Appendix I : Interv iew

Schedule

Introduction

Thank you for agreeing to be interviewed. My study is about the rela-

tionship between individual lives and Hong Kong society. If I ask you

for personal information that you would rather not reveal, please feel

free to tell me if you feel uncomfortable. All of the data collected will

be used only for academic research. I will not disclose your identity

to other people.

Part I: Life History

1. Can you share with me your life story? For example, how did

you grow up?

(To see how the interviewees construct their self-identities. Are

class aspects important to them? I expect them to reveal some basic

information concerning their education and work trajectories, as

well. If not, the following questions will be asked.)

a. What did you parents do? What are your most vivid memo-

ries of your parents from your childhood?

b. Are you married? What is your partner’s job? Do you have

children?

c. What was your first job? How did you get it?

d. What is your current job? How did you move into this job?

e. Are you satisfied with your current job? Why or why not?

f. How is your relationship with your colleagues/supervisors?

Part II: Daily Life

1. How do you spend your leisure time?

2. What do you do at home? Do you cook?

3. How do you raise your children? (for those who have children

only)

158 APPENDIX I

4. How long have you been living here?

5. Do you enjoying living here? What kind of people live around

here?

6. Which newspaper(s) do you read?

7. How did you meet your best friends? What are their

occupations?

8. Do you spend a lot each month?

9. What kinds of movies do you like?

10. Where do you buy your clothes?

11. Do you travel often?

12. Do you drive?

13. Do you invest in the stock market? If so, how much?

14. Are you a member of any organizations? If so, why did you

join, and how involved are you?

(To see whether and how their class identities are manifested in their

daily lives and consumption practices. Do different lifestyles contrib-

ute to different subjective identifications of class?)

Part III: Class Politics

1. What are the most important political or social issues in Hong

Kong at the moment? What is your view on these issues?

2. What about universal suffrage?

3. Do you vote? Why (not)? Who do you vote for?

4. Is there any political figure or political party in Hong Kong

that represents your political attitude?

5. Have you ever joined any protests or demonstrations? How

about the July 1st rally in 2003?

6. What is your opinion on the government’s proposal to impose

a Goods and Services Tax?

(To see whether they believe class-based issues are important. Are peo-

ple’s political opinions influenced by their class identifications?)

Part IV: Class Identification

1. Do you think you belong to a certain class?

2. If yes, which class do you think you belong to?

3. What sorts of people belong to the same class as you?

4. What do you think about the current situation of your class?

5. What do you think about people from other classes?

6. Who do you think the middle-propertied class are? What do

you think about them?

APPENDIX I 159

7. What do you think about the CSSA recipients?

8. Is Hong Kong a place full of opportunities?

9. What are the factors of becoming successful in Hong Kong?

10. Is Hong Kong a fair society?

11. If there are two children, one from a more affluent background

and one from a poorer family, do they have equal opportuni-

ties to become successful in the education system?

12. In Hong Kong, there are people who are as rich as Li Ka-Sing

but also some very poor people. What do you think?

(To explore people’s subjective class identifications and social images.

How do they perceive social inequality?)

Final Questions

1. What do you think about your future? Are you optimistic?

2. What is your life objective?

3. How old are you?

Appendix I I: Profiles of the

Interv iewees

Mr. Cha

Born in 1947, Mr. Cha joined the government as a technical officer

trainee after secondary school. He retired from the government in

the first years of the twenty-first century and later joined a private

company as an inspector of works. He was married with three chil-

dren, and one of his children studied in the United Kingdom. He

owned his own flat in a private housing estate.

Ms. Chan

A shop assistant born in the early 1960s who lived in a public housing

estate, Ms. Chan joined a department store as a shop assistant after

secondary five. She was married with two children and was very emo-

tional about being denied the opportunity to continue working after

marriage because she had to look after her husband’s parents.

Mr. Cheung

Born in mainland China in 1962, Mr. Cheung emigrated to Hong

Kong in 1982 to join his father there. When he first arrived in Hong

Kong, he was a construction worker. He later became a chef in a

restaurant. He purchased an HOS flat (flat sold under the Home

Ownership Scheme) with his father but preferred to rent a home with

his wife and two children in a district closer to his workplace.

Mr. Ching

Born to a fishing family in 1959, Mr. Ching lived on a boat as a child.

He received virtually no formal schooling and admitted that he had

difficulty reading. He had worked in fish stalls, factories, restaurants,

and logistic companies and worked as a porter when interviewed. He

was married with no children and lived in a public housing estate.

162 APPENDIX II

Mr. Choi

Born in 1980, Mr. Choi left school after secondary five. After taking

a course at a technical college, he began working as a waiter. He later

became a routine white-collar worker in a hotel and became a prop-

erty assistant with a property management company. He lived with

his parents in a public housing estate.

Ms. Chui

Born in 1969, Ms. Chui finished her degree in accounting in Australia.

She returned to Hong Kong after graduation but did not remain

in the accounting field. She was a sales director for a private enter-

prise before becoming a manager for an organization specializing in

organizing conferences. She was married with an infant son when

interviewed. She and her husband rented a flat in a private housing

estate.

Mr. Chung

Born in 1980, Mr. Chung left school after secondary five. He had

been a branch manager of a telecommunications company but had

been sacked because of internal conflicts. When interviewed, he was a

customer service officer responsible for handling telephone inquiries

in a call center. He lived with his elder brother in an HOS flat.

Mr. Fan

Born in 1981, Mr. Fan’s family once emigrated to Canada but returned

to Hong Kong after acquiring Canadian nationality. He completed

his university education in Hong Kong. Probably the most political

interviewee in the whole sample, his discussion in the political section

of the interview lasted for more than an hour, and his first two full-

time jobs were both related to politics. He was a teaching assistant at

a secondary school when interviewed, and he was also studying part

time for a Master’s degree while living with his parents in a private

housing estate.

Mr. Fok

Born in the late 1950s, Mr. Fok completed secondary seven in Hong

Kong and began working for the government. He later saved enough

APPENDIX II 163

money to pursue his studies in the United Kingdom and obtained

a bachelor’s degree in social work. He continued to study part time

after returning to Hong Kong and earned a Master’s degree. He was

a senior student councilor at a local university when interviewed.

He was still living with his parents and was planning to emigrate to

Australia in the near future.

Mr. Fu

Born in 1982, Mr. Fu opened a food stall with financial support from

his family after finishing secondary school. He later closed his busi-

ness and worked as a shop assistant and as a manual worker. When

interviewed, he was a technical service assistant in a public hospital.

He owns an HOS flat and has benefited from financial support from

the government.

Mr. Fung

Born in 1975, Mr. Fung graduated from a local university with a

degree in philosophy. After working for the government for a few

years, he went to the United Kingdom to study for a Master’s degree

in social theory. He returned to Hong Kong and later became a man-

ager for a professional organization. He was also studying law on a

part-time basis and lived with his parents in a private housing estate.

Ms. Ha

Born in 1981, Ms. Ha graduated from a local university. While she

was at school, her family considered emigration and offered her an

opportunity to study abroad, but she eventually decided to con-

tinue her education in Hong Kong. She was a public relations officer

for a world leading company before become a marketing officer for

another multinational enterprise. She lived with her family in private

housing.

Mr. Ho

Born in 1974, Mr. Ho earned a degree in psychology from a local

university. He once resigned from a job to travel overseas for several

months. When interviewed, he was a radio program producer and

was also studying part time for a Master’s degree while living with his

parents in an HOS flat.

164 APPENDIX II

Ms. Ip

An unemployed lady born in 1954, Ms. Ip started working in a fac-

tory as a manual worker without finishing secondary school. Her last

long-term job was as a street cleaner. She was a very active member

of her trade union and had previously engaged in a series of conflicts

with her employers. Divorced with two sons, she was living alone in

a public housing estate.

Mr. Kam

Born in 1947, Mr. Kam began working for a broadcasting enterprise

as a technician after secondary school. He was still working in the

same position for the same company when he was interviewed. He

was married with two children and owned his own home in a private

building.

Mr. Kan

Born in 1980, Mr. Kan left school after secondary five. He became

a construction worker after losing his job as a warehouse assistant

because of indiscipline. He now lives with his girlfriend and her

mother in a village house in the New Territories; they co-own their

home.

Mr. Ko

Born in 1980, Mr. Ko dropped out of school after secondary school.

He had worked as a construction worker and as a porter before he got

his current job as a foreman on a construction site. He was studying

part time and hoped that better qualifications could reward him in

the future. He was living with his parents in a village house in the

New Territories.

Mr. Kot

Born in 1962, Mr. Kot finished his medical training at a local univer-

sity and later completed a Master’s course in public health. He was a

consultant doctor for a public hospital when interviewed. He had the

opportunity to emigrate to a Western country but had decided to stay

at the very last moment. When interviewed, he was living with his

wife and his two children in a private housing estate.

