APUSH Review: The Final Exam Review, 2014 Edition

Part II

(Hopefully) Everything You Need To Know To Succeed On May 14, 2014

www.Apushreview.com

Reconstruction What is it?

◦ Rebuilding the nation after the Civil War Presidential vs. Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction:

◦ Presidential was much more lenient (10% loyalty oaths, adoption of 13th amendment)

◦ Radical was harsh on the South – divided into 5 zones 13th Amendment:

◦ Made slavery illegal 14th Amendment:

◦ Granted citizenship to blacks◦ Equal protection for citizens◦ Former Confederate officers could not hold state or federal office

15th Amendment:◦ Granted suffrage for blacks

South found loopholes: poll taxes, literacy tests, etc. Scalawags:

◦ Southerners that favored Reconstruction Carpetbaggers:

◦ Northerners that moved South during Reconstruction Force Acts:

◦ Passed in response to KKK, Federal troops used to quell KKK

ReconstructionBlack Codes:

◦Regulated affairs of African Americans; conditions similar to slavery

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson:◦Disliked by Radical Republicans◦Impeached (not removed) for violating the Tenure of

Office ActWhat ended Reconstruction?

◦Compromise of 1877◦The compromise settled the disputed 1876 election

Hayes (Republican) became President ENDED MILITARY RULE IN THE SOUTH! Southerner appointed to cabinet

The Gilded Age What is it?

◦ Term coined by Mark Twain◦ Although things looked great on the surface, there were many societal issues◦ Huge gap between the rich and poor

Business during the Gilded Age:◦ Growth of monopolies

Carnegie Steel, Rockefeller Oil, etc.◦ Vertical integration: owning all aspects of a business from beginning to end –

Carnegie◦ Horizontal integration: owning all businesses in an industry – monopoly (later

illegal) How did the rich justify their wealth?

◦ Social Darwinism◦ The Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie

President Grant’s Scandals:◦ Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring

Boss Tweed:◦ Leader of the Tammany Hall (Democratic) political machine◦ Stole over $200 million◦ Later caught in part due to Thomas Nast’s political cartoons

Pendleton Act (1883) – passed in response to the assassination of James Garfield. Required a civil service exam for government jobs

The Gilded Age ContinuedUnions during the Gilded Age:

◦ Knights of Labor – allowed skilled AND unskilled◦ AFL – allowed skilled workers only

Samuel Gompers – 8 hour work day, collective bargaining◦ Immigrants were hard to unionize (language barrier), disliked by workers,

liked by employers Often hired as strike breakers or “scabs”

Strikes during the Gilded Age:◦ When in doubt, strikes occurred because of wage cuts

Government almost always sided with the owners◦ Great RR Strike – 1877, Homestead – 1892, and Pullman - 1894◦ Haymarket Square Riot – 1886:

Turned violent, led to the demise of the Knights of LaborImportant laws during the Gilded Age:

◦ Interstate Commerce Act (1887): Created the ICC, meant to regulate RR industry Was an attempt to appease farmers Was not very effective early on

◦ Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890): Purpose was to break up monopolies In practice, this was used to break up unions

The West Westward expansion:

◦ Dates back to LA Purchase (1803)◦ Government helped encourage westward expansion

Homestead Act (1862) – provided 162 acres to settlers Transcontinental RR – Completed in 1869, government helped subsidize through

loans and free land As Americans moved further west, they encroached on Native

American land◦ Buffalo almost became extinct◦ A Century of Dishonor – Helen Hunt Jackson

Wrote about the plight of Natives at the hands of the US government◦ Dawes Act (1887):

Meant to assimilate or “Americanize” Native Americans◦ Children sent to boarding schools, Natives converted to Christianity

◦ Ghost Dance: Native American ritual envisioned the return of Buffalo and the removal of whites Led to…..

