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AP United States History Final Study Guide1. Reasons for settlement
a. Push Factors
i. Stuck in the Peasant Class (serfdom)
ii. Monarchs wanted new trade route
iii. Over Populated cities (disease)
iv. Religious Persecution (Reformation)
v. Lack of resources available
b. Pull Factors
i. Leave Peasantry
ii. Land availability
iii. Separatists and Puritans wanted religious freedom
iv. Resources Availability (Columbian Exchange)
1. Native societies
a. Mesoamerica (Incans Mayans Aztecs)
i. Political
1. Heredity
2. Emperor Ruled
ii. Economical
1. Agricultural
a. Main trade good for native societies
b. Consisted of beans and maize
c. Was the center of life
2. Many Taxes (Government funded benefits)
3. Active Traders
a. Created formal exchange networks
b. Created a strong bond with other societies
*Columbian Exchange:
English gave guns, steel, domesticated animals, and disease.
Natives gave furs, gold, trinkets, growing tips, foods
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iii. Social
1. Distinct class system
a. Women did farming
b. Few wealthy ruled thousand of poor (Huge Gap)
2. Very strong polytheistic religion
a. Built huge temples
b. Leaders claimed divine right
c. Had mass sacrifices to please gods
b. Southwest
i. Political
1. Heredity
a. Few rulers dominated
b. Ruler best warriors (rich)
2. Confederations
a. Made in order survive Spanish conquest
b. Used to help combine power
c. Weak tribes followed strong tribes
ii. Economic
1. Agricultural
a. Developed irrigation
b. Land was really dry
c. Both sexes farmed
c. Woodlands
i. Political
1. God like rulers
2. Had a few larger cities (5k people)
ii. Economic
1. A lot of trade
2. Use of large amount of rivers
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3. Had a ton of resource availability
a. Pearls
b. Furs
4. Some farming (Women & maize)
5. Mainly hunters
6. Slash and burn methods formed to clear land
iii. Social
1. Very religious
2. Built the mounds
3. Leader dies=all servants die
d. Non Farming
i. Political
1. Chiefs and families ruled in all aspects
2. A lot of trade and war
ii. Economical
1. Fishing
2. Hunting (Deer antelope, elk, bear)
3. gathering (acorns)
iii. Social
1. A lot of sharing of materials
2. Strong belief in social reciprocity
3. Lived in permanent settlements (multi-family houses)
2. Native life
a. Native Kinship
i. Valued Family especially wives
ii. Men hunted and got food
iii. Women prepared food and often farmed
iv. Strong respect for families
v. War was more recreational than violent
b. Native Religion
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i. All life was sacred
ii. Respected there environment
iii. Polytheistic
iv. Not recognized by Europeans
3. Europeans in Africa
a. Positive
i. Brought new goods to Africa
ii. Brought Wealth to Africa
iii. Developed Trade routes in Africa
iv. Resulted in formation of empires (Mali, Ghana & Songhai)
b. Negative
i. Took many African slaves
ii. Took many resources
iii. Brought Holy wars in to Africa (Jihads, Crusades)
c. New Slavery
i. Much larger scale than Old
ii. Faced much worse treatment
iii. Increased Racial prejudice
d. Life in Africa
i. High death rate
ii. Forced to move around a lot
iii. Kings were like GODS
iv. Very sexual (necessary to survive)
v. Religions
1. Polytheistic
2. Muslims
3. Christians
4. New Spain
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a. One of the First Nation to lay claims in New World
b. Conquistadors conquered many natives (set up missions)
c. Got a lot of gold
d. Caribbean, Florida, Central America
e. First permanent colony(St. Augustine 1565)
5. New France
a. Hoped to establish trading post
b. Strong control on fur trade
c. Good relations with Natives
d. Quebec, Montreal
e. Excepted mixing
6. New Netherlands
a. Established near Manhattan region
b. Befriended Iroquois
c. 1664 Britain seizes control
d. Area vastly grows
7. Colonial Britain
8. Topic New England
Colonies
Middle
Colonies
Southern
Colonies
States-Massachusetts
-Connecticut-Rhode Island-New Hampshire
-Delaware-New Jersey
-New York-Pennsylvania
-Maryland-Virginia
-Carolinas-Georgia
Geography-Extreme cold
-Poor Soil-Oceanic Access
- Fast Flowing
Rivers
-Many LargeRivers
-Good Soil
-Hot-Swampy
-Broad CoastalPlains
Religion- Mainly Puritan
-Separatist
-Calvinist-Quaker
-Catholics-Presbyterian
-Anglicans
-Lutheran
-Mainly Anglican-State Supported
-Protestants
ReligiousTolerance
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Politics-Democratic-Held TownMeetings
-Massachusetts=Sa
ints-Theocracy
-Royal Governors-Colonial
Assemblies-Power
-Royal Governors-Assembly
-Rich Land Owners
Society-Urban
-Social Reciprocity-Strong
Communities-Hard Working
-Swedes-Dutch-English-German-Swiss
-Plantation Owners-Indentured
Servants-Slaves
Education-Teacher per 50
Houses
-Ivy League
-Some Education-Columbia
-Home Schooled-Private Tutors
-Rich Sent toEngland
OtherSalem,Plymouth,B
ostonCity on a Hill
Social ReciprocityHalfway Convent
RestorationColonies
Domestic Slaves
Sugar FailedRestoration
ColoniesFeudal System
9. James Town
a. First successful English colony in America
b. Where the discovery of tobacco took place
c. Named after King James I
10. New England Way
i. Separatists settled Plymouth in 1620
1. Established Mayflower document (First self-governing document in NewWorld)
2. Created a civil body politic
ii. Puritans established City on Hill
1. Model society hoping to purify Anglican Church
2. Governed by Gods will
SociallyTolerant
High MediumLow
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3. Denounced class systems
4. Strong sense of social reciprocity
5. Very strong education
6. Sainthood determined power
7. Forced to make half way convent
iii. Religious dissenters (Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams) Create Rhode Island
b. Half way covenant
i. 1650 less than half adults were saints
ii. New generation did not want to share sins
iii. Few baptized children
iv. Half members could not take communion or vote in church affairs
c. Dissent in New England
i. Believed in a separation of church and government
ii. Bailed government would corrupt church
iii. Challenged the thought of predetermination
iv. Feared the Market Economy
d. Family life in New England
i. Eldest male was household head
ii. Marriage was treated like a contract
iii. Tough to get divorced
iv. Strong Peaceful and respected Families
v. Few disease
vi. Grew crops to feed family
vii. High Birth rates
viii. Career diversification
11. Native Wars
a. Pequot War 1637
i. Pequots resisted English movement
ii. English and native allies brutally slaughtered the Pequot
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iii. Set precedent for further treatment of natives
iv. English later turned on native allies
b. King Phillips War 1675
i. Metacom united natives against the English
ii. English and Native allies kill 40% of enemies
iii. Starve and enslaved enemy
c. King Williams war 1689
i. England joined collation against France
ii. Colonial armies failed at capturing Quebec and Montreal
iii. Iroquois faced heavy losses
iv. Iroquois ended military agreement with English colonist
d. Queen Annes war 1702
i. England fought France and Spain
ii. English colonist got whooped
iii. Britain bailed them out
e.
12. Colonial America
a. Problems in Salem
i. Had very rich and very poor
ii. 2nd largest port
iii. Split between rural and urban
iv. Witch trials occurred (often victims were women who would hold power)
v. Conflicted with Social Reciprocity
b. Chesapeake Region
i. Strong religious and political ties with England
ii. Most immigrants were young men
iii. Grew a lot of tobacco
iv. Slow growth rate
v. Anglican was main religion (Still weak)
c. State in Virginia
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i. Two part legislature
ii. Followed Englands court system
iii. Justices appointed by Governor
iv. Set taxes, county officials salary important cases, oversee development
v. Most colonies followed this
d. State and church in Maryland
i. Catholic favored manor system (FAILED)
ii. Instead plantations were formed
iii. Predominantly protestant
iv. Maryland Acts for religious toleration
1. Made second colony to affirm religious toleration
2. Only protected Christians
3. Actually failed to secure religious peace
a. Protestants barred Catholics
e. Bacons Rebellion 1675
i. Citizens wanted to move westward
ii. Natives resented this movement
1. Outnumbered 10:1
iii. Citizens wanted to launch full scale war
iv. Bacon and his civilian army brutally attacked natives
v. At 1st bacon was popular
vi. Forced Berkeley place laws to restrict Natives
vii. Berkeley revoked the laws
viii. Bacon burned Jamestown
ix. Symbolizes dissatisfaction in the Chesapeake.
