Since there are 24 mosfets in total (8 groups of 3) I dubbed it the Triple-8. It is running at the Arduino default PWM frequency of 1kHz (I plan on playing with that to getthe frequency higher). The board has 4 inputs, 2 for each bridge. If you bring an input HIGH, that side of the bridge goes HIGH.

Ideally, you would control the board by holding 1 input LOW and applying a PWM signal to the other input. This allows for easy speed control. I have written into the codethat if you bring digital pin 7 HIGH, the code switches to Relay mode and either turns the mosfets all the way ON or all the way OFF. This is far more difficult to control,but is useful sometimes.

If you are interested in building your own H-bridge you can download the eagle file to etch a pcb and the schematic to show where everything goes. You can geteverything to make this dual h-bridge at Radio-shack (including the copper clad), except the Mosfets and a special resistor network I used to save space. I bought most ofthe parts from Digikey though because it was cheaper and arrives to my house in 2 days.

Here are the parts needed for this motor driver:

(12) FQP47P06 - P-channel mosfet 47a 60v - Digikey - $1.73 ea(12) FQP50N06L - Logic level N-channel mosfet 52a 60v - Digikey - $1.04 ea(4) 2n7000 - Logic level N-channel mosfet 200ma 60v - Digikey - $0.26 ea(8) 4606X-1-470LF-ND - 47ohm bussed resistor network - Digikey - $0.25 ea(6) ED1609-ND - 2 position screw terminal - Digikey or Radio Shack- $0.46 ea(24) CF1/84.7KJRCT-ND - 4.7k 1/8w resistor - Digikey or Radio Shack - $1.78 (for 50pk)(1) PC9-ND - 3"x4.5" 1-sided copper-clad .064" 2oz copper - Digikey or Radio Shack- $4.66(4) P5575-ND - 1000uf Capacitor or similar - Digikey - $1.19 ea(1) 330ohm - 1kohm resistor 1/4w - for power LED, doesn't have to be exact(1) power LED any color you like, I use the 3mm size to save space

Maybe something smaller?

If you are going to use this for something smaller than a 100lb lawnmower, you can look up one of the many H-bridge circuits and build your own smaller motor controllerwith as few as 4 mosfets (or BJT transistors) or even use a packaged IC H-bridge like the l293d (dual 1 amp) or the l298n (dual 2 amp).

Or if anyone is interested, I will post a schematic and Eagle .brd file for a smaller version of this H-bridge that only requires 8 mosfets total (everything else is the same),and it can handle about 10amps at 24vdc.

Etching:

I am not going to go into all the details of PCB etching, because there are already many excellent instructables on that topic. So once you download my .BRD file of my

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

motor controller, all you need to do is print the .brd file onto some magazine paper using a laser printer, and iron that onto a piece of clean copper-clad. Then etch it withyour favorite etchant solution (I use 2 parts Hydrogen Peroxide to 1 part Muriatic Acid and it works perfectly). And remove the toner with Acetone when done etching.

For ease of assembly I designed this board to be Single-sided and to use only through-hole components, no surface-mount stuff to mess with!  Yay for you.

You can get the .brd files for the various h-bridges at www.rediculouslygoodlooking.com

Image Notes1. this is the 2nd H-bridge, notice that the motor screw-terminals for each motorwill be on opposite sides of the board.2. This is the 1st H-bridge

Image Notes1. bussed resistor networks 47ohm. They have 1 input and 5 outputs, thisboard only uses 3 of the outputs.2. pull up/down resistors 4.7k ohm, these keep the Mosfets turned off when notbeing used.3. capacitors, I used (4) 680uF 50v, but you can substitute others that fit.4. screw terminal connectors for motor terminals and power

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Image Notes1. this is 1 complete h-bridge to control 1 DC motor. The 2 smaller mosfetstoward the bottom are used as signal-inverters to control the High-side p-channel mosfets.2. each h-bridge has it's own set of direction lights to determine the direction ofthe current.

Image Notes1. the Triple8 motor controller with 24 mosfets, each set of 3 is bolted togetherand each mosfet is heatsinked. It has 3x as many Mosfets as it's little brother, butessentially the same circuit.2. the predecessor to the Triple8, only 8 mosfets total (just enough to complete adual h-bridge). Though it would run the Lawnbot400 around for about 10 minutes,it would end up getting hot after some use.

Image Notes1. R/C receiver plugged into Arduino breakout board2. cooling fan for motor controller (h-bridge)

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. Atmega168 microcontroller programmed in the Arduino, then transferred to thishome-made breakout board for permanent use.2. The R/C receiver is plugged directly onto my home-made breakout boardwhich supplies the +5v and GND needed for power as well as a breakout screw-terminal for each channel. This receives the signals from the remote-control (R/Ctransmitter) and sends them into the Atmega168 for processing.

Step 3: The WheelsFirst you need to mount the drive sprockets to the wheels.

The EASY way:If you are smart and have more money, you can find a set of wheelchair motors that have the wheels mounted to them.

The CHEAP way:I could not find any in my price range, so I went with just the motors, then bought wheels, then sprockets. Believing it would not be strong enough to mount the wheelsdirectly to the motors, I opted to mount the drive wheels on an axle, then the motors to the frame, and use chain to transmit the power. A picture is worth 1000 words, solook at them carefully.

Mount the sprockets to the wheels:

I had to place the sprocket on the center of the wheel and drill 3 holes through the sprocket and then through the wheel itself. Once the sprocket is lined up and properlycentered, I placed the 3 bolts through the sprocket and wheel and tightened them up as much as possible. I then welded the sprocket to the wheel hub to keep itcentered.

The wheels from Harbor Freight Tools have built in bearings for a 5/8" shaft, hence the 5/8" threaded-rod we are going to use as an axle.

Repeat this process for both wheels.

There is more detailed info tagged in the pictures.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. The bolts coming from around the axle are the 3 bolts that hold the sprocketonto the other side.