APPENDIX II 165

Ms. Ku

Born in 1981, Ms. Ku obtained a degree from a university in the

United Kingdom. She returned to Hong Kong and worked as a model

broker for a model agency and then joined a well-known accountancy

firm. When she was interviewed, she was already a qualified accoun-

tant and held the post of accounting manager. She lived with her fam-

ily in Kowloon Tong, one of the wealthiest districts of Hong Kong.

Ms. Kung

Born in 1989, Ms. Kung left school after secondary five. With only

two years of working experience, she had already held four different

full-time jobs. She was a clerk for a property agency when interviewed

and was living with her parents in a public housing estate.

Ms. Kwok

Born in 1983, Ms. Kwok obtained an associate degree in Chinese

language from a local university. She then joined a Korean company

as a shipping clerk before securing promotion to assistant supervisor.

She was living with her parents in a public housing estate.

Mr. Lai

Born in 1970, Mr. Lai obtained a degree from a local university.

After graduation, he joined a bank as a credit officer. He was sub-

sequently promoted to the position of branch manager when he was

interviewed. He was married and was expecting his first child. He

and his wife own a flat in a private housing estate.

Ms. Law

Born in 1957, Ms. Law left school after secondary five. She later

joined the garment industry and became a manager. She once opened

her own garment company with others, but disagreements among

the owners prompted them to close down the business. She was

working as a manager for a foreign garment company when she was

interviewed. Because most of the factories were located in mainland

China, she spent most of her working time there and only returned

to Hong Kong on weekends. She was a homeowner and lived alone

on a private housing estate.

166 APPENDIX II

Ms. Lee

Born in 1978, Ms. Lee graduated from a local university with a

degree in sociology. After graduation, she initially worked as a com-

munity relations assistant before joining a school as a teaching assis-

tant. She was a secondary school teacher and was studying part time

for a Master’s degree when she was interviewed. She lived with her

family in an HOS flat.

Ms. Leung

Born in mainland China in 1959, Ms. Leung emigrated to Hong

Kong in 1991 to join her husband. She became a factory worker in

Hong Kong before getting a cleaning job in a school. After separat-

ing from her husband, she lived with her two children in a public

housing estate.

Ms. Liu

Born in mainland China in the early 1950s, Ms. Liu emigrated to

Hong Kong in 1980 to join her husband. She was originally a factory

manual worker but once opened her own barbershop before return-

ing to work in a factory. In 1998, she decided to try her luck in the

insurance sector as a sales representative and was later promoted to

senior financial planner. She lived with her husband and two children

in a private flat owned by her family.

Ms. Lo

Born in mainland China in 1983, Ms. Lo emigrated to Hong Kong

with her mother when she was a child to join her father. She fin-

ished an associate degree program at a local university before begin-

ning work as an administrative officer in an education enterprise. She

strongly identified with her company, her colleagues, and her boss.

She believed that meeting her boss at university had transformed her

life. She was living with her parents in a public housing estate.

Ms. Lok

Born in 1998, Ms. Lok left secondary school after secondary five and

studied in the Project Yi Jin a year. She then got a clerical job with

help from relatives but was working as a shop assistant in a fast food

APPENDIX II 167

restaurant when interviewed. She lived with her parent in a privately

owned flat on an outlying island of Hong Kong.

Mr. Lung

Born in rural Guangdong in 1956, Mr. Lung migrated to Hong Kong

in 1980 because he did not want to continue working on a farm. He

became a construction worker when he first arrived in Hong Kong.

He had experience in several industries, but had worked in the same

shop as a shop assistant for ten years. He lived with his wife and two

children in a public housing estate.

Ms. Ma

A very religious Christian born in 1955, Ms. Ma was formerly the

head of the accounting department of a small company, but the com-

pany closed down during the SARS epidemic. She then became a

homemaker, but later worked full time again as a clerk in a govern-

ment department. After her father’s death, she resigned from that job

and again became a homemaker to spend more time with her mother.

She had three children and was on her second marriage when inter-

viewed. She owned her home and another flat that was rented out.

Mr. Mak

Born in 1976, Mr. Mak obtained a degree at a local university. He

worked as a field market development specialist for a multinational

company. He was very interested in rock climbing and sometimes

worked part-time as a rock climbing coach. He was married with no

children and owned his home in a private housing estate.

Ms. Man

Born in 1983, Ms. Man earned a higher diploma in fashion and tex-

tile studies at a local university. She then joined a textile firm as an

assistant merchandiser. She was living with her family in a public

housing estate.

Mr. Mo

Born in the 1950s, Mr. Mo did not finish primary school before

beginning work in a factory. He once established his own business,

168 APPENDIX II

but it ultimately ended in failure. He therefore became a security

guard and was later promoted to security training instructor. He was

very proud of this achievement. He was divorced with one daughter

and was an active trade union member. He rented his home in the

private housing sector and lived alone.

Ms. Mok

Born in 1976, Ms. Mok began work after secondary five, first as a

clerk but later as a receptionist for a shipping company. She had been

with the same company for nine years and held the post of sales coor-

dinator when interviewed. She lived in an HOS flat left behind by her

deceased father.

Ms. Ng

Born in 1959, Ms. Ng became a factory worker before starting sec-

ondary school. After taking some retraining courses, she worked at

a government-funded health center as a service worker, assisting the

nurses and doctors. She was living in an HOS flat with her husband,

who was a teacher, and their two children.

Ms. Or

Born in 1955, Ms. Or was a part-time shop assistant when interviewed

and had become an active trade union member after getting this job.

She was happy to stop working full-time after her marriage and had

helped her husband’s business (now closed down). She used to own

more than one apartment in Hong Kong before selling them because

she was not optimistic about Hong Kong’s economy. She was living

in a public housing estate with her husband, and their only son was

working in Australia.

Mr. Pang

Born in 1974, Mr. Pang became a doctor at a public hospital after

finishing his medical degree at a local university. When interviewed,

he was also preparing for a professional examination. He was not

recruited from a trade union, but turned out to be a leader in a trade

union that represents doctors. He was living with his parents in a pri-

vately owned flat.

APPENDIX II 169

Ms. Shum

Born in 1955, Ms. Shum completed matriculation in Hong Kong

and then became a schoolteacher. She then followed her husband to

Canada and, after their divorce, resumed her teaching career in Hong

Kong and was a primary school principal when interviewed. She

successfully obtained a degree after returning to Hong Kong while

studying part time. She owned the HOS flat in which she lived, and

her only son was studying in Canada.

Ms. Sin

Born in 1963, Ms. Sin did not complete her secondary schooling

and worked in a factory as a manual worker. She later took a cos-

metics course and joined the cosmetics industry. When interviewed,

she was running a small cosmetics clinic and employed two people.

She worked in her clinic everyday and also needed to take care of

her two children in primary school. She lived with her husband and

children in a private housing estate. The f lat they lived in was left

behind by her parents-in-law when they passed away. She had once

purchased a f lat in the private housing market, but the economic

recession meant that she suffered from the problem of “negative

equity.”

Mrs. Siu

Born in 1962, Mrs. Siu graduated from a local teacher’s college and

taught at a secondary school. She later earned a Master’s degree in the

United Kingdom and began to teach in universities in Hong Kong.

She then became a self-employed textbook author. She was married

with two children and owned her home in a private housing estate

where she lived with her husband and two children.

Mr. So

Born in 1983, Mr. So graduated from a local university with an actu-

ary degree. When interviewed, he was an assistant actuary after short

spells as an accountant and a law adjuster and was studying for his

upcoming professional examinations. He was living with his parents

in an HOS flat.

170 APPENDIX II

Ms. Song

Born in the early 1960s, Ms. Song had worked as a factory worker,

but was a part-time domestic worker when interviewed. She was

the only interviewee who admitted that she once had to seek sup-

port from the CSSA scheme. She was living in a public housing

estate with her husband and daughter, who had just begun primary

school.

Mr. Sun

Born in 1959, Mr. Sun began working in a factory before finishing

secondary school. His factory work ended in 1998 when he lost his

job as a supervisor in a factory in mainland China. He then became a

school janitor and an active trade union member. He was living with

his wife and two children in an HOS flat.

Ms. Szeto

Born in 1984, Ms. Szeto failed to progress to secondary six, so she

had a brief spell in a technical college before beginning full-time

work. With only two years of working experience, she was on her

fourth job: a library assistant in a primary school. She was living with

her parents in a public housing estate.

Ms. Tam

Born in 1976, Ms. Tam left school after secondary five. After a

brief spell as a receptionist, she joined a bank as a teller and gradu-

ally gained promotion to manager. She was married to a professional

engineer with one son in primary school. They owned their home in

a private building.

Ms. Tien

Born in 1989, Ms. Tien left school after f inishing secondary three

and became a shop assistant at a convenience store. After a spell

as a shop assistant in a boutique, she returned to work at the

convenience store. She lived in a public housing estate with her

parents.