f. Slavery
i. 1st Indentured servant were more popular
ii. Slaves grew due to west indies demands
iii. Carolinas also held a demand for slaves
iv. All colonies had slaves but south had the most
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v. Northern slaves did domesticated work
g. Cash Crops alter working conditions in the Chesapeake
i. Tobacco dominated Virginia
h. West Indies needed slaves for sugarcane
i. Carolinas build rice plantations and bring in slaves
j. Society of Friends (Quakers, William Penn)
i. Penn got land to West New Jersey and Pennsylvania
ii. Believed social status should be based on inner relationship with God
iii. Quakers were considered rebels
iv. Quakers were peaceful
v. Saw women as equals to men
vi. Very fertile soil
vii. Philadelphia rapidly grew
viii. Area was extremely diverse
13. Spanish expansion
a. Permanent settlements in Texas and Florida
b. Had many missionaries
c. Had much conflict with Natives
d. Buffed up military presence
e. Government had large investment
14. French expansion
a. Strong relations with Natives
b. Wanted claims in Ohio Valley
c. Settled New Orleans
d. Hoped to link Canadian colonies with New Orleans
15. Glorious Revolution & Royal centralization
a. Restoration inspired second wave of colonial expansion
b. Created dominion of New England
i. Centralized power
ii. Limited colonial government
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iii. Gave England more direct control on colonies
c. Dominion Fails
i. Colonies become more democratic with the use of assemblies
ii. Ensured religious freedom
iii. Colonial elite got control
iv. Colonies allied interest with Britain
16. Zenger trial
a. A new Yorker protested the king
b. Britain then charged him but the verdict was not guilty
c. Set a precedent that allowed for the use of free speech and press
17. Mercantilism
a. Exported more than imported to increase self sufficiency
b. Enforced Navigation acts
i. 1st Imperial trade limited to British and English colonial vessels
1. Prevented Smuggling
ii. 2nd Cash crops had to be sent directly to England
1. Guaranteed goods would be bought
2. Allowed England to tax the goods
iii. 3rd Imports had to arrive through England
1. Gave England another tax opportunity
iv. 4th Taxed all foreign molasses
1. Reduced the consumption of Dutch molasses
1) Chapter 5
a) Triumph and Tensions: The British Empire 1750-1763
i) A Fragile Peace 1750-1754
(1) Britain and France begun preparation for another war
(2) A lot of tension arose in the Ohio Valley
(3) Virginia and Pennsylvania traders helped natives get along with the British
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(4) French built forts to strengthen influence in area
(5) French and Native forces repelled Virginia militia led by George Washington
(6) British negotiated agreement with the Iroquois
(7) Attempted Albany Plan
ii) Albany Plan
(1) The Albany plan was the first attempt to have the colonies be united
(2) This plan failed
(3) Showed that colonies had the possibility of uniting
iii) Seven Years War
(1) In 1754 British General Braddock was sent to seize the French fort of Duquesne
(2) Braddock assumed his British soldiers would massacre the French and Natives resistance
(3) 250 Natives and 600 Natives ambushed and beat back 2,200 British troops.
(4) 900 British died including General Braddock vs. 23 French and Native casualties
(5) French Armed Natives raided Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia.
(6) French captured fort Oswego and Fort William Henry
(7) Two developments changed the tide of war in favor of the British
(a) Iroquois and most Ohio Indians changed sides or withdrew from fighting
(i) Allowed for the British to capture many French forts.
(b) William Pitt took control of military affairs
(i) Reinvigorated British Patriotism
(ii) Became colonial hero
(iii) Offered to finance the war if colonist became organized
(iv) Colonist organized over 40,000 troops
(v) Far more than British troops
(vi) Captured Duquesne, Louisburg, Montreal and Quebec
(vii)French surrendered after fall of Montreal
iv) End of French North America
(1) France gave up all claims of land east of the Mississippi (except New Orleans later change)
(2) France regains Cuba
(3) Spain cedes Florida to Britain
British
suffered
early
defeats
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(4) France cedes Louisiana territory to Spain
(5) France now only owns small fishing isles
(6) Several thousand French colonists were now subjects to Spain and Britain.
(7) Strengthened Colonial and British military bonds.
(8) Planted seeds of misunderstanding between the two groups
v) Anglo-American Friction
(1) British officers complained about the colonist
(2) British felt that the colonist should be taxed on the war
(3) King George the III is appointed king
(4) Anglo American consumer revolution
(a) Colonist fueled british economy through mass purchasing
vi) Frontier Tensions
(1) Anglo-Indian conflicts increased British debt
(2) British did not help Natives who fought for them
(3) Pontiacs rebellion (Natives sacked 8 British forts)
(4) To decrease conflict British issue the Proclamation of 1763
(a) Proclamation of 1763
(i) Direct British control of land transactions, settlement, trade, all matters west of
Appalachians involving non-natives
b) Imperial Authority, 1760-1766
i) Writs of Assistance
(1) Gave British officials the right to search any ship for smuggled goods
(2) Threatened privacy of a familys home
ii) Sugar act
(1) Goal was to raise revenue to cut back on military debt
(2) Taxed all goods imported through Britain
(3) Goods had to be exported through Great Britain
(4) Many documents had to be filed for colonial shipping
(5) Disregarded the right to a fair trial
Green
ville
Policy
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iii) Quartering Act I
(1) Ordered for colonial legislatures to help pay for certain goods to help fund the British Army
(2) Angered Colonist has they felt there was no purpose for the troops
iv) Currency Act
(1) Made all colonial paper money worthless
(2) Only excepted specie (Gold & Silver)
v) Stamp Act
(1) Forced colonist to use a special stamp on almost all papers
(2) This stamp was heavily taxed by the British
vi) Declaratory Acts
(1) Affirmed parliamentary power to legislate the colonies in all cases
(2) This meant the colonist could not be excluded from any law including taxes
(3) Caused colonist to realize the crisis of the British Actions
vii) Townshend Acts
(1) Taxed imports to America from Britain
(2) Really heavy tax
(3) Colonist viewed it as the same as the Stamp Act
viii)Tea Act
(1) Lowered price of tea to colonist
(2) Allowed East India Company to sell directly to consumers
(3) Colonist had to pay tax on tea if it didnt sell
ix) Intolerable Acts
(1) Closed the Boston Port
(2) Revoked the Massachusetts government
(3) Made colonist house British troops in their own homes
(4) Allowed British troops to be tried in Britain
c) Colonial Opposition
i) Stamp Act Congress
(1) Colonist got together to protest the stamp act
(2) British repealed Stamp Act
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(3) British put in the declaratory acts
ii) Circular Letter
(1) Called for the colonial legislatures to condemn the Townshend acts
(2) Colonial legislature did not consider the idea
(3) British blew the letter out of proportion
iii) Committees of Correspondence
(1) First colonial attempt to strengthen political ties throughout the colonies
iv) Boston Tea Party
(1) A bunch of drunk colonist dressed up as Mohawk Indians and dumped a ton of British tea into theBoston harbor
v) 1st Continental Congress
(1) America called for 56 delegates to defend the colonist rights
(2) Called for a boycott of all British goods
vi) 2nd Continental Congress
(1) Sent the Olive Branch Petition
(a) Olive Branch Petition
(i) Attempted to avoid war with Britain
(ii) Wanted to negotiate with the King of England
(iii) Rejected
vii) Womens Role in Colonial Resistance
(1) Daughters of liberty
(a) Upper class female patriots
(b) Attended political rallies
(c) Expressed opposition in discussion
(d) Women agreed not to use tea
(e) Boycotted British manufactures
(f) Women began making their own clothing
(g) 1600 women participated in the spinning bees
(h) Helped show the idea women had power in politics
(i) Showed American protest extended to the heart of America
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viii)African American Liberty
(1) Responded to calls for liberty and equality
(2) Marched through Charles Town shouting Liberty
(3) Filed three petitions to the colonial legislature
(4) Fight for Britain if war occurred
(5) Lord Dunmore Proclamation
(a) All slaves earned freedom if they fought for the crown
2) Chapter 6
a) Prospects of War
i) Loyalist
(1) 20% of all whites were loyalist
(2) Similar beliefs with Patriots just didnt want war
(3) Viewed separation as an illegal act
(4) Viewed as betrayers and treated terrible
(5) Few in South Carolina Virginia and New England
(6) Strong in New York and New Jersey
(7) Many were recently immigrated Britons
(8) Canada was strongly loyalist
(9) German population supported the war cause
(10) British got a lot of support from non-whites
(11) 20,000 slaves escaped during the war
(12) Most Native Americans supported the British
(13) Iroquois was split
b) Battles
i) Lexington & Concord
(1) Gage sent 700 British soldiers to seize Massachusetts armory
(2) Colonist found out and ambushed the British soldiers
(3) Colonist beat back the British troops and stopped the British from taking their weaponry