◦ Wounded Knee Massacre – 100s of Natives were killed by US Army 1890 Census:

◦ Frontier line no longer existed: Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis argued that the frontier helped promote

an American identity “Safety-valve” no longer existed

Populism The Grange:

◦ Provided social and economic opportunities for FARMERS◦ Sought to end monopolies in RR, wanted government ownership of businesses

Populist Party◦ Absorbed some ideas from farmers◦ Omaha Platform (written by Ignatius Donnelly)

Free and unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16:1; a graduated income-tax (redistribute wealth); Gov’t ownership of the telephone and telegraph, and railroads; Initiative, referendum and recall; Postal savings banks (safe repository run by gov’t); Direct election of senators

Panic of 1893 Causes:◦ Overspeculation, Stock-market crash, Overproduction

Results:◦ Gov’t repeals Sherman Silver Act

Coxey’s Army:◦ Advocated a public works program, marched a group of unemployed individuals to

Washington◦ Broken up by police

Free Silver:◦ Having silver back the value of the dollar at a ratio of 16:1◦ Would favor famers and debtors – easier to pay off debt

William Jennings Bryan◦ Won Democratic nomination in 1896; great orator; Challenged McKinley

Cross of Gold ◦ "We will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: ‘You shall not press

down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”

The Progressive Era Who were Progressives?

◦ Women, members of the Middle-Class, and people that lived in urban areas◦ Wanted to find solutions to the problems of society

Progressives also carried ideas over from the Populist Era (farmers)◦ Direct election of senators, railroad regulation, secret ballot, income tax

Muckrakers:◦ Journalists that wanted to expose scandal, corruption, and societal ills◦ Mass circulation of newspapers

Famous Journalists?◦ Upton Sinclair – The Jungle

Helped lead to the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act◦ Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives

Photographs that exposed poor living conditions for immigrants in NYC◦ Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of Cities

Exposed corruption between city (municipal) government and businesses◦ Ida Tarbell:

Wrote about the harsh treatment of other businesses by Standard Oil Company◦ Frank Norris – The Octopus

Wrote about Railroad corruption 2 important Progressives to know:

◦ Robert La Follette: Governor of Wisconsin Direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall (state reforms)

◦ Jane Addams: Founder of the Hull House in Chicago Aided women, children, and immigrants

The Progressive Era Continued African Americans were left out of government reforms during the Progressive

Era◦ W.E.B. Du Bois:

Demanded immediate end to segregation Helped form the NAACP

◦ Ida B. Wells-Barnett: Advocated an end to lynching

Progressive Amendments:◦ 16th: Graduated Income Tax◦ 17th: Direct Election of Senators

Senators previously were elected by state legislatures◦ 18th: Prohibition

Influenced by WCTU◦ 19th: Women’s Suffrage

Alice Paul Social Gospel:

◦ Protestant Church movement to help poor Roosevelt:

◦ Square Deal - Conservation, regulated trusts – good v. bad, consumer protection◦ Helped settle the Anthracite Coal Mine labor dispute

Wilson:◦ New Freedom – eliminating all trusts, lowering tariffs (Underwood), Federal Reserve Act

Important Progressive Acts:◦ Hepburn – regulated RR industry◦ Clayton Antitrust Act – exempted unions from prosecution

US Imperialism – WWI Spanish American War:

◦ Causes: Alfred T. Mahan

◦ Author of “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” Yellow Journalism

◦ Exaggeration of stories to sell newspapers◦ Hearst and Pulitzer

USS Maine◦ US ship stationed in Cuba, mysteriously blew up

De Lome Letter◦ Written by a Spanish minister◦ Trash talked McKinley

Yellow Journalism American public demanded war

Why was the US imperializing?◦ Need for raw materials, $ for businesses

Anti-Imperialist League◦ Mark Twain, Presidents of Harvard and Stanford, Samuel Gompers, and Carnegie◦ Didn’t Filipinos deserve “Consent of the governed?”

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine:◦ US could intervene in the affairs in Latin America◦ US becomes a police power

Dollar Diplomacy:◦ US businesses invest in Latin America◦ Concerned with economic interests

US Imperialism – WWIWorld War I:

◦Causes: Unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmermann Note

Home front during WWI:◦How was the war paid?