Image Notes1. The drive sprockets are about 6.5" in diameter and had no holes to mountthem. I had to drill 3 holes and mount bolts through the sprocket into the wheel. Ithen added a small bead of weld to keep it centered around the axle.

Image Notes1. save a bolt on each side by using the same one that you used to bolt theframe riser brace into the frame.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Step 4: The Frame part AThis is the difficult part to explain. You will likely have to have some mechanical ability and a good set of tools to build a large metal frame from scratch. And since thiswas a prototype, the dimensions are not all perfect, but luckily they don't need to be.

The frame will be custom measured for your particular lawnmower, so I won't be giving you exact measurements.

Tools needed to build a frame:measuring tapeangle-grinderratchet setcrescent-wrencha levelelectric drillbolts, nuts, washers, and lock washers of either 3/8" or 1/2" diameter and 3/4"- 2" longdrill bits the size of the bolts you are using1" and 2" angle-iron (36" long pieces) you'll need both1" square tubing (36" pieces, steel)1" flat steel bar (36" long pieces)the 4 wheels you got from Harbor Freight Tools (2 drive wheels and 2 caster wheels)5/8" threaded rod (36" long) and several 5/8" nuts/washers

First you need to plan out the frame of your bot. Since I was attaching a lawnmower, I started by measuring the height that the lawnmower stood off the ground and tooksome basic measurements to see how big the frame needed to be. My frame turned out to be about 24" wide (this distance must match the width from the center of therear lawnmower wheels)  and 48" long (long enough for the front caster wheels to swing 360 degrees without hitting the front of the mower deck) and about 18" tall. Sincewe want the height of the mower-deck to be adjustable, we are going to attach the mower to the frame by removing the lawnmower wheels and using angle-iron tosuspend the mower-deck from the frame of the bot.

1. I started out by using 2 of the 36" pieces of angle-iron (2" wide) for the main part of the frame running long-ways.2. Cut the rear-piece of angle-iron the width of the rear of the mower (this measurement will be from the center of the left-rear wheel to the center of the right-rear wheel).3. Drill holes in the ends of the angle-iron and bolt the rear-piece to the adjacent pieces from step 1, making sure they are straight.4. Cut two front-pieces using 1" square steel tubing, the same length as the rear. We need 2 in the front to bolt the caster wheels to.5. Drill holes and bolt these 2 pieces to the front of the angle-iron from step 1. You have to measure the holes from the 2 front caster wheel's mounting plates and drill thepattern into the front square tubing bars. Then bolt the wheels through those holes onto the front of the frame.

I later added another set of 2" angle-iron bars to the front caster wheel assembly to make the length of the bot adjustable at the front (see pics)

Now we should have a rectangular frame with the front wheels attached.

Image Notes1. the front 1" steel square tubing that the front caster wheels attach to.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. Motor controller and Arduino2. push mower3. (2) 12v batteries (deep cycle marine is the best)4. electric wheel-chair motors

Image Notes1. you need 1 nut on the inside of the frame riser bar to, and 1 on the outside tohold it securely to the axle.2. I bolted the support bar in with the rear lawnmower-deck hangers to save abolt on each side.

Image Notes1. the rear bar should be the same width as the center of the rear wheels on yourpush-mower (must be measured before you remove the wheels).2. the main frame bars.3. the support brace

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. one of the main frame bars from step 1, which is 2" angle-iron.2. the other main frame bar from step 1

Image Notes1. the front left mower deck hanger2. the rear left mower deck hanger

Step 5: The Frame part BWe now need to see how far down to mount the drive axle to make the frame level. So raise the rear of the frame up until the top of the frame is level with the ground(use your level). Now measure the distance from the top-rear of the frame to the ground, this is the frame height.

Now we need to take into account the height that the wheels will raise the axle off the ground.  So measure the distance from the center of the rear drive wheel to theground (the wheel's radius). Subtract the wheel radius from the frame height and we will have the correct distance from the top of the frame to the drive axle, which wewill call the frame-riser height (we need to cut these pieces next). They are going to connect the rear of the frame down to the axle which the wheels will be mounted on.

6. We are going to add 2" to the frame-riser measurement (so we have a little to work with) and cut the 2 frame risers (mine were about 10-12" long).7. Now drill (2) 5/8" holes, 1 at the bottom of each frame riser (about 1" from the bottom), this is where the drive axle will go through.8. Drill 2 holes at the top and bolt the frame risers to the rear of the main-rectangular frame with the frame-risers pointed down.9. Now feed the threaded-rod through the bottom holes of the frame risers and use 4 nuts to secure the frame risers to the drive axle (1 nut on each side of each frameriser, tightened down).10. put the rear wheels on the axle and use 1 more nut on each wheel to secure them to the axle (these wheels have built in bearings). The sprockets should face inwardtoward the frame.

Now we should have a frame that stands on it's own with 4 wheels. However, the rear axle is not completely secure yet. We will need to add 2 braces from the bottom ofthe frame risers (near the axle) to the main part of the frame in order to keep the frame risers positioned properly. These braces can be flat steel and do not need to bevery thick, they are just keeping the frame risers from moving.

Measure about 2" above each axle and drill a hole, then measure how far down that hole is from the top-rear of the frame and measure the same distance from the rearof the frame toward the front. Drill another hole on each side at this measurement. The support braces will need to be measured to be bolted in through these holes oneach side (see pictures). The placement of the support braces is less important, meaning you can bolt them in wherever is convenient, as long as they are present.

Image Notes1. the rear bar should be the same width as the center of the rear wheels onyour push-mower (must be measured before you remove the wheels).2. the main frame bars.3. the support brace

Image Notes1. The drive sprockets are about 6.5" in diameter and had no holes to mountthem. I had to drill 3 holes and mount bolts through the sprocket into the wheel. Ithen added a small bead of weld to keep it centered around the axle.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. The bolts coming from around the axle are the 3 bolts that hold the sprocketonto the other side.

