APUSH: Lecture 1BAPUSH: Lecture 1B(covers Ch. 1)(covers Ch. 1)

Mrs. KrayMrs. KraySome slides taken from Susan Pojer at Some slides taken from Susan Pojer at

www.historyteacher.netwww.historyteacher.net

What were the causes and significance of What were the causes and significance of Bacon’s Rebellion?Bacon’s Rebellion?

What conditions in the Mass. Bay Colony What conditions in the Mass. Bay Colony spawned dissenters like Roger Williams and spawned dissenters like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson? How did Mass. Bay deal Anne Hutchinson? How did Mass. Bay deal with dissenters?with dissenters?

What were some of the early economic, What were some of the early economic, religious, and political factors in the colonies religious, and political factors in the colonies that tended to produce sectional differences?that tended to produce sectional differences?

CorporateCorporateOperated Operated

by joint-by joint-stock stock companiescompanies

ExampleExample: : Jamestown Jamestown in the early in the early yearsyears

RoyalRoyalUnder the Under the

direct direct authority & authority & rule of the rule of the kingking

ExampleExample: : Virginia Virginia after 1624after 1624

ProprietaryProprietaryUnder the Under the

authority of authority of individuals individuals granted granted charters of charters of ownership by ownership by the kingthe king

ExampleExample: : Maryland & Maryland & PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

1606 – Virginia 1606 – Virginia Company foundedCompany founded– Joint stock companyJoint stock company

1607 – Jamestown 1607 – Jamestown establishedestablished– First permanent English First permanent English

settlementsettlement

High mortality rateHigh mortality rate– 1609-10 = The Starving 1609-10 = The Starving

TimeTimePoor location Poor location - swampy- swampyDiseasesDiseases – malaria – malariaIndian attacksIndian attacks– Jamestown settlement in Jamestown settlement in

Powhatan Indian Powhatan Indian territoryterritoryOwn mistakesOwn mistakes– Most settlers were Most settlers were

younger sons of noble younger sons of noble men; few useful skills, men; few useful skills, spent early months spent early months hunting for goldhunting for gold

““If you do not work, If you do not work, you will not eat.”you will not eat.”

16181618 — Virginia produces — Virginia produces 20,000 20,000 poundspounds of tobacco. of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds60,000 pounds of tobacco. of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds500,000 pounds of tobacco. of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds1,500,000 pounds of tobacco. of tobacco.

1608-1613: 11608-1613: 1stst Anglo- Anglo- Powhatan War Powhatan War – Conflict ended with Pocahontas’ Conflict ended with Pocahontas’

marriage to John Rolfemarriage to John Rolfe

1622: 1622: Jamestown MassacreJamestown Massacre– 22ndnd Anglo-Powhatan War Anglo-Powhatan War– Virginia Company goes bankrupt, Virginia Company goes bankrupt,

Jamestown becomes a royal Jamestown becomes a royal colonycolony

1644: Indian attack1644: Indian attack– Powhatan tribe again tried to Powhatan tribe again tried to

expel Englishexpel English– 33rdrd Anglo-Powhatan War Anglo-Powhatan War

All of the following helped Virginia achieve All of the following helped Virginia achieve most success as a colony:most success as a colony:– Institution of Institution of private propertyprivate property– Assaults on IndiansAssaults on Indians– Rolfe’s introduction of Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco tobacco and other and other cash cash

cropscrops– Influx of Influx of skilled workers and skilled workers and indentured indentured

servantsservants through the through the Headright SystemHeadright System– Political participation in the Virginia House of Political participation in the Virginia House of

BurgessesBurgesses– Introduction of Introduction of African labor African labor

George Calvert, friend of George Calvert, friend of English king, wanted to English king, wanted to create create haven for haven for CatholicsCatholics

Son, Cecil Calvert actually Son, Cecil Calvert actually founds MD as founds MD as proprietary proprietary colonycolony

Many wealthy English Many wealthy English Catholics emigratedCatholics emigrated

But, But, 1640s Protestant 1640s Protestant farmers outnumber farmers outnumber CatholicsCatholics

Fear of Protestant Fear of Protestant MajorityMajority

Cecil Calvert gets the Cecil Calvert gets the assembly to passassembly to pass

11stst colonial statute colonial statute granting granting religious religious freedom to all freedom to all ChristiansChristians

Late 1600s Protestant Late 1600s Protestant revolt repealed actrevolt repealed act– Catholics lose voting Catholics lose voting

rightsrights

Causes:Causes:– Unhealthy Unhealthy climateclimate, , high mortality high mortality

rate rate due to disease and Indian due to disease and Indian attacks, attacks, gender imbalancegender imbalance