ii) Bunker Hill
(1) Colonial militia dug in on Breeds hill to halt British movement on Boston
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(2) Britain cockily charged at the American forced up hill
(3) American militia held valiantly until eventually being overrun
(4) Giant morale for the colonist
iii) Trenton
(1) George Washington attacked a bunch of hessian mercenaries around Christmas time
(2) Turned morale around for the struggling continental army
iv) Saratoga
(1) Americas first major victory in the war
(2) Proved to the French that America was indeed a country
(3) France then decided to help America in their war for independence
v) Valley Forge
(1) The newly trained American army faced off with the British
(2) The American forces won the war
vi) Southern Campaigns
(1) British attempt to take over the south and then slowly move northward
(2) There is less loyalist than expected
(3) British are doing very poorly in the war now
vii) Yorktown
(1) Final Battle of the revolutionary war
(2) French and American forces capture and defeat the last of the British forces
c) Treaty of Paris 1783
i) US became independent
ii) Mississippi river was the western boundary
iii) 31st parallel was the southern boundary
iv) Britain Kept Canada
v) Britain could collect debt
vi) Recommended restoring loyalist property
d) Women in Wartime
i) Female camp followers helped soldiers with cooking and cleaning
ii) Managed families, farms, households, and businesses
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iii) Went disguised as men to fight
iv) Boosted confidence that they could be self sufficient
v) Raised money to help support the troops
e) Blacks in War Time
i) 20% of population was black
ii) Free blacks had restrictions
iii) Provided opportunity to freedom
iv) 9k joined British forces
v) 5k joined American forces (majority were free)
vi) Opportunity because they were needed
vii) Quakers tried to abolish slavery
viii)Others wanted slavery spread
ix) Took gradual steps to weaken slavery
x) Not press issue in fear of southern emancipation
f) Native Americans
i) Native Americans suffered worse than any other group
ii) Population declined by 50%
iii) Incorporate European culture into its own culture
iv) New Nation disrespected Native Americans
g) Articles of Confederation
i) Written by Dickinson
ii) Each state had one vote
iii) Congress could ask for funds but couldnt enforce taxes
iv) Needed every states approval for most things
v) Extremely weak federal government
vi) One house legislative branch
vii) No continental army
h) Shays Rebellion
i) Huge tax hike on poor farmers
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ii) Required pay in specie
iii) Shay and a bunch of farmers rebelled against the government
iv) There was a great struggle to put the rebellion down
v) Showed the weakness of the articles of confederation
i) Constitutional Convention
i) American leader got together to draft a new bill to follow
ii) A lot of dispute argued at the event
iii) Virginia plan was introduced= bicameral based on population
iv) New Jersey Plan=unicameral equal power to all states
v) Connecticut compromise=modern day set up
vi) Three fifths compromise=60% of slaves count towards population
3) Constitution
Article One= Legislative Branch
Article two=Presidency
Article Three=Court System
Article Four=State Powers
Article Five=Amendments
Article Six=Federal power trumps state power
Article seven=requirement to ratify
Amendment 3= no quartering of troops
Amendment 4=police need a warrant
Amendment 5=plead the fifth
Amendment 6=speedy trial
Amendment 7=trial by jury
Amendment 8=no cruel punishment
Amendment 9=guarantee rights of the people
Amendment 10=Non mentioned powers go to the states
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1. Chapter 7
a. Constitutional government takes shape
i. Implementing government
1. First election of the constitution resulted in a Federalist sweep
2. George Washington won presidency easily
3. John Adams became president
4. Five cabinets were set up
a. Secretary of state (handles foreign affairs)
b. Secretary of treasury (Handles countries finances and economy)
c. Secretary of War (Watches over military and naval affairs)
d. Attorney General (provide legal expertise in the government)
e. Post Master General (Not Important)
5. Decided President can dismiss cabinet members without senate approval
ii. The Federal Judiciary and Bill of Rights
1. Common fear that federal courts would override local customs
2. Congress quieted these fears by passing the Judiciary act of 1789
a. Established a federal court in each state that operated in terms of localcustoms
b. Supreme court still held final jurisdiction
3. Constitution provided some protection of citizens rights
a. It prevented the passing of ex post facto laws
b. It prevented guilt without a trial
4. Needed a Bill of Rights to get all states approval.
5. James Madison drafted the Bill of Rights
a. Had no serious check on the federalist government
b. Ratified in December 1791
b. Hamiltons Domestic Policies
i. Hamilton and his objectives
1. Extreme Nationalist
2. Born on British Caribbean in 1755
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3. Served on Washingtons staff during the revolutionary war
4. Strongly wanted a strong nationalist government
5. Wanted a strong economic environment attracted to investment
6. Feared war with Spain and Britain
a. Only finance through borrowing money
b. Debt weakened nations credit abroad and at home
7. Feared union would disintegrate because states interest were put first
8. Concluded survival depended on support of the rich
9. Private ambitions would then serve as national welfare
ii. Establishing the Nations Credit
1. Hamilton was ordered to investigate the war debt
2. Created the Reports of public credit
a. 54million in U.S debt
b. 42million owed to Americans
c. 25million in state debt
d. National government should support the national debt by sellinggovernment bonds
e. Those who kept their bonds would receive 4% interest
f. Federal government should take over the 25million state debt
i. Angered states which already paid off debt (South minus S.C.)
g. Wanted Europeans to be paid back as quickly as possible
3. Created second report of public debt
a. Proposed debt could be paid off by duties and taxing liquor
b. Not pay back the U.S. citizens
c. Only burden on tax payers would be a small annual cost of interest
d. Never wanted the debt to be paid off
i. This ensured that other countries needed the U.S. to thrive
4. Many disliked his plans
a. Feared only the rich would gain money
b. Madison was a major opponent to the plan
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c. He failed to raise money for the original owners
d. Plan was approved by agreeing to move the nations capital
iii. Creating a national Bank
1. Positives of the Bank of United States
a. Hamilton presented the idea of a national bank
b. Would raise $10million
c. Argued would cost the tax payers nothing and Greatly benefit thenation
d. Safe place to deposit tax revenues
e. Issue paper notes to serve as cash
f. Provide credit to expand the economy
2. Negatives of the Bank of United States
a. Madison & Jefferson led the opposition of the bank
b. Give an elite group too much power in the government
c. Holders would support bank at cost of the nation
d. Believed Philadelphia Convention rejected the bank
e. Expanded federal power too far
3. The decision
a. George Washington called on both Hamilton and Jefferson for advice
b. Jefferson stated a single step outside the boundaries was unacceptable
c. Hamilton argued the Constitution enact all measures necessary &proper
d. George accepted Hamiltons proposal; known as a lose interpretation
e. Established in February 1791 for 20years
f. Signaled a deepening political divide in the political administration
iv. Emerging Partisanship (Strong support & Resistance)
1. Support of Hamilton's plan
a. Provided large gains to speculators, merchants & rich men of port cities
b. Liberated New England, New Jersey & South Carolina of debt
c. Pushing Industry led to support in New England, NJ, SC, PA, & NY
2. Resistance to Hamilton's plan
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a. South had repaid their state debt
b. B.U.S. attracted few southern stock holders
c. South hated Federalist policy (Hamiltons plan)
d. West received little benefit as Agriculture was unprofitable
e. Anti-federalist become Republicans
3. Republicans
a. Jefferson, Madison & supporters led the group
b. Implied Hamilton's schemes would threaten liberty
c. Supported the National Gazette (Anti-Federalist newspaper)
i. Attacked Hamilton accusing him of creating a Monarchy
d. Washington chose no sides
v. Republican Motherhood
1. Principal
a. Women became educated in values of liberty and independence
b. Mothers duty to put these value to their sons
c. Became role to educate and raise the family
vi. Whiskey Rebellion
1. Causes
a. First serious crisis in young republic
b. Excise tax on domestic whiskey
c. Hamilton thought the tax would help financials and reduce drinking
d. People warned congress not to pass the tax
e. Hurt western Pennsylvania people as they turned crops into liquor
f. Tax wiped out farmers profit
2. Event
a. Sept. 1791 crowd in Pittsburgh tarred and feathered tax collector
b. Large scale resistance erupted in July
c. 100men attacked a U.S. Marshall
d. 500men burned the chief revenue officers house
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e. Bands burned buildings, chased tax collectors & chased governmentsupport