Image Notes1. one of the main frame bars from step 1, which is 2" angle-iron.2. the other main frame bar from step 1

Image Notes1. you need 1 nut on the inside of the frame riser bar to, and 1 on the outside tohold it securely to the axle.2. I bolted the support bar in with the rear lawnmower-deck hangers to save abolt on each side.

Step 6: Mounting the motorsThis was the most difficult part to plan out on the frame. We need the motors to be adjustable so we can adjust the tension of the chain, however they just have 4 holes inthe bottom of each motor and nobody makes a mounting plate that I could find.  

The simplest way I could come up with was to mount the motors to an 8" long piece of 2" angle-iron, and then mount that piece of angle iron to the frame through somespecially cut holes that allow the motor mount to travel forward and backward (but not side to side) along the frame.

Make the motor mount plate:

Cut an 8-10" section of 2" angle-iron, depending on how much room your motors need to mount. Mine only needed about 4", so I made it 8" to have plenty of room for themounting bolts. Drill a hole about 1.5" from each end of the top of this bar, this is where the mounting bolts will go through the frame.

Mount the motor to the motor mounting plate:

Now you have to find the center of your motor mount plate (the 8" long piece of 2" angle iron) and measure the mounting holes on your DC motors. Use a sharpie markerto plot the hole pattern from the motor, centered onto the motor mount plate.  My motors have (4) 1/4" diameter tapped holes in a rectangular pattern on the bottom of thegear box.

Drilling and cutting the adjustment holes on the frame:

Next you need to drill and cut the holes in the frame to let the motor mounting plate become adjustable. I cut these holes using a dremel tool and a cutoff wheel. You haveto line up the motor mounting plate (with motor mounted preferrably) onto the frame rail and use a sharpie marker to mark where the holes will need to be on the framerails. Start as far back as you can (without hitting any other bolts underneath the frame), and mark the center of each hole. Then move the motors forward 2" and markthe holes again. You want to cut the holes out of the frame so that the motor mount plate (with bolts going through the frame), can move forward or backward about 2".The holes in the frame are the width of the bolt and about 2" long. I drilled 1 hole at each end and used the dremel to cut out the rest.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

The holes drilled in the motor mount plate are just single holes for the bolt to fit through, the holes through the frame were cut with a Dremel tool with a cutoff wheel tomake channels for the motor mount bolts to travel forward/backward through. You want the 2" angle-iron motor mount bracket to set as much on top of the main framerails as possible, the bolts (which you can't see with the motors mounted) that hold the motors to the motor mount plates will keep the motor mount plate  from laying flatagainst the frame bars. Go ahead and mount the motors loosely to the frame using 2 bolts on each.

Cutting and connecting the chain: 

Now get your 10' of #25 chain and wrap it around the main drive sprocket on the wheel. With the motors pushed all the way toward the back of the frame (closest to thedrive wheel sprockets), wrap the chain around the motor drive sprocket and mark where they overlap. You need 2 of the universal chain links from to connect the 2 looseends. Cut the 2 pieces of chain and connect them to each side with the universal links to connect them.

Tensioning the chain:

Push the motor mounts forward until there is good tension with the chain, and tighten up the bolts that hold the motor mount plates to the main frame.

Now you can generate electricity. Connect a voltage meter to 1 set of motor terminals and push the bot around.

Image Notes1. notice the motor is mounted to this piece of 2" angle-iron and that is mounted tothe frame with these bolts. They allow the motor to slide forward/backwards on theframe when loosened.

Image Notes1. notice the gap between the motor mount plate and the main frame bar. This iscaused by the bolts that hold the motor to the motor mount plate.2. These are 2 unfinished holes for a 3rd mounting hole which I later deemedunnecessary.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. This is how to make the motor mount slide holes. Drill 2 holes where you wantthe ends of the track to be. Then use a Dremel with a cutoff wheel to cut a straightline between the tops and bottoms of each hole. They should end up looking likethe ones above with bolts in them.2. Tighten up these bolts when you get proper tension with the chain.

Step 7: Mounting the mower deckNext we need to mount the mower deck to the frame. Remember we made the frame wide enough that the edges of the frame would be centered on the lawnmowerwheel shafts.

All we have to do is cut 4 pieces of 1" angle-iron equal lengths so that the mower deck hangs evenly from the frame.

So measure the height of the frame from the top to the ground. Now measure how high the mower sits off the ground from the center of the wheel shafts (when theoriginal wheels are on the lawnmower and all the height adjusters for each wheel are in the middle position).  Now subtract the height the mower sits of the ground fromthe frame height, and cut 4 pieces of 1" angle iron to that length.

Now drill 1 hole in the end of each piece of angle-iron, about 1/2" from each end. The holes at the bottom will need to be the diameter of the lawnmower wheel shafts andthe holes at the top will need to be bolted into the frame (hung at equal distances from the top of the frame).

Once you have all 4 hangers installed, you can install the mower deck and tighten up the bolts. Make sure you have at least 1/2" of clearance or more between the drivetires and the lawnmower wheel shafts.

You are almost ready to go.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. the front left mower deck hanger2. the rear left mower deck hanger

Image Notes1. make sure to keep the old wheel shafts from touching the drive tires (leave1/2" or so)

Image Notes1. save a bolt on each side by using the same one that you used to bolt the frameriser brace into the frame.

Image Notes1. adjustable total length (for different model push mowers)2. caster wheels with 360 degree turning3. leave a gap or the front wheels will hit the mower deck!!!