APPENDIX II 171

Mr. To

Born in the late 1960s, Mr. To first worked as a manual worker in a

factory after secondary school. A year or so later, he became a post-

man and stayed in the same job for more than 20 years. He owned his

own home and was married with two children.

Mr. Tong

Born in the early 1950s, Mr. Tong finished matriculation before

starting to teach in a primary school. A friend then offered him a

chance to join the business sector, and he became a manager. He

established his own business and later became managing director of

an educational enterprise. Probably the most “conservative” inter-

viewee in the sample, he rejected universal suffrage and disliked the

welfare system. He had two children who were both educated in the

United Kingdom and was living with his wife in a private housing

estate.

Ms. Tsang

Born in 1962, Ms. Tsang had been a factory worker before becoming

a low-ranked service worker in a government clinic in the late 1980s.

She was living in an HOS flat, and her three children had all finished

their studies.

Mr. Wai

Born in 1986, Mr. Wai’s family once sent him to Europe because he

was not doing well at school in Hong Kong. He soon returned to

Hong Kong because he could not adapt to the foreign environment.

Upon his return, he began working as a mobile phone repairer; how-

ever, when interviewed he was planning to start his own business with

financial support from his parents. He lived with his parents in a vil-

lage house in the New Territories.

Mr. Wu

Born in 1970, Mr. Wu began working after secondary school, but

he twice returned to full-time study to increase his competitiveness

172 APPENDIX II

in the job market. He was a supplies officer at a public hospital when

interviewed and lived alone in the HOS flat he owned.

Mr. Yau

Born in 1969, Mr. Yau obtained a degree from a local private ter-

tiary institution. He later completed a Master’s degree on a part-time

basis. When interviewed, he had just started as a vocational councilor

at a technical college. As a Christian, he was also taking a part-time

course in theology. He was about to get married and had just pur-

chased an HOS flat.

Ms. Yeung

Born in 1978, Ms. Yeung graduated from a local university with a

degree in mathematics. She initially worked for a private company as

a secretary before joining the field of education and later became a

secondary school teacher. She lived with her mother in a public hous-

ing estate.

Ms. Yu

Born in 1959 in mainland China, Ms. Yu migrated to Hong Kong

in 1995 to join her husband. When interviewed she was a cleaner at

an NGO and also worked part time as a domestic worker to support

her three children. Her husband spent most of his time in mainland

China because he found it impossible to get a job in Hong Kong,

which made Ms Yu the major breadwinner of the family. She was liv-

ing in a public housing estate.

Mr. Yuen

Born in 1972, Mr. Yuen failed to get a place in secondary six

and decided to study at a design school after secondary five. He

was an assistant designer with a well-known jewelry company when

interviewed. He was living with his parents in a public housing

estate.

APPENDIX II 173

Mr. Yung

Born in 1958, Mr. Yung graduated from a local college and became a

teacher. As a Christian, he later became a social worker in a Christian

organization for more than ten years before resigning to work as a

self-employed social worker. He has authored a book, and his living

room housed more than 200 books. He was married with two chil-

dren and owned an HOS flat.

Notes

Introduction

1 . For comprehensive reviews of Hong Kong’s economic development,

see Chiu et al., 1997; Chiu and Lui, 2009; Meyer, 2000; So, 2004;

So and Chiu, 1995.

2 . GDP per capita data of different economies in the world can be

retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.

PCAP.CD .

3 . Unless otherwise stated, all ‘$’ in this book refers to Hong Kong

dollars.

4 . Data concerning Hong Kong’s unemployment rate and GDP can

be retrieved from http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/showtableexcel2.

jsp?tableID=006&charsetID=2 and http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/

showtableexcel2.jsp?tableID=030&charsetID=2 , respectively.

5 . For results of the survey from previous years, see Chiu and Lui (2009:

139–140).

6 . See Ronald (2008) for a discussion about the relationship between

home ownership and neoliberalism.

7 . For a review of industrial actions in the postwar era and the lack of

industrial democracy in Hong Kong, see Leung and Chiu (1991) and

Chiu and Levin (1996), respectively.

Studying Class Processes in Hong Kong: Approach and Method

1 . For the recent rise of Bourdieu’s approach to class analysis, see

Crompton, 2008: Chapter 6; Devine and Savage, 2005; Flemmen,

2013.

2 . See Chan (1992, 2000) for exisiting studies concerning consumption

and middle-class formation in Hong Kong.

Childhood and Education

1 . The names of all interviewees are pseudonyms.

2 . The exception is Mr. Yau, who did not go to university but was

awarded a degree by a college. He was actually born in 1969 but is

176 NOTES

classified as a young interviewee because he began school later than

the others.

Work

1 . Under the touch-base policy, mainland Chinese were allowed to stay

in Hong Kong if they could reach the urban area, even if they entered

Hong Kong illegally. The policy was implemented in the late 1970s

and abolished in 1980.

2 . Other researchers may follow Goldthorpe’s schema and treat all peo-

ple with a service class job as members of the same class. However,

because I do not endorse the employment aggregate approach, I use

the term “service class” merely to describe managerial, professional,

and administrative jobs.

3 . For example, Ms. Tien and Ms. Kung had not yet reached 20 years of

age, but at the time of the interview, both had already virtually given

up on getting better jobs in the future.

4 . It does not mean that these young middle class interviewees who

downplayed their determination to achieve upward mobility were

totally not interested in getting better paid jobs.

5 . Wong (2004; 2011a) showed that managers and teachers in Hong

Kong used cultural assets like academic qualifications and further

study and organizational assets like experience to advance their

careers. The findings of this study concerning middle-class strate-

gies to develop careers are not much different, but it seems that they,

especially the young middle class interviewees, put more emphasis on

academic qualifications.

6 . Atkinson (2013) also showed that class differences exist between the

middle class and the working class when they were talking about

their future working lives.

Class, Politics, and Democratization

1 . For a brief review of the development of the concept of “political effi-

cacy,” see Morrell (2003).

2 . Lipset’s explanation of his working-class authoritarianism thesis

avoids economic reductionism to some extent by arguing that, along

with the working class’s relatively inferior educational credentials,

their life experience causes them to favor radical politics because

they must focus on concrete, immediate, and personal issues. While

Lipset was making his argument at a time when radical politics was

seen as the major threat to representative democracy, such politics are

not hindering the course toward democracy in contemporary Hong

Kong, where the pro-democracy camp has been labeled “radical.” See

Lipset (1981).

NOTES 177

3 . The Civic Party is a party of the pro-democracy camp; most of its

prominent members are lawyers.

4 . See Lee (2010) for the importance of perceived reality on attitudes

toward democratization in Hong Kong.

5 . Kuan (2006) also found that in Hong Kong the poorly educated as

well as older people were more likely to display internal inefficacy.

6 . Participants of pro-democracy protests from 2003 to 2007 were also

predominantly male and highly educated (see Lee and Chan, 2011:

147).

7 . Further studies may attempt to explore whether this different under-

standing of the status quo and the democratization process can be

attributed to different forms of middle-class habitus: one form of

middle-class habitus for those with more cultural capital but less

economic capital and another form of middle-class habitus for those

with more economic capital but less cultural capital (see Eder, 1993;

Heath and Savage, 1995).

Class Identification

1 . Therefore, when respondents choose to identify with a class label like

“middle class” or “lower middle class” when answering close-ended

questions in surveys, they are not necessarily displaying salient mid-

dle-class identifications (cf. Hsiao and Wan, 2014; Wong and Wan,

2004; Wong et al., 2006).

2 . None of the ambivalent class identifiers born before 1970 fulfilled all

of the criteria of a typical lower class identifier, and only one fulfilled

all of the criteria of a typical middle-class identifier.

Hong Kong–China Integration, Neoliberalization, and the Young Lower Class in Hong Kong

1 . For an in-depth discussion about the integration of Hong Kong’s

and the mainland Chinese economies, see Chiu and Lui (2009:

Chapter 6).

2 . HKDSE stands for Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.

This examination replaced the HKCEE after educational reform

began in 2009 to increase the length of secondary education from

five years to six years. The matriculation years and the A Level

Examination have now been abolished.

3 . Data concerning the number of part-time workers in Hong Kong can

be found in the Report on Annual Earnings and Hours Survey pro-

duced by the Census and Statistics Department.

4 . Tai-lok Lui (2011: 87) also argued that only “those who are deliv-

ering producer services to mainland business and transnational cor-

porations” would find Hong Kong’s integration with the mainland

Chinese economy particularly beneficial.

178 NOTES

Classed Experience in a Neoliberal Global City

1 . Dillabough and Kennelly (2010) also showed that an anti-welfare

attitude was expressed by the marginalized young people residing in

the two global cities in Canada.

References

Adams, M. (2003) “The Reflexive Self and Culture: A Critique,” The British

Journal of Sociology , 54 (2): 221–38.