f. Washington led troops into the region and crushed the rebellion
3. Effects
a. Set severe limits on public opposition to Federal policies
b. Americans thought it was reasonable to protest with force
c. Determined that protest had to be with end the boundaries of the law
c. United Sates in a Wider World
i. Spanish Power in Western North America
1. Spain enjoyed revival of N.A. fortunes with gaining Louisiana territory
a. Built many forts with Spanish troops in south west
b. Attacked many native tribes
c. Natives agreed to stop the attack on Spain
d. Spain traded with Natives often
2. Spain's competition with Russia
a. Russian traders made movement in N.A in 1740s
b. Russians established a colony in 1799
c. Spain created Alta California in response to Russian movement
d. Territory lacked many Mexican immigrants
e. Contained a few missions and ranches
f. Native population fell from 78k-18k
ii. Challenging American Expansion
1. Spain, Britain, America and Natives competed for area between Miss R. andApp Mts.
2. Washington feared war and told Americans to not move west
3. In 1789 Spain opened up New Orleans
4. Spain bribed KY & TN officials
5. Washington tried to weaken the Creeks presence
a. Creeks had 20k people & 5k warriors
b. Hated the Georgia people
c. Return the Yazoo area
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6. Washington and Henry Knox had Harsh policy to aggressive Natives
a. Natives embarrassed American forces twice
b. Matters worsened when Spain convinced Creeks to attack America
c. Washingtons policy was in shambles
d. America thought it could be counter balanced if they aligned withFrance
iii. France and Factional Politics
1. Pro Rebellion Americans (South)
a. Republicans and Jefferson were pro rebellion
b. Thousands of French Planters fled to southern America
c. South Carolina was losing its support towards Federalist
d. Reliance on Britain was a menace to national self determination
e. Wanted to reduce British imports
f. Intensified after France declared war on Spain and Britain
g. Thought Spain and Britain would cease blocking expansion
2. Pro Monarchy Americans (New England)
a. Federalist like Hamilton were anti Mobocracy
b. Supported British against France
c. North viewed revolution as an open hell
d. Disliked French for worshipping reason over god.
e. Traded with Great Britain more than France
f. Feared alliance with France would piss off Britains Navy
g. Feared Britain would attack if we halted their imports
3. Washington & Genet conflict
a. Washington proclaimed neutrality from the conflict
b. Genet a French man came to try and recruit American mercenaries
c. Genet successfully got many privateers
d. Washington closed down American ports to Genets privateers
iv. Diplomacy and War
1. British sea acts against Americans
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a. British passed an act saying it could confiscate any ship trading withthe French
b. The royal navy seized over 250 American vessels
c. British passed law saying they could impress crew men from U.S.ships
d. Pissed of many Americans
2. Territorial challenges to the united states
a. British influenced Natives to deny Americans north of the Ohio river
b. British troops built an eighth fort on U.S soil
c. Spanish built fort in Memphis Tennessee
d. Washington feared conflict
e. He sent Wayne to Natives, Jay to Britain, Pinckney to Spain
3. Treaty of Greenville
a. Natives scoffed at Americans peace proposal
b. Wayne led 3.5k troops into Shawnee territory
c. Slaughtered Natives at the battle of fallen timbers
d. British did not help the natives in the conflict
e. Natives were forced to sign the treaty of Greenville
f. Opened up Ohio and Indiana for white settlement
4. Jays Treaty
a. British Troops withdrew from American soil
b. America gained access to West Indies
c. Few Americans like Jays treaty
d. Britain got favorable trade rights with the U.S.
e. Britain did not have to return confiscated slaves
f. Defuse the crisis of war
g. Stimulated an enormous expansion of trade
h. Exports to Britain went up 300%
5. Pinckneys Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo)
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a. Won unrestricted trade through the Mississippi river
b. Recognized the 31st parallel as the southern boundary
c. Spain promised to discourage American attacks
d. Parties and Politics
i. Ideological Confrontation
1. Federalist Policy
a. Feared Mob rule
b. Horrified by the chanting of French slogan
c. Worried this was the beginning of another revolutionary war
d. Believed that the many did not think just followed
e. Thought democracy meant ruling by the passions of the many
f. Ordinary people should not be present with choices over policy
2. Republican Policy
a. Stressed corruption in a strong federal government
b. Thought power should be in all white male property owners
c. Did not go after the institution of slavery
d. Jefferson and madison rallied voters
e. Jefferson was fed up of having his ideas over turned
f. Jefferson resigned from cabinet in 1793
g. Organized political societies
ii. The Republican Party
1. Party development
a. Washington openly sided himself with the Federalist
b. Republicans attacked Federalist Pro British leanings
c. Republicans won a slight majority in the House of Reps
d. Signaled the creation of the party
e. Both parties used the press to attack their opponent
2. Washingtons view
a. Washington was impatient with the hostilities the parties had
b. Resented Republicans as they verbally attacked Washington
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c. Washington began to hate his job as being President
d. Believed parties hurt the republic chances of survival
e. Believed avoiding all war ties with European conflict
f. Did not enter the election of 1796, died in 1799
iii. The Election of 1796
1. Republicans cultivated a large body of voters
a. Got many voters through clubs
b. Targeted many immigrants
c. U.S. recently acquired 80k immigrants
2. Candidates
a. Federalist- Adams
b. Republicans- Jefferson
c. Federalist got the north
d. Republicans got the south
e. Adams became president
f. Jefferson became Vice President
g. Adams sucked as a President
iv. French Crisis
1. French negative acts toward America
a. French were pissed about Jays Treaty
b. France began seizing American ships
c. French wanted to hang our sailors
2. American response
a. Adams sent a peace convention to Paris
b. French refused to meet with our peace party
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c. French sent agents x,y,z and demanded 250k and 12mil loan
d. Americans got PISSED
e. Congress armed 54 ships and went into the Quasi War
3. Quasi War
a. America seized 93 French vessels
b. America lost only one vessel
c. Britain was pleased with the American actions
d. Tripled the size of regular army
v. Court Cases
1. Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
a. Marbury was midnight appoint of Adams
b. Madison refused to process Marburys papers to become a judge
c. Marbury then sued Madison (First court case to reach supreme court)
d. Marbury won (Established Judicial Review)
2. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)
a. John Peck sold Fletcher land
b. Fletcher claimed Peck had no right to land (State couldnt sell land)
c. Fletcher lost (contract is legally binded through constitution)
3. Dartmouth vs. Woodward (1819)
a. Dartmouth President wanted the college to become a public college
b. Board was against this
c. Court ruled in favor of the board because the charter for the college wasolder than the constitution
4. McCullough vs. Maryland (1819)
a. Maryland was trying to levy a tax on the B.U.S.
b. The bank said a state cant tax a federal institution
c. Marshall ruled that state couldnt tax it (favored federalist)
5. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
a. Ogden had a monopoly on steamboats
b. Gibbons wanted a permit
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c. Marshall ruled that monopolies were void
vi. Alien & Sedition Acts
1. Alien Enemies Act
a. Determined if citizens of a country at war posed a threat
b. If so they were deported or jailed
c. Established fundamental principal for national security
d. Acted only if Congress declared war
2. The Alien Friends Act
a. President could expel all foreign people he thought posed a threat
b. Did not require proof of being guilty
c. Believed made just to deport future republicans
3. Naturalization Act
a. Increased residency from 5 to 14 years
b. Had to be in same state for five years
c. Made to limit the amount of Republican voters
4. Sedition Act
a. People could not verbally attack the U.S. government
b. The act broadly was broadly defined
c. This act went against the 1st amendment
d. Many republican press leaders were jailed
e. Federalist hoped this would scare future republicans from attackingfederalist
5. Resistance to these acts
a. Virginia & Kentucky had militias listen to anti federalist speeches
b. They signed petitions against the acts
c. Madison and Jefferson wrote the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
d. Declared state could nullify non constitutional laws
e. Showed great potential for disunion
f. People feared a civil war
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vii. Election of 1800
1. Federalist were slaughtered in the election of 1800
2. The two republicans swept the election
3. Burr and Jefferson were deadlocked
4. People intended on Burr being the vice president
5. The split came down to Burrs state of New York
6. Hamilton a staunch federalist from N.Y. sided with Jefferson(Burr is psychotic)
7. Jefferson won the election of 1800
e. Economic and Social Change
i. Producing for markets
1. Before Revolution
a. Industry was done in households
b. Patriarchal family (Head-male, wife, unmarried children)
c. Well off had slaves
d. Most were on small farms
2. After Revolution
a. Surplus of production went up
b. Hired experts to help increase outputs
c. Often had farms and rose output of dairy
d. Helped manufacture cloth
e. Enterprising merchants catered to urban customers
f. Class of businessmen started to rise
ii. White Women in the Republic
1. Womans rights
a. Some woman began to be able to vote
b. Recognized the right for women to pick their own husband
c. Daughters purposely got pregnant so they could marry the man
d. Women had fewer kids
2. Womans roles