Image Notes1. by mounting the lawn mower deck-hangers to the old wheel shafts, you can still

Image Notes1. these are the 1" angle-iron lawnmower-deck hangers, they hold the mower-

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

adjust the mowing height of the mower deck without taking anything apart. deck to the main frame

Image Notes1. make sure the front caster wheels won't hit the mower deck when they swingaround (leave at least 1/2" clearance)

Image Notes1. I only installed 3 of the 4 bolts on each front caster wheel.2. these 2 bolts on each side go through the caster wheel mounting plate ANDthe frame

Step 8: Select and Install the batteriesThis is the simple part. Go BIG. I only bought 1.. which I got at Walmart for $62.

I got 2 car batteries (actually 1 marine deep cycle and 1 gel-cell car battery) both 12vdc. They together keep my lawnmower running strong for the duration of my frontand back yard (I have about 1/2 acre of grass to cut and it is somewhat hilly). I slacked while trying to learn about batteries and just went with the biggest ones I could findfor the price (the gel cell is actually used). I initially thought 12vdc would work, but the added weight of the mower deck made it travel so slowly at 12vdc, that it would notquite make it up some larger hills, so 24volts was necessary. The 2 batteries are connected in series with each other.

The microcontroller is also powered by these batteries. I have never had any problems with the electronics not getting enough power, so I didn't see the need to have aseparate power supply.

The batteries (due to their weight) are mounted behind the rear wheels. This GREATLY improves control of the bot because it counters the weight of the mower deck infront. Zero-turns are very easy now.

I needed a place to hold the 2 big batteries that were going to power the lawnbot, so I measured the 2 batteries and welded a small 1" angle-iron frame to hold them. It iswelded to the rear of the frame behind the drive axle to maintain even weight distribution.

You can use bolts and 1" angle-iron to make a battery holding cage that is bolted to the rear of the bot, or you can use smaller batteries and secure them to the top of thebot. 12v 20ah Sealed Lead Acid batteries can be found online for around $35-45 each. Any battery rack that you can whip up will likely be just fine, as long as it cansupport the weight of the batteries it is carrying. I used a welder to speed up the process.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. Motor controller and Arduino2. push mower3. (2) 12v batteries (deep cycle marine is the best)4. electric wheel-chair motors

Step 9: Mount the electronicsConnect the electronics to the motors and batteries. The motor drive board has 1 connector for the main battery power and 1 power connector for the 80mm cooling fanthat I would highly recommend you install directly above the mosfets. There is spacing for some long skinny bolts to hold a cooling fan. I bolted the motor driver above theArduino breakout board to save space.

Also, you might want to use some smaller wire coming from the batteries to power the Arduino board, as the 10ga wire I used for main power and motors is a bit overkillfor the microcontroller.

I installed a 30a 120v toggle switch from Radio Shack to switch the main power ON/OFF, this is my kill-switch. I also found a terminal-block for power distribution at RadioShack for a few bucks. It is the white thing that all the wires go into in the pictures. This makes removing the electronics a whole lot easier.

It is very important that you wire everything up correctly. Otherwise you might blow up the motor controller.

So make sure that you check the code before connecting anything to verify that you haven't mixed any wires up.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Image Notes1. Atmega168 microcontroller programmed in the Arduino, then transferred to thishome-made breakout board for permanent use.2. The R/C receiver is plugged directly onto my home-made breakout board whichsupplies the +5v and GND needed for power as well as a breakout screw-terminalfor each channel. This receives the signals from the remote-control (R/Ctransmitter) and sends them into the Atmega168 for processing.

Image Notes1. R/C receiver plugged into Arduino breakout board2. cooling fan for motor controller (h-bridge)

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

Step 10: The CodeI changed the code so that the Interrupt Service Routines (ISR) would run more quickly and the sketch would spend less timein the ISR. This means less overhead which means more signals are processed and smoother operation of the bot.

I also added a 2nd sketch for the 2nd microcontroller to process 2 signals (you can add as many more as you want) using thepulseIn method instead of using interrupts. This only processes about 1/5th of the available signals from the R/C Receiver,but also severely decreases the chance of receiving a "BAD" signal. Also, since the power relay is setup to only be ON if thesignal is "GOOD", when you go out of range, it automatically shuts off the power to the motors only.

The 2nd Atmega by default should have digital pin 4 used as the R/C servo signal input from the R/C receiver, digital pin 6should control a 5v relay or N-channel mosfet that is used to switch the 60amp power relay ON/OFF. That is all that isneeded, you can also use an LED on pins 12 and 13 to indicate whether the relay is ON or OFF.

You can also add 2 12v running lights from Walmart for a car... I use an N-channel mosfet directly tied to pin 9 of the 2ndArduino to control the brightness of the lights using a hacked channel on my transmitter. This input from the receiver wouldgo to digital pin 2. Check the code.

Download the .zip file on this page and upload the sketches. If you don't plan on adding the 2nd Atmega with the failsafe andkillswitch, that is fine. You can still update the new code for just the main Atmega and it should run more smoothly.

File Downloads

Lawnbot400_code.zip (152 KB)[NOTE: When saving, if you see .tmp as the file ext, rename it to 'Lawnbot400_code.zip']

Step 11: More Videoshere are a few more videos in case anyone wanted to see...

#2

#3

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

#4

#5

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

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Comments

50 comments Add Comment view all 212 comments

 cmagruder says:  Apr 25, 2011. 5:18 PM  REPLYI read the comments and have some questions that I cant seem to answer using your schematics and pictures. Here is an image that has the questions onthem.

http://i1179.photobucket.com/albums/x389/Chris_Magruder/HBridgeQuestion.png

I redesigned your eagle diagram to handle only 50A of current because my motors only draw around 30A so I shouldn't have a problem with heat. I replacedthe resistor array with just resistors, deleted the mosfets and moved everything inward. Thank you for your time!

 johndavid400 says:  Apr 27, 2011. 8:27 PM  REPLYCmagruder, good questions... you are the first person to change the board file - nice!

maybe this pic will help:ftp://ftp.rediculouslygoodlooking.com/arduino/LawnBot400/h-bridge.jpg

let me know if you have more questions

~jd

 cmagruder says:  Jul 28, 2011. 11:07 AM  REPLYHey John,

Thanks for the help, I just have one part I'm confused about. If I just want to control the motor with a PWM to the positive side or PWM to the lowerside I would just use the two terminals at the top bottom of the schematic correct?