Adams, M. (2006) “Hybridizing Habitus and Reflexivity: Towards an

Understanding of Contemporary Identity?,” Sociology , 40 (3): 511–28.

Adams, M. (2007) Self and Social Change . London: Sage.

Adkins, L. (2003) “Reflexivity: Freedom or Habit of Gender?,” Theory,

Culture & Society , 20 (6): 21–42.

Atkinson, W. (2007a) “Anthony Giddens as Adversary of Class Analysis,”

Sociology , 41 (3): 533–9.

Atkinson, W. (2007b) “Beck, Individualization and the Death of Class: A

Critique,” The British Journal of Sociology , 58 (3): 349–66.

Atkinson, W. (2008) “Not All That Was Solid Has Melted into Air (or

Liquid): A Critique of Bauman on Individualization and Class in Liquid

Modernity,” The Sociological Review , 56 (1): 1–17.

Atkinson, W. (2009) “Rethinking the Work-Class Nexus: Theoretical

Foundations for Recent Trends,” Sociology , 43 (5): 896–912.

Atkinson, W. (2010a) Class, Individualization and Later Modernity: In

Search of the Reflexive Worker . Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Atkinson, W. (2010b) “The Myth of the Reflexive Worker: Class and Work

Histories in Neo-liberal Times,” Work, Employment and Society , 24 (3):

413–29.

Atkinson, W. (2013) “Class Habitus and Perception of the Future: Recession,

Employment Insecurity and Temporality,” The British Journal of Sociology ,

64 (4): 643–61.

Ball, S. (2003) Class Strategies and the Education Market: Middle-Class

Parents and Their Children . London: Routledge.

Ball, S., Maguire, M. and Macrae, S. (2000) Choice, Pathways and Transitions

Post-16: New Youth, New Economies in the Global City . London; New

York: RoutledgeFalmer.

Ball, S., Vincent, C., Kemp, S. and Pietikainen, S. (2004) “Middle Class

Fractions, Children and the ‘Relational’ and ‘Normative Aspects’ of Class

Practices,” The Sociological Review , 52 (4): 478–502.

Baum, S. (1999) “Social Transformations in the Global City: Singapore,”

Urban Studies 36(7): 1095–117.

Bauman, Z. (1998) Freedom . Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Bauman, Z. (2000) Liquid Modernity . Cambridge: Polity Press.

180 REFERENCES

Bauman, Z. (2001) The Individualized Society . Cambridge: Polity.

Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity . London: Sage.

Beck, U. (1994) “The Reinvention of Politics: Towards a Theory of

Reflexive Modernization,” in U. Beck, A. Giddens and S. Lash, Reflexive

Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social

Order . Cambridge: Polity Press, 1–55.

Beck, U. (2000) The Brave New World of Work . Cambridge, UK: Polity

Press; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Beck, U. (2007) “Beyond Class and Nation: Reframing Social Inequalities in

a Globalizing World,” The British Journal of Sociology, 58 (4):679–705.

Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002) Individualization : Institutionalized

Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences . London: Sage.

Beck, U., Bonss, W. and Lau, C. (2003) “The Theory of Reflexive

Modernization: Problematic, Hypotheses and Research Programme,”

Theory, Culture & Society , 20(2): 1–33.

Beck, U. and Grande, E. (2010) “Varieties of Second Modernity: The

Cosmopolitan Turn in Social and Political Theory and Research,” The

British Journal of Sociology , 61 (3): 409–43.

Bennett, T., Savage, M., Silva, E., Warde, A., Gayo-Cal, M.and Wright, D.

(2009) Culture, Class, Distinction . Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

Bertaux, D. (1991) “From Methodological Monopoly to Pluralism in

the Sociology of Social Mobility,” in S. Dex (ed.), Life and Work

History Analyses: Qualitative and Quantitative Developments . London:

Routledge, 74–92.

Bertaux, D. and Thompson, P. (1997) “Introduction,” in D. Bertaux and

P. Thompson (eds), Pathways to Social Class . Oxford: Clarendon Press,

1–31.

Bertaux-Wiame, I. (1993) “The Pull of Family Ties: Intergenerational

Relationships and Life Paths,” in D. Bertaux and P. Thompson (eds),

Between Generations: Family Models, Myth and Memories . Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 39–50.

Boone, S. and Houtte, M. V. (2013) “In Search of the Mechanisms Conducive

to Class Differentials in Educational Choice: A Mixed Method Research,”

The Sociological Review , 61 (3): 549–72.

Bottero, W. (2004) “Class Identities and the Identity of Class,” Sociology , 38

(5): 985–1003.

Bourdieu, P. (1973) “Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction,” in

R. Borwn (ed.), Knowledge, Education and Cultural Change . London:

Tavistock, 71–112.

Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice . Cambridge; New York:

Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste .

London: Routledge & K. Paul.

Bourdieu, P. (1985) “The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups,” Theory

and Society , 14 (6): 723–44.

REFERENCES 181

Bourdieu, P. (1986) “The Forms of Capital,” in J. G. Richardson (ed.),

Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education . New

York: Greenwood Press, 241–58.

Bourdieu, P. (1987) “What Makes a Social Class? On the Theoretical and

Practical Existence of Groups,” Berkeley Journal of Sociology , 32: 1–17.

Bourdieu, P. (1993), Sociology in Question . London: Sage.

Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J. C. (1990) Reproduction in Education, Society

and Culture , 2nd edition. London: Sage.

Bourdieu, P. and Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992) An Invitation to Reflexive

Sociology . Cambridge: Polity Press.

Bradley, H. (1996) Fractured Identities: Changing Patterns of Inequality .

Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.

Brannen, J. and Nilsen, A. (2005) “Individualisation, Choice and Structure:

A Discussion of Current Trends in Sociological Analysis,” The Sociological

Review , 53 (3): 412–29.

Bufton, S. (2003) “The Lifeworld of the University Student: Habitus

and Social Class,” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology , 34 (2):

207–34.

Bulmer, M. (1975) “Some Problems of Research into Class Imagery,” in

M. Bulmer (ed.), Working-Class Images of Society . London: Routledge,

163–79.

Butler, T. and Watt, P. (2007) Understanding Social Inequality . London:

Sage.

Census and Statistics Department. (1987) Hong Kong 1986 By-Census: Main

Report Volume 1 . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department (1997) 1996 By-Census Main Report.

Hong Kong : Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department (2007) 2006 Population By-census Main

Report: Volume 1 . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department. (2012) 2011 Population Census Main

Report: Volume 1 . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department. (2014a) Report on 2014 Annual Survey of

Companies in Hong Kong Representing Parent Companies Located outside

Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department. (2014b) Key Statistics on Business

Performance and Operating Characteristics of the Import/Export, Wholesale

and Retail Trades, and Accommodation and Food Services Sectors in 2013 .

Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department. (2015a) The Four Key Industries and

Other Selected Industries in the Hong Kong Economy . Hong Kong: Census

and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department. (2015b) Cross-boundary Travel Survey

2013/14 . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department. (various years) Hong Kong Annual Digest

of Statistics . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

182 REFERENCES

Census and Statistics Department. (various years) Quarterly Report on General

Household Survey . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Census and Statistics Department. (various years) Report on Annual Earnings

and Hours Survey . Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department.

Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, The Government of

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (n.d.) Retrieved http://

www.chp.gov.hk/en/data/4/10/27/111.html .

Chai, B. K. (1993) “The Politicization of Unions in Hong Kong,” in D. H.

Mc Millen and M. E. DeGolyer (eds), One Culture, Many Systems: Politics

in the Reunification of China . Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press,

124–58.

Chan, A. H. N. (1992) Consumption, Taste and Cultural Capital .

Unpublished M Phil Thesis, University of Hong Kong.

Chan, A. H. N. (2000) “Middle-Class Formation and Consumption in

Hong Kong,” in B. H. Chua (ed.), Consumption in Asia . London; New

York: Routledge, 98–134.

Chan, J. M. and Lee, F. L. F. (2007) “Political Opportunities, Social

Mobilization and Collective Action: The Re-invigorated Pro-democracy

Movement in Hong Kong,” China Review , 7 (2): 93–122.

Chan, K. W. (2000) “Prosperity or Inequality: Deconstructing the Myth of

Homeownership in Hong Kong,” Housing Studies , 15 (1): 28–43.

Chan, R. K. H. (1996) Welfare in Newly Industrialised Society . Aldershot:

Averbury.

Chan, T. W. (1994) Social Mobility in Hong Kong. Unpublished D Phil

Thesis, Oxford University.

Chan, T. W. (1995) Intergenerational Social Mobility in Hong Kong: A

Review of Recent Studies . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-

Pacific Studies, The Chinese university of Hong Kong.

Chan, T. W., Lu, T. L. and Wong, T. W. P. (1995) “A Comparative Analysis

of Social Mobility in Hong Kong,” European Sociological Review , 11 (2):

135–55.