a. Mutuality in relationships rose
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b. Challenged sexual double
c. Wanted to prove women intellect
d. Republican motherhood, women raised kids to be patriotic
iii. Land and Culture: Native Americans
1. Weakening of Native Nations
a. Thousands of deaths result of battle, famine, and disease
b. Natives were very poor
c. Natives lost a lot of land
d. Natives were discriminated against
e. Cherokee went from 16k to 10k Iroquois went from 9k to 4k
2. United states military conflict with natives
a. Government regulated with Natives
b. Congress enacted Indian Trade and Intercourse acts
i. Prohibited transfers of Native land unless treaty with Congress
ii. Regulated intercultural trade
iii. Reduce the abuses natives faced
iv. Did not prohibit sale of liquors
v. Tried to civilize the native Americans
c. Cherokee ceded much land to Georgia
d. Seneca got hurt very bad
iv. Black Struggles
1. State reforms
a. North Carolina made it illegal to murder slaves
b. Most states outlawed Atlantic slave trade
c. Many states dropped restrictions on freedom and protect property
d. 3 states allowed for blacks to vote
e. Black sentiment fell
2. Federal law
a. Feds led the way to restricting rights to blacks
b. Military refused black forces
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c. Black soldiers were treated poorly
3. Fugitive Slave Law
a. Required the return of escaped slaves
b. Free blacks were denied bill of rights protection
c. If you didnt turn in an escaped slave you were fined
2. Chapter8
a. The Age of Jefferson
i. Jefferson and Jeffersonian
1. Jefferson was an educated man
a. Jefferson knew French Latin Greek and many native languages
b. He served more than 20years as president of the American
Philosophical Society
c. He designed his own mansion in Virginia
d. Invented a device to duplicate letters
e. Author of the declaration of independence
f. Governor of Virginia
g. Ambassador to France
h. Secretary of state
i. Vice President
2. Jefferson is considered a controversial man
a. He did not believe that blacks and whites could live together
b. He had a love child with a slave (bleach black)
c. Worried of high taxes, and large armies
d. Pro state governments
e. Believed backbone of America was the average farmer
f. Hated cities (breeding ground for mobs)
ii. Jeffersons Revolution
1. Jefferson believed his election was a revolution
a. He thought federalist were bringing America into a despotism
b. Jefferson planned to correct the federalist 10million more debt
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c. He reduced spending
d. Cut Taxes including the whiskey tax
e. Brought army from14k to 3.287k
f. Thought in 16yrs the nation would be debt free
2. Tripoli conflict
a. Jefferson believed in a strong navy
b. He used a naval squadron to crush the Tripoli pirates
c. The cost of war was half of the annual tribute America paid the pirates
iii. Jefferson and the Judiciary
1. Federalist issues
a. Washington and Adams appointed only federalist to the bench
b. Adams appointed judges in his last months of office
c. The Judiciary act of 1801 pissed of Jefferson because he couldntappoint judges
d. Jefferson got the act repealed
2. Marbury vs. Madison
a. Marbury was a midnight judge but was too late
b. Madison refused to deliver Marburys papers
c. Marbury then sued Madison
d. Marshall said Madison cant be forced to but he should
e. Jefferson was upset Marshall was talking about morales
f. Jefferson tried to impeach two judges
g. The feud between the judiciary and Jefferson then ended
iv. The Louisiana Purchase
1. Jefferson wanted an empire
a. Europe had more land in North America than Americans
b. Spain ceded Louisiana territory to the French
c. Jefferson wanted all of N.A. minus Canada plus part of S.A.
d. Feared America would be sandwiched between two feuding Americans
2. Bonapartes struggles
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a. Bonaparte crushed Spain in war and took the Louisiana territory
b. He planned to use the territory as a bread basket for his Caribbeanempire
c. He then invaded Saint Domingue
d. Due to disease and resistance Bonapartes forces got crushed
3. Americas purchase
a. America sent people to France to make sure America could still usenew Orleans
b. Bonaparte offered to sell the entire territory for 15mil
c. He needed money for a new war in Europe
d. Jefferson bought the land as he thought doubling size was good (DUH)
4. Effects of purchase
a. Federalist called Jefferson a hypocrite
b. Constitution didnt mention acquiring land
c. Federalist felt the new edition would weaken New Englands hold
d. Jefferson did not care what the federalist thought
v. Election of 1804
1. Twelfth amendment was put into effect
2. Jefferson and Clinton swept Pinckney and King
vi. Lewis and Clark expedition
1. Issues
a. Jefferson was infatuated with the Louisiana territory
b. No one knew the western boundary of the territory
c. Even before the acquiring Jefferson planned an expedition
d. Sent Lewis and Clark to get educated
2. Trip
a. Lewis and Clark were hoping to find a water route to the pacific
b. Give Huge economic success
c. Started in St. Louis
d. Charbonneau & Sacajawea were there guides
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e. Came in contact with many native tribes
f. Gave medals and uniforms to some chiefs
g. Reached the Pacific and then later returned to St. Louis
3. Result
a. Collected mass scientific information
b. Found a large mountain range
c. Had a bunch of lies in it
d. Jefferson was mocked for believing in the events
b. The Gathering Storm
i. The Suppression of American Trade and Impressment
1. Britain and France resumed conflict in Europe
a. Britain was angered with American trade with France
b. Britain blockaded all French controlled ports
c. France put into effect the continental system
d. Both Britain and France seized American ships
e. Americas navy became Britains navys Bitch
f. British started to practice impressment
2. Leopard(British) attacks Chesapeake (American)
a. Only a few miles off the American coast
b. Americans immediately called for war
c. It went unanswered
ii. Embargo Act of 1807
1. Reasons why advocated
a. Hoped to pressure Britain and France to recognize American neutrality
b. British sales did drop 50%
c. Britain later found new markets in south America
d. Napoleon still seized all American ships he could
2. Negatives of Embargo Act
a. 30k Americans lost jobs
b. Jails became over filled
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c. Farmers could no longer pay their debts
d. Land prices plummeted
3. Positives
a. American Manufacturing grew
b. Started the American Industrial revolution
iii. James Madison and the Failure of Peaceable Coercion
1. Election of 1808
a. Republicans ran Madison and Clinton
b. Federalist ran Pinckney and King again
c. Republicans win but federalist win a few seats in the house and senate
2. War Hawks
a. From the south and the west
b. Wanted to go to war with Canada and Florida
c. Led by Henry clay
iv. Issues with natives
1. White expansion
a. White settlement shrank native hunting grounds
b. Forced natives to sell land for liquor and guns
2. Treaty of Fort Wayne
a. Governor Harrison believed they needed to offer Indian lands to whites
b. Harrison gathered starving Indians and bought land near Wabash river
c. They only paid 2cents an acre
d. Pissed of Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief
3. Battle of Tippecanoe
a. Tecumsehs brother led a small force to attack American soldiers
b. Harrison won the battle and became known as a national hero
c. Natives had heavy artillery which was supplied by natives
d. The last straw with Britain
v. Congress Votes for War
1. For War
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a. Most republicans
b. War Hawks and Westerners wanted war
c. Pennsylvania, Maryland& Virginia
2. Against War
a. Federalist
3. Madison wanted war
a. Listed impressment
b. Violations of neutral rights
c. Arming of Natives by Britain
d. Economic recession in west and south in 1808
c. War of 1812
i. On to Canada
1. Assault in 1812
a. General Hull led an American force from Detroit into Canada
b. Tecumseh cut his supply line
c. America lost Detroit and 2k men vs. Britains 1.3k men
d. Later crushed in Niagara falls
e. Men didnt want to go into Canada to begin with
2. Assault in 1813
a. Harrison failed to retake Detroit
b. Parry used newly constructed fleet to beat a British squadron
c. Gained lake Erie
d. Britain withdrew from Detroit
3. 1814
a. Fought two inconclusive battles with Britain
ii. British Offensive
1. Launched assault to split New England off
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a. 10k British veterans advanced down lake Champlain
b. Stopped by forces at Plattsburgh
c. Abandoned campaign on September 11
2. Assault of Washington
a. Intended to be a diversion
b. Sailed from Bermuda to Washington
c. Burned Washington
d. British were repelled at Baltimore
iii. Treaty of Ghent
1. Battle over New Orleans
a. British veterans from Napoleonic war sieged new Orleans
b. The cocky British general gave America time to dig in
c. America shredded Redcoats in an hour
d. Killed general Pakenham
2. Terms of treaty
a. No land or money was gained or lost
b. Britain wanted to create Indian buffers(rejected)
c. Neutral rights became a dead issue
iv. The Hartford Convention
1. Federalist further come back in 1812
a. Madison received no votes in New England except Vermont and NYand NJ
b. Federalist got a decent amount of votes in 1812
2. Federalist upset
a. Believed country was misruled for 10years
b. Jeffersons attack on judiciary ruined the law
c. Louisiana purchase lowered federalist power
d. Hated Mr. Madisons war
3. Purpose
a. Some wanted to cede from the union
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b. Moderates mostly ruled the convention
c. Wanted to eliminate the 3/5 clause to weaken republican power
d. Wanted a single term president
4. Downfall of federalist
a. Horrible timing right after Jacksons victory
b. Many viewed it as an act of treason
c. Restoration of peace stripped federalist power
d. The Awakening of American Nationalism
i. Madisons Nationalism and the Era of Good Feelings
1. Called for internal improvements
a. Wanted Roads and canals
b. Called for tariff protection for new industries
c. The creation of the second B.U.S.