Income taxes – 16th amendment, liberty bonds◦Committee on Public Information:

George Creel Purpose was to gain support for the war – “4 minute

men”Woodrow Wilson:

◦14 Points, League of Nations◦Promoted self-determination◦US never joined the League – Henry Cabot Lodge

The “Roaring” 20s Politics

◦ Warren G. Harding – “Return to Normalcy” Teapot Dome Scandal

◦ Calvin Coolidge Laissez-faire

◦ Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: Tax cuts for the wealthy, similar to Reagan in 1980s

Nativism:◦ Emergency Quota Act (1921)

Limited immigration quota to 3% of a country’s population in 1910◦ National Origins Act (1924)

Limited immigration quota to 2% of a country’s population in 1890◦ Both ended unrestricted immigration◦ KKK – rose during 1920s – Birth Of A Nation ◦ Sacco and Vanzetti – immigrants convicted of murder, sentenced to death

Women in the 1920s:◦ Flappers ◦ Women’s suffrage (19th) Amendment – 1920◦ Margaret Sanger – advocated birth control

Harlem Renaissance:◦ Celebration of African American culture and music◦ KNOW poets Claude Mckay and Langston Hughes

The Great Depression and New Deal President Hoover’s response to Depression:

◦ Little government action, relied on volunteerism◦ Urged businesses to keep wages and production at status quo

FDR’s “Alphabet Soup Program” ◦ CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps

Put young men (18 – 24) to work Environmental work: planting trees, building parks, etc.

◦ TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority Building of dams helped provide jobs and hydroelectric power

◦ AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act Paid farmers NOT to grow crops, Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in Butler v. US

◦ NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act Allowed president to set codes for industries (prices, working hours, etc.) Section 7a allowed unions to collectively bargain, declared unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US

Court Packing Plan:◦ For every judge over 70 that does not retire, he could appoint a new one, would allow him to

appoint up to six new judges Key people associated with the Great Depression:

◦ Huey Long: Proposed to provide $5,000 to every family by taxing wealthy

◦ Dr. Francis Townsend: Favored giving $200 per month to senior citizens

◦ John Maynard Keynes: Economist that influenced FDR, government should run a deficit to improve economy

WWII Neutrality Acts (1935 – 1937):◦ US could not trade with warring (belligerent) countries

Did not matter who was the aggressor or who was the victim◦ US citizens could not travel on ships from warring nations

Neutrality Act of 1939:◦ US could sell weapons to democracies via “cash and carry”

Isolationists vs. Interventionists◦ Committee to Defend America – Interventionists ◦ America First Committee – Isolationists (Charles Lindbergh)

Lend-Lease Act (1941):◦ US could lend crucial supplies to countries the president deems vital

Why did Truman use the atomic bomb?◦ To save American lives!

Women in WWII◦ “Rosie the Riveter” – Films, magazines, etc.

Millions of women took jobs in factories, Incomes increased Japanese Americans

◦ Executive Order 9066 – Japanese Internment Camps◦ 100,000+ Japanese-Americans on West coast were moved to camps, Upheld in Korematsu v.

US Mexican-Americans

◦ Increase in workers from Mexico through the Bracero Program◦ Zoot-Suit Riots: LA, CA

Conflicts between sailors and marines and Mexican-Americans African Americans:

◦ Double V Campaign – Victory abroad over fascism, victory at home over racism

The Cold War George Kennan

◦ Author of the “Long Telegram”◦ What is he known for?

Father of ***Containment*** – to keep Communism from spreading◦ Impact of Kennan?

Helped end the US policy of isolation Truman Doctrine:

◦ Truman requested, and received, $400 million for military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan:◦ Policy that the US would spend billions of dollars over next several years to improve European

economic recovery “Fall” of China (1949):

◦ Truman gets blamed for China turning Communist 2nd Red Scare:

◦ HUAC (created in 1945) House Committee on Un-American Activities

◦ Prominent member was Richard Nixon – NOT JOSEPH McCarthy! Alger Hiss:

◦ Accused of sharing 65 classified documents “Hollywood Ten”

◦ 10 screenwriters that refused to testify before HUAC; sentenced to jail◦ McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy (R – Wisconsin), accused state department officials of being communists Downfall happened when he attacked the army

◦ Rosenbergs Husband and wife convicted of giving a-bomb secrets to the Soviets

The Cold War Cont.Eisenhower’s Administration:

◦ Secretary of State – John Foster Dulles Massive Retaliation:

◦ Brinkmanship ◦ In contrast, JFK’s “Flexible Response” focused more on covert action

◦ Sputnik – launched by USSR Increase in spending on science and education in US

◦ U2 Spy plane US plane shot down by Soviets Increased tensions

Foreign Issues:◦ Bay of Pigs Invasion:

April, 1961 the invasion takes place◦ US does not directly get involved◦ The invasion is a HUGE failure

Impact:◦ Cuba and USSR worry about future invasions

◦ Cuban Missile Crisis: On October 14, US surveillance discover missiles with nuclear capabilities in Cuba