Chang, K. S. and Song, M. Y. (2010) “The Stranded Individualizer under

Compressed Modernity: South Korean Women in Individualization with-

out Individualism,” The British Journal of Sociology , 61 (3): 539–64.

Charlesworth, S. J. (2000) A Phenomenology of Working Class Experience .

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chau, K. L. and Wong, C. K. (2002) “The Social Welfare Reform: A Way

to Reduce Public Burden?,” in S. K. Lau (ed.), The First Tung Chee-

hwa Administration: The First Five Years of the Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region . Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 201–36.

Chen, J. and Lu, C. (2011) “Democratization and the Middle Class in China:

The Middle Class’s Attitudes toward Democracy,” Political Research

Quarterly , 64 (3): 705–19.

Chen, Y. C. and Pun, N. (2007) “Neoliberalization and Privatization in

Hong Kong after the 1997 Financial Crisis,” The China Review , 7 (2):

65–92.

REFERENCES 183

Cheung, A. B. L. (1998) “The Rise of New Middle Class Politics and Its

Impacts,” [Xin zhongchan jieji de maoqi yu zhengzhi yingxiang], in T. L.

Lui and T. W. P. Wong (eds), Class Analysis and Hong Kong [ Jieji Fenxi

yu Xianggang ]. Hong Kong: Youth Literarcy Bookstore, 56–74.

Cheung, A. B. L. and Lee, J. C. Y. (eds) (2001) Public Sector Reform in Hong

Kong: Into the 21st Century . Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.

Chiu, S. W. K. (1994) The Politics of Laissez-faire: Hong Kong’s Strategy

of Industrialization in Historical perspective . Hong Kong: Hong Kong

Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Chiu, S. W. K., Ho, K. C. and Lui, T. L. (1997) City-States in the Global

Economy: Industrial Restructuring in Hong Kong and Singapore . Boulder,

CO: Westview Press.

Chiu, S. W. K. and Lee, C. K. (1997) Withering away of the Hong Kong

Dream? Women Workers under Industrial Restructuring . Hong Kong:

Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of

Hong Kong.

Chiu, S. W. K. and Levin, D. A. (1996) “Prosperity without Industrial

Democracy? Developments in Industrial Relations in Hong Kong since

1968,” Industrial Relations Journal , 27 (1): 24–37.

Chiu, S. W. K. and Levin, D. A. (1999), “The Organization of Industrial

Relations in Hong Kong: Economic, Political and Sociological

Perspectives,” Organization Studies 20 (2): 293–321.

Chiu, S. W. K. and Lui, T. L. (2009) Hong Kong: Becoming a Chinese Global

City . London; New York: Routledge.

Chiu, S. W. K. and So, A. Y. (2004) “Flexible Production and Industrial

Restructuring in Hong Kong: From Boom to Bust?,” in G. G. Gonzalez

(ed.), Labor versus Empire: Race, Gender, and Migration . New York:

Routledge, 199–216.

Chiu, S. W. K., So, A. Y. and Tam, M. Y. M. (2008) “Flexible Employment

in Hong Kong: Trends and Patterns in Comparative Perspective,” Asian

Survey , 48 (4): 673–702.

Chu, Y. W. (1998) “Labour and Democratization in South Korea and

Taiwan,” Journal of Contemporary Asia , 28 (2): 185–202.

Clark, T. N. and Lipset, S. M. (1991) “Are Social Classes Dying?,”

International Sociology , 6 (4): 397–410.

Clark, T. N. and Lipset, S. M. (eds) (2001) The Breakdown of Class Politics:

A Debate on Post-industrial Industrialization . Baltimore, MD: John

Hopkins University Press.

Clark, T. N., Lipset, S. M. and Rempel, M. (1993) “The Declining Political

Significance of Social Class,” International Sociology , 8 (3): 293–316.

Collier, R. B. (1999) Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites

in Western Europe and South America . New York: Cambridge University

Press.

Commerce and Economic Development Bureau. (2013), Assessment Report

on Hong Kong’s Capacity to Receive Tourists . Hong Kong: Commerce and

Economic Development Bureau.

184 REFERENCES

Constable, N. (2003) “Filipina Workers in Hong Kong Homes: Household

Rules and Relations,” in B. Ehrenreich and A. R. Hochschild (eds), Global

Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy . New York:

Metropolitan Books, 115–41.

Crompton, R. (1998) Class and Stratification , 2nd edition. Cambridge:

Polity Press.

Crompton, R. (2008) Class and Stratification , 3rd edition. Cambridge, UK

and Malden, MA: Polity Press.

Crossley, N. (2001a) “The Phenomenological Habitus and Its Construction,”

Theory and Society , 30 (1): 81–120.

Crossley, N. (2001b) Social Body . London: Sage.

Customs and Excise Department. (2015, January) Salary and Appointment

Terms. Retrieved from http://www.customs.gov.hk/en/about_us/

recruitment/customs_officer/salary/index.html .

Dawson, M. (2012) “Reviewing the Critique of Individualization: The

Disembedded and Embedded Theses,” Acta Sociologica , 55 (4): 305–19.

Devine, F. (2004) Class Practices: How Parents Help Their Children Get Good

Jobs . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Devine, F. and Savage, M. (2005),”The Cultural Turn, Sociology and Class

Analysis,” in F. Devine, M. Savage, J. Scott and R. Crompton (eds),

Rethinking Class: Culture, Identities & Lifestyle . Houndmills, UK:

Palgrave Macmillan, 1–23.

Dex, S. (1991), “Life and Work History Analyses,” in S. Dex (ed.), Life

and Work History Analyses: Qualitative and Quantitative Developments .

London: Routledge, 1–19.

Deyo, F. (1989), Beneath the Miracle: Labor Subordination in the New Asian

Industrialism . Berkeley: University of California Press.

Dillabough, J. A. and Kennelly, J. (2010), Lost Youth in the Global City: Class,

Culture and the Urban Imaginary . London and New York: Routledge.

Doorenspleet, R. (2002) “Development, Class and Democracy: Is There a

Relationship?,” in O. Elgstrom and G. Hyden (eds), Development and

Democracy : What Have We Learned and How ? London: Routledge,

48–64.

Economic Analysis Division, Economic Analysis and Business Facilitation

Unit, Financial Secretary’s Office, Government of the Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region (2012) Half-Yearly Economic Report 2012 . Hong

Kong: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Eder, K. (1993) The New Politics of Class: Social Movements and Cultural

Dynamics in Advanced Societies . London: Sage.

Electoral Affairs Commission. (2007) Report on the 2007 Chief Executive

Election . Hong Kong: Electoral Affairs Commission.

Electoral Affairs Commission. (2008) Report on the 2008 Legislative Council

Election Held on September 7 2008 . Hong Kong: Electoral Affairs

Commission.

England, J. (1989) Industrial Relations and Law in Hong Kong , 2nd edition.

Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

REFERENCES 185

England, J. and Rear, J. (1975) Chinese Labour under British Rule: A Critical

Study of Labour Relations and Law in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford

University Press.

England, J. and Rear, J. (1981) Industrial Relations and Law in Hong Kong .

Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

Englehart, N. A. (2003) “Democracy and the Thai Middle Class:

Globalization, Modernization, and Constitutional Change,” Asian

Survey , 43 (2): 253–79.

Erikson, R. and Goldthorpe, J. H. (1992) The Constant Flux: A Study of

Class Mobility in Industrial Societies . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Evans, J. (ed.) (1999) The End of Class Politics? Oxford: Oxford University

Press.

Evans, S. (2009), “In a Different Place: Working-class Girls and Higher

Education,” Sociology , 43 (2): 340–55.

Farrugia, D. (2013) “Young People and Structural Inequality: Beyond the

Middle Ground,” Journal of Youth Studies , 16 (5): 679–93.

Flemmen, M. (2013) “Putting Bourdieu to Work for Class Analysis:

Reflections on Some Recent Contributions,” The British Journal of

Sociology , 94 (2): 325–43.

Friedman, M. and Friedman, R. D. (1980) Free to Choose: A Personal

Statement . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Friedmann, J. and Wolff, G. (1982) “World City Formation,” International

Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 6 (3): 306–44.

Furlong, A. and Cartmel, F. (2007) Young People and Social Change: New

Perspectives . Maidenhead; New York: Open University Press.

Gartman, D. (1991) “Culture as Class Symbolization or Mass Reification?

A Critique of Bourdieu’s Distinction,” The American Journal of Sociology ,

97 (2): 421–77.

Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity . Cambridge: Polity Press.

Giddens, A. (1994) “Living in a Post- Traditional Society,” in U. Beck,

A. Giddens and S. Lash (eds), Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition

and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order . Cambridge: Polity Press,

56–109.

Goldthorpe, J. H. (1982) “On the Service Class: Its Formation and Future,”

in A. Giddens and G. MacKenzie (eds), Social Class and the Division

of Labour: Essays in Honour of Ilya Neustadt . Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 162–85.