In the pic you posted you talk about ALI and BHI, what do these acronyms mean?

On another note, I bought your book, but it got pushed back so I haven't gotten it yet!

 WhiteTigerTails says:  Jul 24, 2011. 4:35 AM  REPLYIs there a way to set this up to:1) Be autonomous?2) Be Zero Turn?

 BIGHAIRYDUDE says:  Jul 20, 2011. 8:24 AM  REPLYhey did you ever set up the gps logger thing?

 cj_h4x0r says:  Jul 13, 2011. 3:27 AM  REPLYDoes anyone know what specific kinds of motors should be used? What would be even better is some specs on them. I can't find any cheap wheel chairmotors on Ebay (cheapest running at $70+), so I've been looking at robot supply shops and I'm unsure of what to buy. Here's a couple of motors I've beenlooking at:http://www.robotcombat.com/products/AME-214-1001.htmlhttp://www.robotcombat.com/products/AME-226-3001.html

Can anyone point me in the direction of some engines in the $0-$60 range?

 Bluedog24 says:  Jul 9, 2011. 2:18 PM  REPLYAm I correct on this for the Triple8 v3?

Is there anything I should know about v3?

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

 viperguy says:  Jun 28, 2011. 8:58 AM  REPLYI love the idea of a robotic mowerl. JohnDavid, have you seen the Mo-To robotic mower made by a guy down under? This little unit fasinates me and seemsto be more practical than anything I have seen. Can you make something like it? I would really like to purchase something already made and ready to go.Here's a link:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8pkKGL4XXY

 blightcp says:  Jun 14, 2011. 5:57 PM  REPLYThis is the frame I am using, I am using the same casters and wheels a john_david.

 blightcp says:  Jun 14, 2011. 6:05 PM  REPLYhttp://www.freeimagehosting.net/image.php?462490cd0e.jpg

 blightcp says:  Jun 11, 2011. 6:36 AM  REPLYjohnDavid,

I've been pawing round here, makezene, and rediclous trying yo find just a little more detail. on the H bridge, what is getting me tripped are the extra pinsand what to do with them.

Could you, or somone else that has a working board:

1. label what all 4 intput pins do.

2. Label the purpose of the O1 - O4, I assume they are symetrical.

3. Mark the jumpers needed for 2-wire input.

Other than that my build is going well.

Thanks

 johndavid400 says:  Jun 14, 2011. 5:58 AM  REPLYthis has been addressed once before... sorry for the confusion, maybe this diagram will help:

ftp://ftp.rediculouslygoodlooking.com/arduino/LawnBot400/h-bridge.jpg

~jd

 whitten_jaw says:  Jun 10, 2011. 5:31 AM  REPLYYou could for a safety feature have the arduino perform periodic timer interrupts to ensure that your RC incoming signal is active (no signal = no movementpolicy) . Also, Xbee controllers using UART would be a more robust possibility (no more expensive than the R/C from ebay, see adafruit and mouser) thatrequires a byte array versus an on/off siganl for more precise control, but you'll have to design your controller to decode thumbpad sensors.

I suggest something like an encryption + command sequence. Cool project--I'm certainly going to do a variation in the next few months.

 blightcp says:  Jun 11, 2011. 6:43 AM  REPLYI am using a 3rd RC channel as a deck ON/OFF, I am all electric BTW.

The switch channel is 1400 Low 1900 High, so I sample the switch 10 times before I engage the deck motor for saftey.

When my R/c Transmitter is off the (AM) Reciver may get 1 or 2 stray readings but I have never seen more than 3 so a smaple of ten makes sure thatthe signals are valid.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

 whitten_jaw says:  Jun 13, 2011. 1:00 PM  REPLY@Blightcp, I don't know much about RC radios, so most of this discussion I've been treating it like a blackbox on/off switch. I noticed that youdescribe a receiver-off and receiver-on mode, which I should probably read about in John's notes. Thanks for the comments. I'm glad that I've got afew ways now to implement this mower.

My background is aircraft avionic design and biomedical engineering, so I mostly deal with sensors and hardware specialization.

 blightcp says:  Jun 13, 2011. 1:30 PM  REPLYI added the reciver on/ reciver off, John used a 2nd dedicated contoller for this with a relay interlock.

it's a bit of a misnomer as the receiver is always on when Voltage is applied, is really a stament of wether or not a valid signal is established,

The point is, Nothing moves untill proper contoll is established. 10 valid frames establishes that.

 johndavid400 says:  Jun 13, 2011. 3:01 PM  REPLYhey guys,

the failsafe relay is the bridge between the R/C rx (read by Arduino) and the motor-controller. The idea is that if the failsafe signal determinesthe position of the relay (open or closed). Your R/C setup may get some stray signals when the R/C is turned off, that may actually be thesignal used to turn on the relay... but even if a stray signal is received sporadically, it will not be consistent enough to hold the relay On longenough to move the bot (at least not in my experience).

But, you guys are creating extra work for yourselves (when talking about AM radios or FM 72mhz or 75mhz) as these should be avoided for a200lb lawnmower..... get a cheap 2.4ghz system (about $32) and you will not have to worry about interference or stray signals ever again. Notto mention that when you turn the 2.4ghz transmitter Off, the pulse signals stop at the receiver (an added failsafe) - meaning no more randomsignals like you get with the older FM 72/75mhz systems. I have bought several of these and like them:http://www.hobbypartz.com/79p-ct6b-r6b-radiosystem.html

When I did use a 72mhz system (for testing) I created a very small window of what was considered to be an "On" pulse (in the Arduino code)for the failsafe switch (usually between 1900 and 1950 microseconds pulse) anything else was considered Off - this cut down on the straysignals activating the relay. With the 2.4Ghz system, I set the On position to be any pulse above 1600uS pulse and have never had anyinterference.