◦ Could destroy most of the US JFK quarantined Cuba

◦ Eventually, the Soviet Union withdrew missiles◦ US promised not to attack Cuba◦ US would withdraw missiles from Turkey

Civil Rights (1940s – 1960s)1940s:

◦Executive Order 9981 (1948): Desegregated the US military

◦A. Phillip Randolph: Civil Rights advocate Led to FDR banning segregation in defense industries

1950sBrown v. Board:

◦Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson◦States must desegregate schools with “all deliberate speed”

Little Rock Nine:◦Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow the students attend

Little Rock High SchoolMontgomery Bus Boycott:

◦Martin Luther King, Jr. – 26 years old Drew on ideas from Jesus, Thoreau, and Gandhi

◦1 year after Rosa Parks was arrested, Montgomery busses were desegregated

Civil Rights (1940s – 1960s)1960s

Greensboro, North Carolina Sit-in Martin Luther King focused on Birmingham

◦ King and others were arrested for protesting◦ “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

Drew on Thoreau’s and Gandhi’s ideas of civil disobedience “an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly

accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law.”

Alabama and Ole Miss:◦ Attempts to keep the colleges from desegregating

Civil Rights Act of 1964:◦ Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations

Voting Rights Act of 1965:◦ Eliminated literacy tests for voting◦ The number of African Americans registered to vote in the South skyrocketed

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)◦ Helped register blacks to vote in Mississippi (5% were registered in 1964)◦ Later, under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael, SNCC focused on black power

Black Panthers (1966):◦ Huey Newton and Bobby Seale◦ Advocated the arming of blacks against white police

The 1950s***Interstate Highway Act***

◦ Largest public works project to date◦ Created 42,000 miles of highways◦ Could be used for evacuation in case of nuclear war◦ Helped spur the growth of…..

Suburbs:◦ Levittown:

Cookie-cutter houses in suburban Long Island, duplicated in many other cities◦ “White Flight”

Many White families moved to the suburbs Blacks (especially from the South, moved to cities)

Middle-Class Families:◦ Many married women did not work

Seen in television shows – “Leave it to Beaver”◦ “Cult of domesticity”

Women were expected to stay home, raise a familyRise in consumerism

◦ Consumer credit increased drastically in the 1950s Credit cards, store cards

◦ Car manufacturers produced newer, more stylish cars◦ New appliances included: dishwashers, garbage disposals, and TVs

The 1960s JFK’s New Frontier:

◦ Focused on urban renewal LBJ’s Great Society:

◦ Focus on civil rights and elimination of Poverty◦ Vietnam and Great Society competed for $

Election of 1968:◦ Nixon (R), Humphrey (D), Wallace (I)◦ Wallace siphoned votes from Humphrey in the South, Nixon became president

2 important books:◦ Silent Spring:

Rachel Carson, depicted the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment◦ The Feminine Mystique:

Betty Friedan - Brought attention to challenges that women faced; challenged “Cult of Domesticity”

Helped increase enrollment in the Women’s Rights Movement of the 1960s 1968: The year of “shocks”

◦ Assassinations of RFK and MLK◦ Tet Offensive

1969:◦ Moon landing◦ Woodstock – “hippy” or counterculture movements◦ Stonewall riots – associated with Gay Rights Movement

The Vietnam War 1954: Fall of Dien Bien Phu: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – 1964:

◦ Background info: US alleged that American ships were attacked by North Vietnam, different accounts of what

happened◦ What did the resolution do?

Allowed Johnson to do anything necessary to prevent future attacks◦ Impact of the resolution?

Johnson escalates US involvement in Vietnam Tet Offensive (1968)

◦ N. Vietnam launched a surprise attack, public opinion on the war decreased and protests increased Invasion of Cambodia (1970)

◦ Nixon’s authorized the bombing of neighboring Cambodia◦ Leads to……

Kent State protests:◦ Students protested the Cambodia bombings◦ 4 students killed by the National Guard in the process◦ RESULT OF THE BOMBING OF CAMBODIA!