Goldthorpe, J. H. (1987) Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern

Britain , 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Goldthorpe, J. H. (1996) “Class Analysis and the Reorientation of Class

Theory: The Care of Persisting Differentials in Educational Attainment,”

The British Journal of Sociology , 47 (3): 481–506.

Goldthorpe, J. H. (2000) On Sociology: Numbers, Narratives, and the

Integration of Research and Theory . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Goldthorpe, J. H. (2002) “Globalization and Social Class,” West European

Politics , 25 (3): 1–28.

186 REFERENCES

Goldthorpe, J. H., Lookwood, D., Bechhofer, F. and Platt, J. (1968) The

Affluent Worker: Industrial Attitude and Behaviour . London: Cambridge

University Press.

Goodstadt, L. F. (2005) Uneasy Partners: The Conflict between Public Interest

and Private Profit in Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University

Press.

Goodstadt, L. F. (2013) Poverty in the Midst of Affluence: How Hong Kong

Mismanaged Its Prosperity . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Hamnett, C. (1994) “Social Polarisation in Global Cities: Theory and

Evidence,” Urban Studies , 31 (3): 401–24.

Hamnett, C. (1996) “Social Polarisation, Economic Restructuring and

Welfare State Regimes,” Urban Studies , 33 (8): 1407–30.

Hamnett, C. (2011) “Urban Inequality: Its Definition, Measurement,

Causes, and Importance,” in S. W. K. Chiu and S. L. Wong (eds), Hong

Kong Divided? Structures of Social Inequality in the Twenty-First Century .

Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese

University of Hong Kong, 23–40.

Han, S. J., and Shim, Y. H. (2010) “Redefining Second Modernity for East

Asia: A Critical Assessment,” The British Journal of Sociology , 61 (3):

465–88.

Heath, A. and Savage, M. (1995) “Political Alignments within the Middle

Classes, 1972–89,” in T. Butler and M. Savage (eds), Social Change and

the Middle Classes . London: UCL Press, 275–92.

Hebson, G. (2009) “Renewing Class Analysis in Studies of the Workplace:

A Comparison of Working-class and Middle-class Women’s Aspirations

and Identities,” Sociology , 43 (1): 27–44.

Hindess, B. (1987) Politics and Class Analysis . Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Ho, C. K. (2001) “On Flesh and Blood: The Human Consequences of

Economic Restructuring on Women Workers in Hong Kong,” in A. Y.

So, N. Lin and D. Poston (eds), The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China,

Taiwan, and Hong Kong: Comparative Institutional Analyses . Westport,

Conn.: Greenwood Press.

Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. (n.d.) 2009 HKCEE

Exam Report. Retrieved from http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/recogni-

tion/develop_hk_pub_exam/hkcee/exam_reports/2009.html .

Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. (2015, June) Market

Capitalisation of China-related Stocks (Main Board and GEM).

Retrieved from https://www.hkex.com.hk/eng/stat/smstat/chidimen/

cd_mc.htm .

Hong Kong Police Force. (2015, July) Salary. Retrieved from http://www.

police.gov.hk/ppp_en/15_recruit/salary.html .

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. (2012) Hong Kong

Yearbook 2012 . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Government.

Hsiao, H. H. M. and Wan, P. S. (2014) “Comparing Socio-economic

Attitudes of the Middle Classes in Taiwan and Hong Kong,” in H. M.

REFERENCES 187

Hsiao (ed.), Chinese Middle Classes: Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and

China . London; New York: Routledge, 110–31.

Huber, E. and Stephens, J. D. (1999) “The Bourgeoisie and Democracy:

Historical and Contemporary Perspectives,” Social Research 66 (3):

759–88.

Hung, H. F. (1997) “About 1967: Hong Kong’s Local Identity, Chinese

Nationalism and Left-wing Current of Thought under the Idea of Fearing

the Left [Lunshuo Liuqi: Kongzuo Yishi Dixia de Xianggang Bentu

Zhuyi, Zhongguo Minzu Zhuyi yu Zuoyi Sishao],” in W. S. Law (ed.),

Whose City? Civic Culture and Political Discourse in Post-war Hong Kong

[ Shui de Chengshi? Zhanhou Xianggang de Gongmin Wenhua yu Zhengzhi

Lunshu ]. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 89–112.

Immigration Department. (2015, July) Recruitment. Retrieved from http://

www.immd.gov.hk/eng/recruitment/index.html .

Information Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative

Region Government. (2015, June) Financial Services. Retrieved from

http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/f inancial_

services.pdf .

James, L. (2008) “United by Gender or Divided by Class? Women’s

Work Orientations and Labour Market Behaviour,” Gender, Work and

Organization , 15 (4): 394–412.

Jao, Y. C. (1997) Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre:

Evolution, Prospects and Policies . Hong Kong: City University of Hong

Kong Press.

Jones, D. M. (1998) “Democratization, Civil Society, and Illiberal Middle

Class Culture in Pacific Asia,” Comparative Politics , 30 (2): 147–69.

Kholi, M. (1981) “Biography: Account, Text, Method,” in Daniel Bertaux

(ed.), Biography and Society: The Life History Approach in the Social

Sciences . Beverley Hills: Sage, 61–75.

Kim, S. (2000) The Politics of Democratization in Korea: The Role of Civil

Society . Pittburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Koo, H. (1991) “Middle Classes, Democratization, and Class Formation:

The Case of South Korea,” Theory and Society , 20 (4): 485–509.

Kuan, H. C. (2006) “The Political Psychology of Voting,” in H. C. Kuan

and T. K. Y. Wong (eds), The 2004 Legislative Council Elections in Hong

Kong . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The

Chinese University of Hong Kong, 275–304.

Kuan, H. C. and Lau, S. K. (2002) “Between Liberal Autocracy and

Democracy: Democratic Legitimacy in Hong Kong,” Democratization ,

9 (4): 58–76.

Kwok, R. Y. F. (2006) “Functional Representation in Hong Kong’s

Legislature: Voting Patterns and Political Implications,” Asian Survey ,

46 (3): 401–16.

Kwok, R. Y. F. and Chan, E. (2001) “Functional Representation in Hong

Kong: Problems and Possibilities,” International Journal of Public

Administration , 24 (9): 869–85.

188 REFERENCES

La Grange, A. and Pretorius, F. (2000) “Ontology, Policy and the Market:

Trend to Home-ownership in Hong Kong,” Urban Studies , 37 (9):

1561–82.

Lam, W. M. and Kuan, H. C. (2008) “Democratic Transition Frustrated:

The Case of Hong Kong,” in Y. H. Chu, L. Diamond, A. J. Nathan and

D. C. Shin (eds), How East Asians View Democracy . New York: Columbia

University Press, 187–208.

Lan, Y. Z. (2014) Governing Neoliberal Hong Kong: Space, Scale and Strategy

[ Xin Ziyou Zhuyi Xia de Xianggang Zhili: Kongjian, Chiudu yu Ceiue ].

Taipei: Chengchi University Press.

Lang, G., Chiu, C. and Pang, M. (2001) “Impact of Plant Relocation to

China on Manufacturing Workers in Hong Kong,” in P. T. Lee (ed.),

Hong Kong Reintegrating with China: Political, Cultural and Social

Dimensions . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 109–28.

Lareau, A. (2003) Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life . Berkeley:

University of California Press.

Lash, S. (1994) “Reflexivity and its Doubles: Structure, Aesthetics,

Community,” in U. Beck, A. Giddens and S. Lash, Reflexive Modernization:

Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order . Cambridge:

Polity Press, 110–73.

Lau, S. K. (1978a) Utilitariantistic Familism: The Basis of Political Stability

in Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Social Research Centre, The Chinese

University of Hong Kong.

Lau, S. K. (1978b) From Traditional Familism to Utilitarianistic Familism:

The Metamorphosis of Familial Ethos among the Hong Kong Chinese . Hong

Kong: Social Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Lau, S. K. (1982) Society and Politics in Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Chinese

University Press.

Lau, S. K. (1999) “The Rise and Decline of Political Support of the Hong

Kong Special Administrative Region Government,” Government and

Opposition , 34 (3): 352–371.

Lau, S. K. (2001) “Confidence in the Capitalist Society,” in S. K. Lau, M.K

Lee, P. S. Wan and S. L. Wong (eds), Indicators of Social Development

Hong Kong 1999 . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific

Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 93–114.

Lau, S. K. (2008) “Democratic Ambivalence Revisited,” in S. W. Leung,

P. S. Wan and S. L. Wong (eds), Indicators of Social Development: Hong

Kong 2006 . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies,

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1–24.

Lau, S. K. and Kuan, S. C. (1988) The Ethos of the Hong Kong Chinese . Hong

Kong: The Chinese University Press.