FWIW, I implemented several forms of strict software failsafes (some similar to the 10 sample average that you are using) and found thatwhile that is helpful and can in most cases work, ultimately there is NO replacement for a physical power disconnect failsafe.... I have had anArduino go crazy and not respond to the R/C at all! without the separated failsafe CPU and the physical relay cutoff switch, the lawnmowerwould have done some serious damage.

Lastly, the 10x sampling will only work on a secondary processor, since sampling a pulse that only occurs every 20ms 10x will cause anoverall delay of nearly 1/4 seconds (220ms) which only allows 3 updates per second per channel... this is perfectly fine for the failsafe andany accessories you may be controlling, but absolutely not ok for the main drive channels.

 whitten_jaw says:  Jun 13, 2011. 6:59 PM  REPLYThanks for the link, John. It's certainly a good idea to build in watchdogs or failsafe for your hardware and software. It's never pleasant tosee your work break something else.

When I implement a radio-mower, I'm going to use the 2.4GHz frequency band with the Zigbee wireless controllers. The neat thing aboutthem is that you can send UART protocol (I know, overkill), but you can control your PWM for your motors with more accuracy if you havea potentiometer style joystick (PS3, XBOX). The resulting controller can provide varying turn radii.

It's just smart to have the thing turn off by default, so setting an on pulse length that is short enough for a quick human response isimportant. I would be personally paranoid about having 100 lb's of unmanned steel driven by noise and interference. The smartestprocess for sensor acquisition includes a filter somewhere. Sensor acquisition is about one thing alone: "not screwing up the measurand."-- Dr. Edward O'Brien

 blightcp says:  Jun 13, 2011. 4:29 PM  REPLYThanks for the link, I was looking for a decent 2.4 system.

Both whitten_jaw and I work in fields where there is a certain amount of "overkill" when it comes to design, esp code.

And I completly agree there must be some kind of physical switch to disable the system. My Motors came with lockout brakes that will stallthe motors if the main power to them are cut.

Also, can anyone answer my earier post on the h-bridge inputs/outputs?

 whitten_jaw says:  Jun 11, 2011. 7:55 AM  REPLYSmart and elegant! Yeah, if you used 10 samples in a shift-register and then AND them together as your control for your motor, you shouldn't haveany false positives.

In c++, the code would look something like this:

//Intialize variablesint counter = 0;int numSamples = 10;int mSecDelay = 1; // ~ 1 kHz signal if no code were in while loop

//Create registersbool shiftreg[numSamples]; // 10 bitsint pinNumber = 0;bool output;

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

while(1){//Sample input pinshiftreg[counter] = digitalRead(pinNumber);

//AND all values of the shift register togetheroutput = true;for(int i = 0; i {output = output && shiftreg[i];}

//Do something about itif(output == true){runMotorFunction();}//Increment countercounter = counter++%numSamples; //Resets every 10 samples

//Delay to meet sampling requirementsdelay(mSecDelay);}

I don't know your background in electronics, so this isn't a reflection of your knowledge. Remember that this schema only works if the pulse time ofyour signal noise is less than 1 sample time (1msec above). Meaning for the code above set at 1kHz, if the noise on your R/C from stray signalsproduces a false positive lasting for less than 1 millisecond, then you'd be ok. The pitfall is that the longer the noise pulse the longer your delay willbe: making your bot less responsive to you R/C signal commands.

 blightcp says:  Jun 13, 2011. 11:23 AM  REPLYI work in industrial controls so this is nothing new.

10 samples is roughly 220ms max for 8 ch receiver, resonable for user input.

Also, Yes, you will see occasionaly a stray pulse over the OFF threshold, but I have not seen any over the High limit, still saftey first.

Below is the modified code from John_David:

void pulse() {

// this function is also the failsafe, if the swich value falls below the switch_low threshold the device will shut down the mower deck.// it will then wait for 10 samples to meet the limit before starting again. This should only occur on loss of signal or TX is turned off.

switch_val = pulseIn(ppm3, HIGH, 20000);

if (switch_val < switch_low){reciver_count = 0;receiver_on = false;switch_state = false;}else {if ( reciver_count <= reciver_samples){if (switch_val >= switch_low) { reciver_count = reciver_count + 1; }}

if (reciver_count > reciver_samples ) { receiver_on = true; }if (switch_val > switch_high ) { switch_state = true; }if (switch_val < switch_high ) { switch_state = false; }}}

 whitten_jaw says:  Jun 13, 2011. 12:54 PM  REPLYI like the hysteresis you implemented.

Please correct me if I'm wrong, the switch_val is the time 'HIGH', and if that time is below the 'low threshold' then the receiver is turned off.Otherwise, the receiver_counter variable is incremented.

Then the receiver_count above receiver_samples(e.g. maxSamples) turns the receiver on first, then it evaluates the time high to determinewhether the motor should be shut off or turned on.

It doesn't come to me immediately why the delay from receiver_count would help you.

I recommend instead using a moving average filter. It's the same implementation except that you gain response and can't accidentally get astray positive value. You may be getting the stray positive value because of your counter.