d. Vetoed internal improvements (wanted amendment)
2. Era of Good Feelings
a. No political splits were existent
b. Era was paper thin
c. There was disagreement in republican party
ii. Missouri Compromise
1. 2year controversy over Missouri statehood
a. Missouri attracted many slaveholders
b. Admitting Missouri would add too many slave states
c. Greatly Hurt the Norths influence
2. 36 30 compromise
a. Missouri and Maine were added
b. Missouri was slave Maine was not
c. Anything above 36 30 had to be slave free
3. Chapter nine
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a. Tocqueville in America
i. Was sent to study American prisons
ii. Became infatuated with American society
iii. Believed eastern America was civilized and western America is not
iv. Americas transportation vastly improved while they were there
v. Farming was used to sell to European markets as they were hurt due to Napoleonic wars
vi. Believed America was the get rich quick scheme nation
b. Life in the West
i. People move west because
1. Hated the increase in federal power
2. West had removed natives
3. There was an agricultural boom
ii. Men competed in physical activities for fun
iii. Women had to kill animals and work hard out in the west
iv. Mountain men traveled the unexplored territory and became legends for their tales
c. Government Policies, Native Relations, and Western Expansion
i. The government gave soldiers cheap land
ii. Britain wanted to put buffers in Maine and Michigan region
iii. Civilized Indians were Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaw
iv. Native American nations could not exist in the united states
v. Andrew Jackson forced the natives unto the trail of tears
d. Agriculture and the Growth of the Market Economy
i. Farm prices rose as Europes demand for our food rose
ii. The cotton gin made for the creation of cotton to happen a lot quicker
iii. Post 1812 farmers could make more money being substance farmers
iv. Farmers of gamblers are risky because the buying of land is very risky
e. Federal land policies
i. Federal government made money by selling western lands
ii. Federal government still believed in strong manufacturing was the way to go
iii. Land became cheaper and people could buy smaller amounts
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iv. The second B.U.S. was put into effect
f. Panic of 1819
i. Destroyed the value of land
ii. State banks couldnt finance their notes and had to loan from the fed banks
iii. Farmers didnt get money couldnt pay for stuff and foreclosed
iv. Farm goods prices dropped and farmers lost all profits
v. People began to distrust banks
g. Transportation Revolution
i. Government created the national road and also created toll roads
ii. The invention of the steamboat brought a lot of attention to water travel
iii. Government financed the Erie canal which increased lake city importance
iv. Trade could be done better and cities could then grow
h. Industrialization
i. Cotton mill was introduced to America
ii. Factories came to America changing the way of life
iii. Daily life in a factory sucked long hours in poor conditions
i. Social Gaps, Economic Divisions, and Social Relationships
i. People would inherit their wealth from parents and would not earn more or less
ii. People didnt make money in the winter as crops werent grown
iii. Irish immigrants did most physical labor in the America
iv. Federal government limited freedom for blacks
v. Young Americans could now earn money without parents
j. Women
i. Women were now considered superior morally
ii. Men were still superior in every other manner
1. Chapter 10
a. Rise of Democratic Politics
i. Democratic Ferment (Democratic Uproar)
1. Universal white male suffrage rose
a. Voters no longer needed to own property
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b. Written votes replaced the corruptible oral voting system
c. Electoral college remained
2. Campaigning Techniques
a. Held grand barbeques to sway people in their interest
b. Opposing the common man=political suicide
ii. Election of 1824
1. All five candidates claimed to be republican
2. John Quincy Adams
a. Favorite of New England
3. John C. Calhoun
a. Favorite of the South
b. Dropped race and ran for vice president
4. Henry Clay
a. From Kentucky known for his American System
5. William Crawford
a. Bad health led to becoming insignificant
6. Andrew Jackson
a. Ring leader of the West
b. Known for being a self-made common man
c. Received most of the popular votes but wasnt enough
7. Corrupt Bargain
a. No nominee received enough votes to become president
b. Went to the House for the 2nd time in U.S. history
c. Three candidates were left (Clay, Adams & Jackson)
d. Clay aligned with Adams as he had more similar views
e. Jackson called foul which led to the name Corrupt Bargain
f. John Quincy Adams won the presidency
iii. J.Q. Adams Presidency (FAILURE)
1. Surrounded in controversy
a. Called for internal improvements for federal aid
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i. Strict Jeffersonians believed this unconstitutional
ii. New Yorks governor Martin V. Buren wanted imbursement
iii. Adams said no freaking way
b. Sent delegates to new South American Countries
i. He just wanted to find new markets for the country
ii. South got pissey because Haiti was a former slave area
1. Felt that Adams would support slaves uprising
c. Failed to recognize partisan politics
i. Guaranteed a one term presidency
iv. The Rise of Andrew Jackson
1. Jackson gained support as Adams lost support
a. Winning the Battle of New Orleans Jackson became a hero
b. People distrusted general politics through Panic of 1819
c. Common man Jackson was the new kind of leader the people wanted
2. Need for two-party competition
a. Adams & Clay (Republicans)
i. For internal improvements
ii. Liked the national bank
iii. Generally favored the northeastern united states
iv. More aristocratic than opponent
b. Jackson (Democrats)
i. Against large federal government
ii. HATED the National Bank of the United States
1. Makes the rich richer and the poor poorer
iii. Strong support in the west & south
iv. Appealed to the common man
v. The Election of 1828
1. Dirtiest, meanest election America has seen
2. Rich vs. common man
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a. Democrats ran Jackson & Calhoun
b. Republicans ran Adams again
c. Jacksons supporters viewed Adams as a sissy aristocrat
d. Adams retaliated by saying Jacksons a Hick
i. People liked this in Jackson (WOW)
e. Jackson won with over twice the electoral college than Adams
vi. Jacksons Presidency
1. Targeted federal civil services
a. Common belief was long service=entitlement
b. Jackson didnt agree (thought job should rotate with common man)
c. Known as the spoils system
d. Fired over half the higher civil service
2. Jacksons motives
a. Removals were concentrated in Northeast (Adams supporters)
b. Appointed unqualified leaders that he liked
i. Swartwort (appointed by Jackson) stole millions of dollars
c. Did not give reasons for his actions
3. Jackson beliefs
a. Against most federal aid
b. Did support some aid however
c. Firm stance on no federal aid for state improvements
4. Souths support
a. Enacted Indian Removal Act
i. Pleased southern civilians
ii. Went against John Marshalls ruling (supreme court justice)
iii. Terrible event in Americas history
b. Tariff issue
i. Adams people enacted a high tariff against the South
ii. South got mad at Jackson but they werent overly PISSED
vii. Nullification Crisis
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1. Calhoun
a. Nationalist now turned to states rights advocate
b. Supported tariff of 1816 as measure for national defense
c. Northeast called for higher and higher tariffs
d. Wanted to be president after Jackson (needed south support)
2. Souths Issues
a. Cotton shift to Alabama and Mississippi hurt South Carolina
b. South Carolina was further weakened by the tariffs
3. South Carolina Exposition and Protest
a. Written anonymously by Calhoun
b. Argued tariff was unconstitutional and crippled states
c. Claimed states had right to nullify laws within their borders
4. The Force Bill
a. Jackson wanted to maintain support with pro-tariff states
b. He threatened to send in the military to force South Carolina
c. South Carolina started to increase the size of its militia
5. Compromise
a. Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff
b. Made the tariff gradually decrease over time
c. Made to prevent a civil war which people saw coming
viii. The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832
1. Jackson take on the Bank
a. Viewed Bank as a way for the poor to get poorer and rich richer
b. It allowed wealthy to corrupt legislators
c. Viewed it as an evil monopoly
2. Bank set up
a. Capital of 35 million, double federal expenses
b. Government had little control over bank, controlled by rich capitalist
c. Set up in Philadelphia and not Washington D.C.