Lee, C. W. (2011), “Class Experience and Attitudes towards the Economic

System in Hong Kong [Xiaanggangren de Jieji Jingyan yu Dui Jingji

Taidu de Qutai ],” Hong Kong Journal of Social Sciences [ Xianggag Shehui

Kexue Xuebao ], 41: 41–63.

REFERENCES 189

Lee, E. W. Y. (2005) ‘The Politics of Welfare Developmentalism in Hong

Kong,” in H. J. Kwon (ed.), Transforming the Developmental Welfare

State in East Asia . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, NY:

Palgrave Macmillan, 118–39.

Lee, F. L. F. (2010) “Pragmatism, Perceived Reality, and Hong Kong People’s

Attitudes toward Democratic Reform,” Issues & Studies , 46 (1): 189–219.

Lee, F. L. F. and Chan, J. M. (2011) Media, Social Mobilization, and Mass

Protests in Post-colonial Hong Kong: The Power of a Critical Event . London

and New York: Routledge.

Lee, J. (1999) Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong .

Aldershot: Ashgate.

Lee, M. K. (1999) “Whither Hong Kong’s Middle Class?,” in G.W. and

J. Wong (eds), Hong Kong in China: The Challenges of Transition .

Singapore: Times Academic Press, 234–44.

Leung, B. K. P. and Chiu, S. (1991) A Social History of the Industrial Strikes

and the Labour Movement in Hong Kong, 1946–1989 . Hong Kong: Social

Sciences Research Centre, University of Hong Kong.

Leung, S. W. (1993) “The ‘China factor’ in the 1991 Legislative Council

Election: the June 4th incident and anti-communist China Syndrome,”

in S. K. Lau and K. S. Louie (eds), Hong Kong Tried Democracy: The 1991

Elections in Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific

Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 187–233.

Lipset, S. M. (1981) Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics . Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lo, S. H. (1997) The Politics of Democratization in Hong Kong . New York:

St. Martin’s Press.

Lockwood, D. (1966) “Sources of Variation in Working Class Images of

Society,” The Sociological Review , 14 (3): 249–63.

Lockwood, D. (1988) “‘The weakest link in the chain’: Some Comments on

the Marxist Theory of Action,” in D. Rose (ed.), Social Stratification and

Economic Change . London: Hutchinson Education, 57–97.

Lui, H. W. (2011) “The Widening Income Dispersion: 1986–2006,” in

S. W. K. Chiu and S. L. Wong (eds), Hong Kong Divided? Structures of Social

Inequality in the Twenty-First Century . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute

of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 41–64.

Lui, T. L. (1993) “Hong Kong’s New Middle Class: Its Formation and

Politics,” in H. H. M. Hsiao (ed.), Discovery of the Middle Classes in East

Asia . Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 247–71.

Lui, T. L. (1995) “Coping Strategies in a Booming Market,” in R. Forrest

and A. Murie (eds), Housing and Family Wealth . London: Routledge,

108–32.

Lui, T. L. (1999) “Personal Trouble or Public Issue: The Service Class in

the Process of Decolonization,” in H. H. M. Hsiao (ed.), East Asian

Middle Classes in Comparative Perspective . Taipei: Institute of Ethnology,

Academia Sinica, 225–42.

190 REFERENCES

Lui, T. L. (2003) “Rearguard Politics: Hong Kong’s Middle Class,” The

Developing Economies , 41 (2): 161–83.

Lui, T. L. (2005a) “The Psychology of the Middle Class,” in S. K. Lau, P. S.

Wan, M. K. Lee and S. L. Wong (eds), Indicators of Social Development:

Hong Kong 2004 . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific

Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 113–38.

Lui, T. L. (2005b) “Under Fire: Hong Kong’s Middle Class after 1997,” in

J. Y. S. Cheng (ed.), The July 1 Protest Rally: Interpreting a Historic Event .

Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 277–301.

Lui, T. L. (2006) “Research on the East Asian Middle Classes: Some Hong

Kong Reflections,” in H. H. M Hsiao (ed.), The Changing Faces of

the Middle Classes in Asia-Pacific . Taipei: Centre for Asia-Pacific Area

Studies, Research Centre for Humanities & Social Sciences, Academia

Sinica, 39–50.

Lui, T. L. (2011) “Changing Opportunity Structures: Political Concerns

and Sociological Observations,” in S. W. K. Chiu and S. L. Wong (eds),

Hong Kong Divided? Structures of Social Inequality in the Twenty-First

Century . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The

Chinese University of Hong Kong, 65–91.

Lui, T. L. (2014a) “A Profile of Hong Kong’s Middle Classes: Continuities

and Discontinuities,” in H. H. M. Hsiao (ed.), Chinese Middle Classes:

Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and China . London; New York: Routledge,

36–56.

Lui, T. L. (2014b) “Getting Uneasy: The Changing Psychology of Hong

Kong’s Middle Classes,” in H. H. M. Hsiao (ed.), Chinese Middle Classes:

Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and China . London; New York: Routledge,

97–109.

Lui, T. L. and Wong, J. (2003) The Situation of Hong Kong’s Middle Class

[ Xianggang Zhongchan Jieji Chujing Guancha ]. Hong Kong: Joint

Publishing.

Ma, N. (2005) “Civil Society in Self-Defense: The Struggle against National

Security Legislation in Hong Kong,” Journal of Contemporary China , 14

(44): 465–82.

Ma, N. (2007) “Democratic Development in Hong Kong: a Decade of

Lost Opportunities,” in J. Y. S. Cheng (ed.), The Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region in Its First Decade . Hong Kong: City University

of Hong Kong Press, 49–74.

Mathews, G. Ma, E. K. W. and Lui, T. L. (2008) Hong Kong, China:

Learning to Become a Nation . London: Routledge.

Meyer, D. G. (2000) Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis . Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Miners, N. (1998) The Government and Politics of Hong Kong , 5th edition.

Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

Moore, B. (1966) Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and

Peasant in the Making of the Modern World . Harmondsworth, UK:

Penguin.

REFERENCES 191

Morrell, M. E. (2003) “Survey and Experimental Evidence for a Reliable and

Valid Measure of Internal Political Efficacy,” Public Opinion Quarterly ,

67 (4): 589–602.

Munger, F. (ed.) (2002) Laboring Below the Line: The New Ethnography of

Poverty, Low-Wage Work, and Survival in the Global Economy . New York:

Russell Sage Foundation.

Mythen, G. (2005) “Employment, Individualization and Insecurity: Rethinking

the Risk Society Perspective,” The Sociological Review , 53 (1): 129–49.

Newby, H. (1975) The Deferential Worker . London: Penguin.

Ng, S. H. and Cheng, S. M. (1994) “The Affluent Migrants as a “Class”

Phenomenon: The Hong Kong Case,” in S. K. Lau, M. K. Lee, P. S. Wan

and S.L Wong (eds), Inequalities and Development: Social Stratification

in Chinese Societies . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific

Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 171–204.

Ngo, T. W. (1999) “Industrial History and the Artifice of Laissez-faire

Colonialism,” in T. W. Ngo (ed.), Hong Kong’s History: State and Society

under Colonial Rule . London: Routledge, 119–40.

Office of the Ombudsman, Hong Kong. (2015) Procedures for Approval

of Loan Applications and Recovery of Debts under the Non-means-tested

Loan Scheme [ Mian Ruxi Shencha Daikuan Jihua zhe Shenpi Shenqing ji

Zhuitao Qiankuan Chengxu ]. Hong Kong: Office of the Ombudsman,

Hong Kong.

Pakulski, J. (2005) “Foundations of a Post-class Analyss,” in E. O. Wright

(ed.), Approaches to Class Analysis . Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 152–79.

Pakulski, J. and Waters, M. (1996), The Death of Class . London: Sage.

Pong, S. L. and Post, D. (1991) “Trends in Gender and Family Background

Effects on School Attainment: The Case of Hong Kong,” The British

Journal of Sociology , 42 (2): 249–71.

Post, D. (1994) “Educational Stratification, School Expansion, and Public

Policy in Hong Kong,” Sociology of Education , 67 (2): 121–38.

Reay, D. (1998) “Rethinking Social Class: Qualitative Perspectives on Class

and Gender,” Sociology , 32 (2): 259–75.

Reay, D. (2005) “Beyond Consciousness? The Psychic Landscape of Social

Class,” Sociology , 39 (5): 911–28.

Reay, D. and Ball, S. J. (1997) “‘Spoilt for Choice’: The Working Classes and

Educational Markets,” Oxford Review of Education , 23 (1): 89–101.

Ronald, R. (2008), The Ideology of Home Ownership . Basingstoke: Palgrave

Macmillan.

Rosenwald, G. C. and Ochbert, R. L. (1992) “Introduction: Life Stories,

Cultural Politics, and Self-Understanding,” in G. C. Rosenwald and R. L.

Ochberg (eds), Storied Lives: The Cultural Politics of Self-Understanding .

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1–18.