Vietnamization: Nixon’s plan to gradually withdraw US troops from Vietnam and replace with trained South

Vietnamese troops. War Powers Act (1973)

◦ Essentially overturned “Gulf of Tonkin” Resolution◦ Limited the President’s involvement in wars

Must inform Congress before war actions are taken Effects:

◦ Money that could have been used on the Great Society went to Vietnam instead◦ High inflation

The Warren Court◦Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953 – 1969)◦Decisions affected rights of criminals and the accused,

religion, civil rights, and women Mapp v. Ohio (search warrants) Gideon v. Wainwright (right to lawyer, even if you can’t

afford one) Escobedo v. Illinois (Right to lawyer from time of arrest) Miranda v. Arizona (Right to remain silent) Engel v. Vitale (School sanctioned prayer is unconstitutional) Griswold v. Connecticut (Birth control is legal) Tinker v. DesMoines (Free speech is fine in school)

Nixon, upset with the court’s decisions, appointed judges he felt would “strictly” interpret the Constitution◦Appointed Warren Burger as new Chief Justice◦Roe v. Wade (1973) – legalized abortion◦Bakke v. Board of Regents - Giving preferential treatment

based solely on race was not allowed…

The 1970s – 1980s Nixon’s Administration:

◦ “Silent Majority”: Nixon’s belief that most people were supportive of the Vietnam War, they just did not

protest◦ Henry Kissinger:

Nixon’s National Security Adviser and Secretary of State◦ Cambodia -> Kent State

Pentagon Papers (1971):◦ Detailed the US’ involvement in Vietnam◦ Showed deceit by JFK and LBJ administrations regarding US involvement in

Vietnam Nixon’s visit to China (February, 1972):

◦ US relations with China improved◦ Soviet Union was concerned over US-Chinese relationship◦ Leads to……

Détente ◦ Easing of Cold War Tensions◦ SALT (1972)

Agreement to limit nuclear weapons Watergate Complex:

◦ June 17, 1972: 5 men broke into Democratic headquarters in Watergate

◦ Eventually, Nixon resigns due to his part in the cover up

The 1970s – 1980s Ford pardons Nixon:

Many Americans were upset, some believed there was a “deal”

Hurt Ford’s re-election chances in 1976Carter’s Administration:

◦“Washington Outsider”◦Iran Hostage Crisis◦Camp David Accords – peace agreement between

Israel and Egypt

The 1970s – 1980s Reagan’s Administration (1981 – 1989):

◦ Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) (Star Wars) Reagan’s nuclear defense plan Space stations could use lasers to defend against nuclear attacks

◦ Supply-side economics (Reaganomics) Tax cuts for the wealthy; in theory, the rich would use this money to invest

and spend money to improve the economy Very similar to Andrew Mellon’s tax policy from the 1920s

◦ Increased defense spending◦ Iran-Contra Affair

American hostages were held in Lebanon Contras were rebels fighting the Sandinistas

1. The Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran2. That money was sent to the Contras3. Iran would then help free the hostages

George H.W. Bush: (1989 – 1993):◦ August 2, 1990 – Saddam Hussein and Iraq invaded Kuwait◦ US and UN allies used advanced technology to crush Iraq◦ Saddam withdrew from Kuwait

Scorched-earth policy◦ “By God, we’ve licked the Vietnam syndrome once and for all”

1990sElection of 1992:

◦George H. W. Bush (R), Bill Clinton (D), and Ross Perot (Independent)

◦“It’s the economy, stupid” Bad economy hurt Bush’s reelection bid

◦Clinton won, Democrats controlled Congress Clinton’s Administration (1993 – 2001):

◦Economic Issues: Internet businesses boomed - Stock market increased The 1990s economy was unprecedented

◦North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): 1993 – eliminated tariffs between Canada, US, and Mexico Many argued it helped promote outsourcing

Baby Boom Generation began to retire:◦Led to issues with Social Security◦“Graying” of America

“Read my lips, NO

NEW TAXES.”

Miscellaneous InformationBooker T. Washington:

◦ Favored economic opportunities, vocational training◦ Atlanta Compromise - “In all things that are purely social we can be as

separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW):◦ Labor union that lost influence after WWI◦ Nicknamed “I won’t work”

African Americans began to vote overwhelmingly for Democrats during the Great Depression

Most African Americans were sharecroppers after the Civil WarGreat Migrations:

◦ Mass movement of African Americans to the North after world warsBonus Army:

◦ WWI vets that demanded an early bonus in 1932; broken up by Hoover

Birth of A Nation: (1915)◦ Full-length film that glorified the KKK

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