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d. Run by Biddle a complete opposite of Andrew Jackson
3. The problem
a. Biddle knew if Jackson won election he would veto the bank
b. Passed a bill pushing the recharter up making it a political issue
i. Hoped to weaken support for Jackson
c. Jackson and Martin Van Buren crushed Clay
i. Banks in trouble
b. The Bank Controversy and the second Party System.
i. The War on the Bank
1. Jacksons attack
a. Jackson wanted to kill the Bank instantly instead of letting it die
naturally
b. Bank called in Loans and Credit
c. Jackson took feds money and put in state banks (pet banks)
i. Gave state banks too much power
ii. Over printed money
iii. Resulted in Panic of 1837
2. Specie Circular
a. Only specie could pay for public land
b. Jackson distrusted paper money (favored in public before Panic)
c. Helped to cause the panic
3. Locofocos
a. Grew out of workingmens parties
b. Three demands
i. free public education
ii. cant be jailed for debt
iii. ten hour workday
c. Democrat party absorbed these working parties
ii. Rise of Whig Opposition
1. Causes for forming
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a. Jackson was anti federal aid, for tarrifs, anti-bank(north)
b. Nullification crisis swayed many (south)
c. A group of Jacksons enemies
2. Goals of party
a. Wanted to end slavery
b. Wanted to end sale of liquor
c. Improve education and morality
d. Henry Clays American System
i. High tarrifs with high federal support
e. Heavily protestant
f. Anti-Masonic views (Hated free Masons)
iii. Election of 1836
1. Candidates
a. Democrats ran Martin Van Buren(Calhouns replacement)
i. Had Jacksons support
b. Whigs ran four candidates
c. Democrats won but barely
iv. Panic of 1837
1. Causes
a. Removing federal money and putting it in state banks
i. Doubled amount of banks
ii. Value of bank notes tripled
iii. Prices soared
b. States began funding canals
c. Prices began to fall
d. Banks suspended specie payments
*Biddle charged with fraud and theft
2. Effects
a. Very few jobs were available
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b. Average wage was cut 33%
c. People turned to psychos such as Miller (World end Oct 22)
d. Whigs swept the governors and legislative branch
e. Signed the Independent Treasury Bill
i. Failed on the state level
f. Democrats hard money anti bank stance rose a little bit
v. Election of 1840
1. Van Buren vs. Harrison
a. Van Buren campaigned lazily
b. Harrison practiced democratic campaign techniques and won
2. Harrison Wins (Whoooo)
a. Died of pneumonia
b. Tyler replaced him
c. Rise of Popular Religion
i. The Second Great Awakening
1. Start of reforms
a. Begun in Connecticut in the 1790s
b. Early on educated Presbyterians dominated the revival
c. As frontier states revived they changed the process
d. Created huge revivals
2. Methodist
a. Most successful religion on the Frontier by far
b. Grew by over one million members
c. Appealed to the heart of the individual over the mind
d. Ministers traveled and were not settled
ii. Eastern Revivals
1. Occurred in western New York (Burned Over District)
a. Descendants of puritans craved new religious info
b. People were drawn by wealth due to Erie Canal
c. People held very high expectations
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2. Charles G. Finney (Father of Modern Revivalism)
a. He became a Presbyterian minister
b. Many conducted religious stuff in Rochester
c. Devised many methods to spread the word
d. Denied the doctrine of human depravity (natural sin)
e. Claimed revivals were work man not god
f. Encouraged women to give public statements
iii. Critics of Revivals: Unitarians
1. Anti-Revival
a. Revivalism made permanent changes in behavior that were extravagant
b. Believed Jesus was more man than divine
c. Unitarian views tore apart standard religions
d. Only prominent in New England
e. Believed in strong character building
iv. The Rise of Mormonism
1. Joseph Smith
a. Spent childhood moving around quite often
b. His father was a bad man
c. Claimed an angel lead him to a buried book from god
d. Translated the book into The Book of Mormon
e. Saw himself as second Mohammed
2. Rise in Popularity
a. Meant to resolve the turmoil
b. Constantly moved west
c. Built model city of Nauvoo, Indiana
d. Practiced Polygamy
e. Originated in United States
v. Shakers
1. Purpose
a. Founded by Mother Ann Lee
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b. Established several tight agricultural communities
c. Known for making excellent furniture
d. Gained support through converts and orphanages
e. Created own prosperous villages
2. Views
a. Hated material items
b. Banned marriage
c. Were against sex
d. God was of both male and female parts
d. Age of Reform
i. The War on Liquor
1. Temperance reforms
a. Consisted of moderation and elimination of alcohol
b. Spread across Appalachian mountains led to increase of alcohol
c. Avg. person drank several gallons of liquor
2. American Temperance Society
a. Set up by Lyman Beecher
b. First national temperance organization
c. 1/3 to members were women
d. Demanded total abstinence
3. Targeted Population
a. Mainly targeted drinkers in laboring classes
b. Factories needed a sober workforce to run efficiently
c. Factories refused to sell liquor
d. After Panic of 1837 workers turned to temperance society
e. Called for towns to ban liquor
ii. Public School Reform
1. Before Reform
a. Students ranged from ages 3-20
b. Schools consisted of a single room
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c. Learned only to read and count
d. Barbaric (Constant Beatings)
2. Reasons for change
a. Students needed to be equipped for competitive industrial economy
b. Mann led the change
c. Spread uniform culture
d. Combat ignorance
3. Results (South made no change)
a. Got state to fund the schools
b. Extended school as many as ten months
c. Received standardized textbooks
d. Set up the grade system (1st grade, 2nd grade etc.)
e. Preached industry, honesty, sobriety and patriotism
f. Increased American culture
iii. Abolition
1. American Colonization Society
a. Main anti-slavery organization from 1800-1830
b. Composed of whites who were disgusted with slavery
c. Proposed a plan for gradual emancipation of slaves
i. Compensate slave owners
ii. Ship slaves off to modern day Liberia
iii. Convinced a few southern slave owners
2. Decline of American Colonization Society
a. Assumed blacks were inferior and didnt belong in America
b. Underestimated the Souths need for slavery
c. Only moved 1.3k slaves to Liberia
d. America had 2mil (2000k) slaves
3. Rise of blacks against slaves
a. Most blacks opposed going to Liberia (born in America)
b. Formed scores of abolition societies
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4. The Liberator
a. Launched in 1831by William Lloyd Garrison
i. Was most famous and controversial white abolitionist
b. Called for emancipation of slaves
c. Viewed slaves as equals to whites (VERY UNCOMMON)
d. Gained a lot of support from black abolitionist
5. Abolitionist differences
a. Unsure whether they should enter as a distinct political party
b. Concerned about the role of women in the abolitionist movement
c. Did hurt abolitionism too badly
6. Gag Rule
a. Flooded Congress with an endless amount of petitions
b. Congress Enacted the gag rule
c. Canceled all anti slave petitions to congress
iv. Women(You know women in every section gets real old real fast, We know they were mistreated)
1. Negatives toward women 1830s
a. Not allowed to vote
b. If married had no right to property (including inherited property)
c. Couldnt really get a divorce (at least very difficult to divorce)
2. Seneca Falls Convention
a. Stated all men AND women are created equal
b. Called for twelve resolutions
3. Why Women failed
a. *Most women realized blacks and women could not be given rights at
the same time. Women then called for suffrage after the civil war withmore success than ever before
v. Utopias
1. New Harmony
a. Founded by Robert Owen
b. perfected social living for industrial bonuses
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c. Fell apart due to a clash with a few ministers
2. Brooke Farm
a. Founded by transcendentalist
b. Attracted several writers
3. Oneida
a. Challenged all ways of life
b. Practiced communism
c. Everyone was married to everyone, different sexes of course (stilleww)
2. Chapter 11
a. Technological and Economic Growth
i. Agricultural Advancement
1. John Deeres steel tipped plow
a. Allowed for farmers to till the prairies soil in In, Mi, Il, Mo
b. Cut the labor requirement by half
2. Rise of Wheat
a. Wheat in the Midwest was like cotton in the south
b. Most profitable crop in Midwest by far
c. Was hard to harvest until McCormick reaper was invented
3. McCormick reaper
a. Made harvesting wheat a very easy task
b. Before civil war sold 80k reapers
c. Allowed for North to maintain high wheat production in Civil War
4. Eastern farming Improvements
a. Fed animals better in order to produce better meat
b. Emphasized clean diary procedures to make better products
c. Used a lot of fertilizer such as guano
ii. Technology and Industrial Progress
1. American System of Manufacturing
a. Manufacture by interchangeable parts
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b. Applied to guns(mainly revolvers), clocks and sewing machines
c. Made replacement parts possible to obtain
d. Allowed inventions to be mass produced
e. Attracted many investors
2. Telegraph
a. Used for politics and commercials
b. Some cities used them to report fires
c. More than 15k miles of line by 1852
iii. The Railroad Boom
1. European shock
a. Europe had many classes of travel on railroad (we had one)
b. Europeans were shocked for our love of the railroad
2. 1840 flaws
a. Scheduling was a disaster
i. Delays were frequent
ii. Many trains were forced to wait for others to pass
b. Only 3k miles of track
c. Open cars
d. No lamps for night travel
3. 1860 trains
a. 30k miles of track (more than everyone else combined (Whoo!)
b. Flat roof coach cars
c. Powerful engines enabled it to make tougher travels
d. Overtook canals (better in the Winter)
4. Effects
a. Turned Atlanta and Chattanooga into thriving cities
b. Was the link with the East and the Midwest
c. NYC connected to Buffalo, Philly to Pitt, Baltimore to Wheeling
d. Lines continued to move farther and farther west
e. Made Chicago Gigantic (Erie Canal helped)
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f. Small towns developed around the railroads
g. Railroad companies controlled a lot of real estate.