Problem:Problem:– Tobacco is a labor intensive cropTobacco is a labor intensive crop

Solution:Solution:– Indentured servitudeIndentured servitude– Headright SystemHeadright System: granted 50 acres : granted 50 acres

to any immigrant who pays his own to any immigrant who pays his own passage or to any plantation owner passage or to any plantation owner who pays an immigrants passagewho pays an immigrants passage

1660s 1660s low tobacco low tobacco pricesprices caused by caused by overproductionoverproduction

House of Burgesses House of Burgesses tried to raise tobacco tried to raise tobacco pricesprices

London merchants London merchants retaliated by raising retaliated by raising their own prices on their own prices on goods exported to VAgoods exported to VA– Needs of motherland Needs of motherland

supersede needs of supersede needs of colonycolony

Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon Gov. William BerkeleyGov. William Berkeley

BerkleyBerkley adopted policies that adopted policies that favored the large eastern favored the large eastern plantersplanters and used dictatorial powers to govern and used dictatorial powers to govern

This This antagonized western backwoods farmers antagonized western backwoods farmers like like Bacon who felt the governor was not protecting their Bacon who felt the governor was not protecting their interests (wanted protection from Indian attacks)interests (wanted protection from Indian attacks)

Bacon raised an army & attacked Bacon raised an army & attacked IndiansIndians– Defeated government’s forces and Defeated government’s forces and

burned Jamestown; Bacon fell ill and burned Jamestown; Bacon fell ill and died; rebellion collapseddied; rebellion collapsed

Very significant eventVery significant event– Early example of colonial resistance Early example of colonial resistance

to royal authorityto royal authority– Highlighted sharp class differences Highlighted sharp class differences

between between eastern elites eastern elites and and western western farmersfarmers

– Turned elites against indentured Turned elites against indentured servitudeservitude

Pilgrims were Pilgrims were Separatist Puritan Separatist Puritan dissenters from the Church of dissenters from the Church of EnglandEngland

Established colony at Established colony at PlymouthPlymouth

Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact, 1620, 1620– Established a civil government Established a civil government

based on based on majority rulemajority rule– Did this b/c less than ½ of the Did this b/c less than ½ of the

passengers on the Mayflower were passengers on the Mayflower were separatist Puritansseparatist Puritans

First winter 50% of colonists dieFirst winter 50% of colonists die– ThanksgivingThanksgiving

Massachusetts Indians more willing to accept Massachusetts Indians more willing to accept European settlement than Powhatans European settlement than Powhatans – Why? b/c disease had already weakened themWhy? b/c disease had already weakened them– SquantoSquanto and and SamosetSamoset

Survived b/c of strong leadership and belief Survived b/c of strong leadership and belief they were fulfilling God’s willthey were fulfilling God’s will– Miles Standish and Gov. William BradfordMiles Standish and Gov. William Bradford

Fish, fur, and lumber become mainstaysFish, fur, and lumber become mainstays

Non-Separatist PuritansNon-Separatist Puritans

1629: Mass. Bay Colony is 1629: Mass. Bay Colony is granted royal chartergranted royal charter– John Winthrop John Winthrop and his “and his “city city

upon a hillupon a hill” ” TheocracyTheocracy established, only established, only male church members could male church members could votevote

1630: 1,000 colonists 1630: 1,000 colonists arrive arrive

Unlike Chesapeake colonies, Mass. Unlike Chesapeake colonies, Mass. Bay experienced rapid growth & Bay experienced rapid growth & prosperity, why?prosperity, why?

Strong sense of communityStrong sense of community– Puritan villages regulated their own Puritan villages regulated their own

affairsaffairsContinuing influx of immigrantsContinuing influx of immigrants– Great Puritan Migration Great Puritan Migration brings an brings an

additional 15,000additional 15,000Aid from friendly Indians and Aid from friendly Indians and PilgrimsPilgrimsStrong sense of religious purposeStrong sense of religious purpose– PredestinationPredestination & “ & “City Upon a HillCity Upon a Hill””

Puritans intolerant on religious Puritans intolerant on religious issuesissues

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams, 1635, 1635– Called for Called for separation of church and separation of church and

statestate & & religious tolerationreligious toleration– Banished to Rhode IslandBanished to Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson,Anne Hutchinson, 1637 1637– AntinomianismAntinomianism: conversion : conversion

experience required to be one of experience required to be one of the elect, good works alone not the elect, good works alone not enough to prove sainthoodenough to prove sainthood