Here is the scenario I see:1) The switch value goes low because you stopped the motor2) The noise is above switch_low enough times to cause the receiver_count to go above your "receiver samples" variable3) The noise may have a single peak above your switch_high value, and cause your switch_state to become true

If you implement a moving average filter, you may not experience that problem.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

I'll put the code on the next post.

 blightcp says:  Jun 13, 2011. 1:34 PM  REPLYThe delay is due to the nature of my AM 72.5Mhz R/C Receiver, they are prone to stray pulses. So if your Transmitter is off and the Robotis on, it may still receive a pulse in the valid range from another RF device.

 whitten_jaw says:  Jun 13, 2011. 12:54 PM  REPLYvoid pulse() {

//Use a shiftregister to collect values, MAKE SURE TO INITIALIZE AT ZERO!!!int shiftreg[16]; //10 samples, when using MCU's always use 2^xfor(int i=0 ;i<16;i++){shiftreg[i] = 0;}int counter; //Counter

//Measure switch, timeout after 20msecswitch_val = pulseIn(ppm3, HIGH, 20000);

//Shift in new valueshiftreg[counter] = switch_val;

//Sum valuesint val=0;for(int i=0;i<16;i++){val += shiftreg[i];}

//Average valuesval /= 16;

//Compare to threshold values

if (val > switch_high ) { switch_state = true; }if (val < switch_high ) { switch_state = false;}

//Increment countercounter = (counter++)%16;

 deansep says:  May 21, 2011. 4:20 PM  REPLYI dont know much about r/c or Arduino or mechanics, But I am looking to get into some of this stuff and this is a really neat idea. I am trying to think of somealternatives to cut the cost. Is there a cheaper alternative other than an electric wheelchair motor? Could you use L channel steel in place of square steeltube? Or does anyone have any other ways to cut the costs/use cheaper alternatives?

 blightcp says:  Jun 11, 2011. 6:55 AM  REPLYI used unistrut, home deopt carries it and so does most electrical supply places. It's usually around $20 for 10'.

It's fairly cheap and if you buy the nuts to go with it you can mke barckets to tighten up as a jig be fore welding. It also makes attaching the caster a snap.

Unistrut is the brand name, www.unistrut.us has all the engenerring load information.

 deansep says:  May 21, 2011. 6:11 PM  REPLYI take that back. The L channel would have to be used. But are there cheaper alternatives other than the electric wheelchair motor? Any ways to cutcosts/use cheaper alternatives?

 johndavid400 says:  May 21, 2011. 6:16 PM  REPLYWell, you can find alternatives to the power wheelchair motors, but I only paid $80 for both wheelchair motors shipped from ebay.... so that's only $40each. Since the bot weighs upward of 150lb+, you would be hard-pressed to find a set of more reliable and powerful motors for a better price. If youdo though, please let us know!! I am always on the lookout for a cheap set of powerful DC motors.

I have used some inexpensive ungeared DC scooter motors, but once you buy sprockets for both motors and chain... you will end up spending morethan $80 for the set:http://www.allelectronics.com/make-a-store/item/DCM-1250/24-VDC-250W-MOTOR-11-TOOTH-SPROCKET/1.html

~JD

 deansep says:  May 21, 2011. 7:35 PM  REPLYThis ible is WAY above my level but im trying to work through it and understand and eventually build this. Now for the motor im unsure of thespec's that will be needed for the bot to work properly, and as a result im not sure of the motor I am looking for. Could you use this one and onlyhave to have 1 motor rather than the 2 you used? (again. this is all above me and im trying to learn and ask questions, and understand what it isthat is needed and how to do it and all sorts of stuff i dont already understand)

http://www.batteryspace.com/DC-Motor-Heavy-Duty-24V-DC-Motor-750W-2600RPM-28A-rate.aspx

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

 deansep says:  May 23, 2011. 6:01 PM  REPLYThe one I found is more expensive but since it has more wattage If i understand it better it will provide more power. So if your willing to spendthe extra money if i understand it right then you will need only one? and if so then it will be slightly stronger than the normal two meaningfaster or more torque? (This is assuming I understand it all correctly which I may not)

 warlock40 says:  May 29, 2011. 3:35 PM  REPLYI think the motors are going to take more research and work.. since you can NOT get them for that price range any more.. if your luckyyou'll realistically snag them on ebay for $150. I've been watching them for about a month now and nothing is hitting that price range. I'vestarting reading up on these types of motors to see if I can get a gear head DC motor but the specs needed for this is not reallydocumented. The average gear head motor is $30 but the RPM is lower or really high and many are 12v as opposed to 24 etc.

I'd think that if you went to one motor your track type steering model would have to get way complicated to uncouple gearing/power to onewheel to do the steering.

 johndavid400 says:  May 31, 2011. 11:47 AM  REPLYoops. just realized that the first link I posted is only for 1 motor.... but the others are all sold as sets and are reasonably priced

 johndavid400 says:  May 31, 2011. 11:45 AM  REPLYWarlock:admittedly, $75/pair is a GOOD price for a set of powerchair motors like the ones I found... but I routinely find them for around $100.Here is a set for $75:

http://cgi.ebay.com/Redman-Wheelchair-Drive-Motor-FRAC-MO-/390309719156?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item5ae045ac74

Keep in mind that the set I bought was without wheels - if you factor in the money that I spend on rear wheels, chain, sprockets (driveand wheel sprockets), and mounting hardware.... paying an extra $40 on the frontend is well worth it and far more reliable. Here are afew sets currently on ebay for under $150:

http://cgi.ebay.com/Wheelchair-24v-Motors-Wheels-Great-Battlebots-/300562395526?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item45faea3186

http://cgi.ebay.com/Invacare-motors-battlebot-robot-/270757255836?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item3f0a63da9c

http://cgi.ebay.com/Shoprider-888WNL-Invacare-Pronto-M6-motors-gearboxes-/290571762927?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item43a76d3cef

http://cgi.ebay.com/24vdc-Merits-power-mobilily-wheel-chair-pair-motors-/230626633448?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item35b26b26e8

http://cgi.ebay.com/MERITS-DALTON-POWERCHAIR-WHEELCHAIR-24VDC-MOTOR-SET-/190534374127?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item2c5cbbd2ef

http://cgi.ebay.com/Pride-Mobility-Electric-Wheelchair-Motor-Set-w-Wheels-/230628355200?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item35b2856c80

Also keep in mind that you will be moving a 150lb+ robot that you will want to have plenty of power when operating - if your bot slowsto a halt because your motors are not powerful enough, people will laugh at you (as will your robot). Make sure your motors are ratedfor at least 150watt each and that they have a geared output speed of around 80-150rpm (this means ungeared motors are out of thequestion). Using a geared setup (chain/sprocket) will further decrease the output speed and increase the torque (good), but is notnecessary if you have a set of geared motors.