5. New conduct of business (because of railroads)
a. States cut funding for railroads because of panic of 1837
b. Encouraged a shift toward private investment
c. Individuals bought railroad securities from the government
d. Railroad needed more capital than small investors could provide
6. Rise of New York Stock Exchange
a. The securities (stocks) of all leading railroad companies were traded onthe floor of the New York Stock Exchange
b. Firms evaluated the price and found buyers (stock brokers)
iv. Rising Prosperity
1. Lives of consumers went up
a. Prices of commodities dropped significantly
b. 25% in average workers real income(not wage)
c. Steam engines allowed for factories to operate for a longer time
d. Average wage rose form $163-201$ by 1859
2. Growth of towns
a. Towns worked year round (farms worked eight months a year)
b. Many job opportunities(get fired from one you could find another one)
c. Women and Children found opportunities to work
d. Many families lived close to poverty
b. The Quality of life
i. Dwellings
1. Housing
a. Went form scattered unorganized wood frame houses to row houses
b. Row Houses=cast iron balconies, curved stairs, different shaped rooms
c. Less likely to be occupied by more than one family
2. Rise of the middle class
a. Middle class purchased ornate furniture
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i. Made in Grand Rapids and Cincinnati
b. Class differences could be seen by the house you lived in
ii. Conveniences and inconveniences
1. Increase in way of life
a. Coal burning stoves replaced open hearths(fireplaces)
b. Variety of diet rose immensely (transportation and stoves)
c. Mass water works
d. 68 public water sources
e. Women felt it their duty to make house beautiful(txt book said its +)
2. Negatives
a. Coal was messy and unhealthy
b. Seasons still affected the average persons diet
c. Salt remained widely used as a preservative
i. Ate more pork than beef (taste better with salt)
d. Only a fraction of population had running water
e. Few people bathed once a year
f. Inefficient street cleaning
g. Stunk (large manure build ups outside of cities)
iii. Disease and Health
1. Epidemics
a. Yellow fever and cholera killed off 1/5 of New Orleans population
b. St Louis loss 10% of total population due to cholera
c. Life expectancy in NYC and Philly=24 years
2. Cholera Epidemic
a. First true national epidemic
b. Followed shipping routes
c. Hit NYC, Ohio, New Orleans and more
3. Downfall of physicians
a. Couldnt explain the epidemics
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b. People got really pissed (understandable)
c. Physicians had no idea bacteria caused the disease
d. Quarantines failed
4. Surgeons rose
a. Laughing gas used as a pain killer
b. Development of anesthesia public images of surgeons
c. Needed to learn about clean hands however
d. 87% of wounded soldiers died in civil war
iv. Popular Health Movements
1. Americans turned to a variety of improvements
a. Hydropathy was most common
i. Cold baths and wet packs were used to combat disease
ii. Used by well of women
b. Graham called for a change in diet
i. Affected a broad audience
ii. Total abstinence from alcohol
iii. Called for consumption of Fruits, vegetables, whole wheat
iv. Wanted Americans to cut back on sex
c. Democratic Pastimes
i. Newspapers
1. 1830s
a. Only four pages long
i. Front page & back page=advertisement
ii. Second & third=editorials, ship arrivals, political
iii. Relied on political parties
iv. Only had a view readers
v. expensive
2. Transformation
a. Paper became more widely available
b. Penny Press was invested (allowed mass production)
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c. Amount of newspapers rose from 78k-300k by 1840
d. Now covered commercial events(robberies, fire)
ii. The Theater
1. Antebellum theaters
a. Very large part of life(4k seats)
b. Seats cost approximately 12-50 cents
2. Attendants
a. Lawyers
b. Merchants
c. Artisans
d. Clerks
e. Sailors
f. Noisy boys
g. A lot of Hookers(whores)
i. Sat in the top gallery (dark, horrible, guilty place)
ii. The presence was taken for granted (accepted)
h. Very rowdy
iii. Minstrel Shows
1. Prejudiced
a. Helped from an image of America (clever, patriotic)
b. Mainly made fun of blacks (stupid, clumsy and musical)
i. Nubian Jungle Dance, African fling
c. Appeared at white house(tsk tsk)
iv. P.T. Barnum (inventor of Freak Show)
1. Popular movement
a. Exotics (cheated public)
i. 169 year old black slave nurse of Washington
ii. Ventriloquists
iii. Albinos
iv. Magicians
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v. 5 year old midget
b. Tactics
i. Put a lot of ads in newspapers
ii. He had huge publicity
iii. Believed alcohol was evil
iv. Broke down barriers that divided households
d. The Quest for Nationality in Literature and Art
i. Europeans took little notice of American Poetry and fiction
ii. The only real writer was Washington Irving who wrote Sketch Book(1820) , Rip VanWinkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
iii. After 1820 the American Renaissance began
1. Main figures
a. James Fennimore Cooper (First important figure)
b. Ralph Waldo Emerson(most influential spokesman)
c. Henry David Thoreau(represented young Emersonians)
d. Margaret Fuller(intellectual women)
e. Walt Whitman(Loved America except slavery)
f. Nathaniel Hawthorne(Fiction)
g. Herman Melville(Fiction)
h. Edgar Allen Poe(Fiction and poetry)
2. 40% of the books published in the U.S were written by Americans
3. Hudson River School (Wanted to preserve nature)
3. Chapter 13
a. Newcomers and Natives(Mainly Germans and Irish)
i. Expectation and Realities
1. Economic Opportunities
a. Believed America to be a utopia
b. Germans wanted large farms
c. Britons wanted the large amount of food availability
d. Ship conditions were horrible
Pessimistic Viewon Human nature
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2. Reality
a. Farming in America greatly differed from farming in Europe
i. Europeans=compact village life
ii. Americans=individual psychology
3. Patterns in immigration
a. Irish crowded many urban areas (NE,NY,PN,NJ)
b. Germans came in through New Orleans
c. Disgusted with the slavery in the south
d. Settled in the Ohio valley are
ii. The Germans
1. Diversity
a. Germany consisted of non unified states
b. Catholics, Jews, Lutheran, those who hate religion
c. Social classes varied
i. Farming
ii. Professions (Doctors, Lawyers etc.)
iii. Artisans
iv. Trades people
2. Bound by common language
a. Created self efficient neighborhoods
b. Hated the rest of America (became clannish)
iii. Irish
1. Similar
a. Protestant (few catholic)
b. Small land owners who the British screwed over in Ireland
2. Mass Flow
a. 800k-1mil came between 1815-1844
i. Potato famine caused many deaths of the Irish
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ii. 1.8million migrated from 1845-1855
3. Role in America
a. Overwhelmingly poor they entered the workforce at the bottom
b. Irish men dug cellars, canals, railroad beds
c. Irish women became prime workforce in Lowell mills
d. Very harsh and drunk individuals
e. Few were middle class with selling liquor and food
iv. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism, and Labor Protest
1. Anti-Catholicism
a. Native born whites hated Catholics (originated in puritan times)
b. Mass amount of catholic Irish brought an increase in Anti-Catholicism
c. Burned entire buildings to the ground
d. Called to send all immigrants to the west away from society
2. Nativism
a. Rise of political parties (ex. Know Nothing/American Party)
b. Was originally local issues they became more national as immigration
c. Fed on a mixture of fears and discontents
d. Viewed Catholic Immigrants as a threat to their job
3. Labor unions (first attempts insignificant and usually failed)
a. Appealed to workers who couldnt get land to farm
b. Even women organized some strikes
4. Common-wealth vs. Hunt
a. Supreme court ruled that labor unions were not illegal
b. Applied to less than 1% of workforce
v. Immigrant Politics
1. Many immigrants became politically active
a. Political organizations helped to find lodging and employment
b. Irish and German aligned heavily with the Democrat party
i. Whigs were antislavery (bad to Irish)
ii. Whigs moral reforms threatened their drinking
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iii. Whigs were anti-Catholics
iv. Schools hurt German culture
b. The West and Beyond
i. The Far West
1. Mexico owns a lot of land
a. Texas, California, New Mexico Utah Arizona Wyoming and Colorado
2. Oregon land
a. Both Britain and America claimed the Oregon territory
ii. Far Western Trades
1. Trade post existed in California to create trade with far east
2. Had many resources
a. Coffee, tea, spices, silverware, clothes, hardware, hides & cattle
3. Trade links developed with far west and St. Louis (Santa Fe trail)
4. Created for many Americans to go into Mexican territory
5. Tensions rose as cultural differences rose
iii. American Settlement of Texas to 1835
1. Mexico encouraged immigration
a. Help to protect against Indian attacks
b. Offered generous land grants
c. Politics grew unstable
d. Americans brought 5k slaves (Mexico had no slaves)
iv. The Texas Revolution
1. Santa Annas brutality lead to stronger beliefs for independence
2. Santa Anna slaughtered at Alamo and Goliad
3