– Challenged traditional gender rolesChallenged traditional gender roles– She was banishedShe was banished

Her supporters founded New Her supporters founded New HampshireHampshire

1636 – Rev. 1636 – Rev. Thomas Hooker Thomas Hooker led a large group of Boston led a large group of Boston Puritans west and founded Puritans west and founded HartfordHartford

Fundamental Orders of Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutConnecticut– 11stst written constitution in our written constitution in our

historyhistory– Est. representative gov’t Est. representative gov’t – Governor chosen by legislatureGovernor chosen by legislature

22ndnd generation Puritans generation Puritans seemed less committed seemed less committed to religious faith and to religious faith and more interested in more interested in material successmaterial success

How will the Church How will the Church remain strong?remain strong?– Halfway CovenantHalfway Covenant

Sign that strict Puritan Sign that strict Puritan practices were practices were weakeningweakening

Initially Puritan relations with Initially Puritan relations with natives were goodnatives were good– Natives in weaker position that Natives in weaker position that

southern Indians, assisted Puritans southern Indians, assisted Puritans with farming techniques and with farming techniques and introduced them to new crops (corn, introduced them to new crops (corn, beans, pumpkins, potatoes)beans, pumpkins, potatoes)

Mid-1600s relationship changesMid-1600s relationship changes– Constant Puritan movement inlandConstant Puritan movement inland– Puritans’ increasingly critical view of Puritans’ increasingly critical view of

the natives as ungodlythe natives as ungodly

Started over competition Started over competition for land and powerfor land and power

Mystic MassacreMystic Massacre, 1637, 1637– Puritans massacred men, Puritans massacred men,

women, and children in women, and children in Pequot villagePequot village

– Broke the back of Pequot Broke the back of Pequot resistanceresistance

Puritans continued to hunt Puritans continued to hunt down & kill Pequotsdown & kill Pequots

1640s 1640s NE colonists faced constant NE colonists faced constant threat of attacks by Natives, the Dutch, threat of attacks by Natives, the Dutch, and the Frenchand the French– Civil War in England meant the colonies could Civil War in England meant the colonies could

expect little assistanceexpect little assistance

Confederation was a military allianceConfederation was a military alliance– Plymouth, Mass. Bay, CT, & New HavenPlymouth, Mass. Bay, CT, & New Haven– Est. precedent for colonies taking unified Est. precedent for colonies taking unified

action towards a common purposeaction towards a common purpose

Wampanoags and Mohawks Wampanoags and Mohawks attacked English settlers b/c attacked English settlers b/c of white encroachmentof white encroachment– Natives led by Wampanoag Natives led by Wampanoag

chief chief MetacomMetacomNew Englander’s called him King New Englander’s called him King PhilipPhilip

NE Confederation helped put NE Confederation helped put the natives downthe natives down– Their Their defeat signaled the end defeat signaled the end

of native resistance in NEof native resistance in NE

King Charles II

These colonies are referred to as Restoration Colonies b/c they

were created during the era when Charles II was “restored” to the

throne in England after the English Civil War. Charles wanted

to reward his followers with proprietary colonies.

1663: Carolina colony 1663: Carolina colony createdcreated

1729: separated 2 colonies1729: separated 2 colonies– South CarolinaSouth Carolina

Large plantations Large plantations w/very w/very profitable cash crops (profitable cash crops (rice & rice & indigoindigo), ), slaveryslavery common common

– North CarolinaNorth CarolinaSmaller farms, less reliance on Smaller farms, less reliance on slavery, reputation for slavery, reputation for democratic views & autonomy democratic views & autonomy from royal authorityfrom royal authority

1624: New York originally a Dutch 1624: New York originally a Dutch colony called colony called New NetherlandsNew Netherlands– Dutch West India Company granted Dutch West India Company granted

huge tracts of land to settlers called huge tracts of land to settlers called patroonshipspatroonships

Head of the patroonship acted like a Head of the patroonship acted like a feudal lordfeudal lord

Commercial rivalry between Commercial rivalry between England and the DutchEngland and the Dutch– 1664: Charles II’s brother, James the 1664: Charles II’s brother, James the

Duke of York, sent the English navy Duke of York, sent the English navy to overthrow Dutch Governor Peter to overthrow Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant and take control of New Stuyvesant and take control of New Amsterdam and the rest of the Dutch Amsterdam and the rest of the Dutch colonycolony