Cheers,JD

 sdcharle says:  Jun 4, 2011. 9:04 AM  REPLYDid you use a voltage regulator or other to drop the voltage down for the microcontroller?

 blightcp says:  Jun 11, 2011. 6:50 AM  REPLYI am using a LM340AT5 as a simple regulator.

 Data643 says:  May 19, 2011. 6:20 PM  REPLYIt would be cool if you uploaded the Arduino with the dimensions of your yard etc. so that it could mow the lawn autonomously (with you watching, ofcourse)?Roomba for your yard.

 jcksparr0w says:  May 18, 2011. 6:25 AM  REPLYwhat are the wheel sizes?

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

 johndavid400 says:  May 18, 2011. 9:33 AM  REPLY10" diameter x 4" width for the front caster wheels, and 13" diameter x 4" wide for the rear wheels.

 seabee890 says:  Jan 21, 2011. 3:50 AM  REPLYI own a self propelled, and was wondering how hard it would be to use the drive belt from the self propell to turn a small alternator that would keep thebatteries charged. then would i only need one battery to save weight . also a spring loaded cuttoff that would act as a deadman if the radio has enoughchannels. the signal is intrupted and the motor controls are disconnected. the other method was a stick above the mower that would disconnect if toppledfrom any direction, but that would require a shepards crook and i don't know any. Amazing device, as soon as i figure out alll of the electroinics involved i willbuild one. I hate mowing the lawn but love r/c. thanks,

 johndavid400 says:  Jan 21, 2011. 8:43 AM  REPLYexactly what I was thinking... last season I began looking for a way to mount a pulley above the mower deck, but below the motor on the output shaft. Ithought about adding metal blocks between the motor and deck, but then saw a self-propelled and realized that it is the same thing already done for you.I would remove the self-propelled drive (use if for another robot) and replace it with (as you said) a 12v alternator, generator, or stator, that charges thebattery.

The lawnbot only works as well as it does because the batteries are marine deep-cycle and provide hours of run time - but this makes it very heavy. Witha generator recharging the batteries and providing much of the motor power during use, you could easily get by with only one battery, or a small set ofmedium sized SLA batteries (12 to 18AH).

My next lawnmower is going to be a fully electric - I found a Black and decker 24v cordless mower and plan to build a lightweight "garden-home" versionof the lawnbot.

 warlock40 says:  May 15, 2011. 4:46 PM  REPLYHave you considered using Lipo batteries? It would likely be a bit more $$ but wouldn't it save a lot on weight and still provide the same result. 4 cellsin series would punch out 14.4v easy or double it to 28.8v and run additional in parallel. Just a thought

 seabee890 says:  Jan 21, 2011. 9:38 AM  REPLYA wonderful idea, as far as you have gone so far and with the mechanical skills that i have seen, you should be able to get away with shaving thedeck of the mower and placing the forward tires in the "void "space in the front corners of the mower, this should allow you to get in corners better. Ilook forward to trying out your plans as soon as i return from this deployment. I an curious what the power ratio will be when you operate a electricmower. If you can arrange a generator system, how much longer will it allow the mower to run than without? I can see that the power used to drivethe mower and turn the generator will drain the battery but I am not familiar enough with the formulas to see if you would get a gain. Ialso wonderwhat a 125 or 50 cc motrocycle engine would benifit the system, it already has a power generation system included to run the lights and a very smallbattery to start things. I might try to find a scooter engine to see what i can make so the wife does not give me that look when i do frankenstein withour only mower. wish me luck.

 mattadamsnet says:  Apr 10, 2011. 4:59 PM  REPLYQuick question,

I'm gathering the parts to start building and I noticed the comment from Unit042 on Dec 12, 2010. 9:33 PM, have the files been updated?

I will be downloading from ftp://ftp.rediculouslygoodlooking.com/arduino/LawnBot400/Eagle%20files/triple-8/and just want to make sure the files are correct.

Thanks, Matt

 mattadamsnet says:  Apr 13, 2011. 7:58 PM  REPLYI'm only asking because the newest file in the directory was 12/1/09 5:53:00 PM, and the comment was posted Dec 12, 2010. 9:33 PM.

I'm ready to start etching and just want to make sure everything is right.

 mattadamsnet says:  Apr 21, 2011. 4:22 PM  REPLYV2 worked very nicely with no problems.

Thank you,Matt

 thatone1guy says:  Apr 1, 2011. 4:30 PM  REPLYHi, is there anyway to make this fully automated? I know it could be done with satellites, but that would cost thousands of dollars, but I am looking for a costeffective way. Also, about how long do the battery last? Good job on the project!

 general-Insano says:  Apr 5, 2011. 12:09 PM  REPLYYou could have it follow gps coordinates... hate to have the gps malfunction on a cloudy day and shred the neighbors flowers or fall into a ditch -_-

 thatone1guy says:  Apr 5, 2011. 3:08 PM  REPLYwell, I think in order to use satellites you to buy a sub inch model (like the kind used on farm equipment) however that would cost several thousanddollars. I was hoping there was a way to do this with proximity sensors or another cheaper alternative.

http://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-RC-Lawnmower/

 hightekrednek2396 says:  Apr 6, 2011. 4:47 PM  REPLYyou could probably use ultrasonic sensors and put a wood border around you cutting area

 hightekrednek2396 says:  Apr 1, 2011. 10:26 PM  REPLYis it possible to give it actual tank treads for steering.

and what would the cops say if they saw this

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