Penn’s “Penn’s “Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment””– Wanted a haven for Quakers Wanted a haven for Quakers

and other persecuted peopleand other persecuted peopleQuakers rejected Quakers rejected predestination & original sin; predestination & original sin; pacifists; gave women given pacifists; gave women given equal positions in the Churchequal positions in the Church

Wanted to enact liberal Wanted to enact liberal ideas in governmentideas in government– Representative governmentRepresentative government– Freedom of worship for allFreedom of worship for all– Opposed slaveryOpposed slavery– Even nice to IndiansEven nice to Indians

Only colony to receive Only colony to receive direct financial support direct financial support from Englandfrom England

Created to:Created to:– Serve as a Serve as a buffer between buffer between

profitable S. Carolina & profitable S. Carolina & Spanish FloridaSpanish Florida

– Relieve the overcrowded Relieve the overcrowded jails jails and prisons in Englandand prisons in England

New EnglandNew England• MassachusettsMassachusetts• Rhode IslandRhode Island• ConnecticutConnecticut• New HampshireNew Hampshire

MiddleMiddle• New York*New York*• New Jersey*New Jersey*• Pennsylvania*Pennsylvania*• Delaware*Delaware*

SouthernSouthern• MarylandMaryland• VirginiaVirginia• North Carolina*North Carolina*• South Carolina*South Carolina*

*Restoration Colony*Restoration Colony

Key Components: Key Components: – favorable balance of tradefavorable balance of trade– economic self-sufficiencyeconomic self-sufficiency– colonies served needs of mother country colonies served needs of mother country by providing by providing

raw materials & market for the mother country’s raw materials & market for the mother country’s finished goodsfinished goods

– Example of mercantilism: Navigation ActsExample of mercantilism: Navigation Acts

Policy implemented after English Civil War ended Policy implemented after English Civil War ended but not always enforced (but not always enforced (salutary neglectsalutary neglect))

Widely resented & resisted by colonistsWidely resented & resisted by colonists

1)1) Trade to and from the colonies could only be Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried on English colonial-built ships, which carried on English colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English colonial crewscould be operated only by English colonial crews

2)2) All goods imported into the colonies, except All goods imported into the colonies, except some perishables could pass only through ports some perishables could pass only through ports in Englandin England

3)3) Specified or “enumerated” goods from the Specified or “enumerated” goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. colonies could be exported to England only. (Tobacco was enumerated).(Tobacco was enumerated).

ACTS WERE POORLY ACTS WERE POORLY ENFORCED FOR MANY YRS.ENFORCED FOR MANY YRS.

POSITIVE POSITIVE Protection from English Protection from English militarymilitaryColonial merchants Colonial merchants protected from foreign protected from foreign competitions in the competitions in the colonies colonies Chesapeake tobacco Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in had a monopoly in EnglandEnglandNew England New England shipbuilding prosperedshipbuilding prospered

NEGATIVE NEGATIVE Colonial manufacturing Colonial manufacturing was severely limitedwas severely limited

Chesapeake farmers Chesapeake farmers received low prices for received low prices for their cropstheir crops

Colonists had to pay Colonists had to pay high prices for high prices for manufactured goods manufactured goods from Englandfrom England

When When James II James II becomes king, tried to tighten becomes king, tried to tighten royal control over the coloniesroyal control over the colonies– 1686: 1686: Dominion of New EnglandDominion of New England

James united the New England colonies and then New York James united the New England colonies and then New York and New Jersey into one colony under Royal Governor and New Jersey into one colony under Royal Governor Edmund AndrosEdmund AndrosAndros rigidly enforced Navigation Acts, Andros rigidly enforced Navigation Acts, very unpopularvery unpopular

1688: 1688: Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution– James overthrown James overthrown and replaced by his daughter Mary and replaced by his daughter Mary

and her husband Williamand her husband WilliamLed some colonists to challenge ruling elite, but failed (Jacob Led some colonists to challenge ruling elite, but failed (Jacob Leisler, John Coode)Leisler, John Coode)

– William and Mary sign William and Mary sign English Bill of Rights which English Bill of Rights which validated certain rights of Englishmenvalidated certain rights of Englishmen

What were the causes and significance of What were the causes and significance of Bacon’s Rebellion?Bacon’s Rebellion?

What conditions in the Mass. Bay Colony What conditions in the Mass. Bay Colony spawned dissenters like Roger Williams and spawned dissenters like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson? How did Mass. Bay deal Anne Hutchinson? How did Mass. Bay deal with dissenters?with dissenters?

What were some of the early economic, What were some of the early economic, religious, and political factors in the colonies religious, and political factors in the colonies that tended to produce sectional differences?that tended to produce sectional differences?