Ross, M. J. M. (1976) Competition for Education in Hong Kong: The Schools,

the Entrance Examinations, and the Strategies of Chinese Families . PhD

Thesis, The University of Texas.

192 REFERENCES

Roulleau-Berger, L. (ed.) (2003) Youth and Work in the Post-Industrial City

of North American and Europe . Leiden and Boston: Brill.

Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens, E. H. and Stephens, J. D. (1992) Capitalist

Development and Democracy . Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Salaff, J. (1981) Working Daughters of Hong Kong: Filial Piety or Power in the

Family? Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sassen, S. (2001) The Global City: New York, London and Tokyo , 2nd edition.

Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Sassen, S. (2003) “Global Cities and Survival Circuits,” in B. Ehrenreich and

A. R. Hochschild (eds), Global Woman: Nannies; Maids, and Sex Workers

in the New Economy . New York: Metropolitan Books, 254–74.

Sassen, S. (2012) Cities in a World Economy , 4th edition. Thousand Oaks,

CA: Sage/Pine Forge.

Savage, M. (1997) “Social Mobility and Survey Method: A Critical Analysis,”

in Bertaux and P. Thompson (eds), Pathways to Social Class . Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 299–325.

Savage, M. (2000) Class Analysis and Social Transformation . Buckingham

and Philadelphia: Oxford University Press.

Savage, M., Bagnall, G. and Longhurst, B (2001), “Ordinary, ambivalent

and defensive: Class identities in the Northwest of England,” Sociology ,

35 (4): 875–92.

Savage, M., Devine, F., Cunningham, N., Taylor, M., Li, Y., Hjellbrekke, J.,

Le Roux, B., Friedma, S. and Miles, A. (2013), “A New Modle of Social

Class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment,”

Sociology , 47 (2): 219–50.

Schenk, C. R. (2007) “The Rise of Hong Kong and Tokyo as International

Financial Centres after 1950,” in P. L. Cottrell, E. Lange and U. Olsson

(eds), Centres and Peripheries in Banking: The Historical Development of

Financial Markets . London: Ashgate, 81–100.

Schiffer, J. R. (1991) “State Policy and Economic Growth: A Note on the

Hong Kong Model,” International Journal of Urban and Regional

Research , 15 (2): 180–96.

Sennett, R. and Cobb, J. (1972) The Hidden Injuries of Class . New York:

Knopf.

Sharpe, E. and Chan, A. W. (1997) “Whither Hong Kong’s Unions:

Autonomous Trade Unionism or Classic Dualism?,” British Journal of

Industrial Relations , 35 (1): 39–63.

Silverman, D. (2005) Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook .

London: Sage.

Sing, M. (2004) Hong Kong’s Tortuous Democratization . London:

RoutledgeCurzon.

Sing, M. (2005) “Public Support for Democracy in Hong Kong,”

Democratization , 12 (2): 244–61.

Sing, M. (2010) “Explaining Mass Support for Democracy in Hong Kong,”

Democratization , 17 (1): 175–205.

REFERENCES 193

Siu, Y. M. (1998) “New Arrivals: A New Problem and an Old Problem,” in

Y. K. Fan and Y. C. Chow (eds), The Other Hong Kong Report 1998 . Hong

Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 201–28.

Snee, H. and Devine, F. (2014) “Taking the Next Step: Class, Resources and

Educational Choice across the Generations,” Journal of Youth Studies , 17

(8): 998–1013.

Skeggs, B. (1997) Formations of Class and Gender . London: Sage.

Skeggs, B. (2004) Class, Self, Culture . London: Routledge.

So, A. Y. (1993) “Western Sociological Theories and the Hong Kong New

Middle Class,” in H. H. M. Hsiao (ed.), Discovery of the Middle Classes in

East Asia . Taipei: INtitute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 219–45.

So, A. Y. (1999) Hong Kong’s Embattled Democracy: A Societal Analysis .

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

So, A. Y. (2000) “Hong Kong’s Problematic Democratic Transition: Power

Dependency or Business Hegemony?,” The Journal of Asian Studies , 59

(2): 359–81.

So, A. Y. (2004) “Hong Kong’s Pathway to Becoming a Global City,” in

J. Gugler (ed.), World Cities beyond the West . Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 212–39.

So, A. Y. (2014) “The Making of Hong Kong’s Middle Class in the 1997

Transition and Beyond: A Conflict Perspective,” in H. H. M. Hsiao (ed.),

Chinese Middle Classes: Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and China . London;

New York: Routledge, 249–60.

So, A. Y. and Chiu, S. W. K. (1995) East Asia and the World Economy .

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Social Welfare Department (1998) Report on Review of the Comprehensive

Social Security Assistance Scheme . Hong Kong: Social Welfare

Department.

Somers, M. R. (1992) “Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action:

Rethinking English Working-class Formation,” Social Science History , 16

(4): 591–630.

Somers, M. R. (1994) “The Narrative Construction of Identity: A Relational

and Network Approach,” Theory and Society , 23 (5): 605–49.

Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded

Theory Procedures and Techniques . Newbury Park: Sage.

Student Finance Office, Working Family and Student Financial Assistance

Agency. (2015, March) Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.wfsfaa.gov.

hk/sfo/eng/statistics/index.htm .

Suzuki, M., Ito, M, Ishida, M., Nihe, N. and Maruyama, M. (2010)

“Individualizing Japan: Searching for its Origin in First Modernity,” The

British Journal of Sociology , 61 (3): 513–38.

Swartz, D. (1997) Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu .

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sweetman, P. (2003) “Twenty-first Century Dis-ease? Habitual Reflexivity

or the Reflexive Habitus,” The Sociological Review , 51 (4): 528–49.

194 REFERENCES

Tang, K. L. (2010) “Welfare-to-Work Reform in Hong Kong: Overview and

prospects,” in J. Midgley and K. L. Tang (eds), Social Policy and Poverty

in East Asia . London: Routledge, 99–115.

Therborn, G. (1977) “The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy,” New

Left Review , (103): 3–41.

Thompson, P. (1993) “Family Myth, Models, and Denials in the Shaping

of Individual Life Paths,” in D. Bertaux and P. Thompson (eds), Between

Generations: Family Models, Myths and Memories . Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 13–38.

Thompson, P. (2000) The Voice of the Past: Oral History , 3rd edition. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

Timberlake, M., Sanderson, M. R., Ma, X., Derudder, B., Winitzky, J. and

Witlox, F. (2012) “Testing a Global City Hypothesis: An Assessment of

Polarization across US Cities,” City & Community , 13 (1): 74–93.

Trade and Industry Department. (2015, March), Mainland and Hong Kong

Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA). Retrieved from

https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/ .

Tsang, D. (2006) 2006–2007 Policy Address. Hong Kong : Hong Kong Special

Administrative Government.

Tsang, S. (2004), A Modern History of Hong Kong . London; New York: I.B.

Tauris.

Tsang, W. K. (1992) The Class Structure in Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Hong

Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong

Kong.

Tsang, W. K. (1993) Educational and Early Socioeconomic Status Attainment

in Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies,

The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Tsang, W. K. (1994a) “Consolidation of a Class Structure: Changes in the

Class Structure of Hong Kong,” in S. K. Lau, M. K. Lee, P. S. Wan

and S. L. Wong (eds), Inequalities and Development: Social Stratification

in Chinese Societies . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific

Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 73–121.

Tsang, W. K. (1994b) “Behind the Land of Abundant Opportunities: A Study

of Class Structuration in Hong Kong,” in B. K. P. Leung and T. Y. C.

Wong (eds), 25 Years of Social and Economic Development in Hong Kong .

Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 3–75.

Tsang, W. K. (2011) “English as Cultural Capital for Educational Advancement

in a Post-colonial Society,” in S. W. K. Chiu and S. L. Wong (eds), Hong

Kong Divided? Structures of Social Inequality in the Twenty-First Century .

Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese

University of Hong Kong, 93–134.

Tung, C. H. (2000) The Policy Address 2000 . Hong Kong: Hong Kong

Special Administrative Region Government.

Turner, H. A., Fosh, P. and Ng, S. H. (1991), Between Two Societies: Hong

Kong Labour in Transition. Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong

Kong.

REFERENCES 195

Turner, H. A., Fosh, P., Gardner, M., Hart, K., Morris, R., Ng, S. H.,

Quinlan, M. and Yerbury, D. (1980) The Last Colony: But Whose? A Study

of the Labour Movement, Labour Market and Labour Relations in Hong

Kong . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Van der Waal, J. and Burgers, J. (2009) “Unravelling the Global City

Debate on Social Inequality: A Firm-level Analysis of Wage Inequality in

Amsterdam and Rotterdam,” Urban Studies , 46 (13): 2715–29.

Vincent, C. and Ball, S. (2007) “‘Making up the Middle Class Child’:

Families, Activities and Class Dispositions,” Sociology , 41 (6): 1061–77.

Walkerdine, V., Lucey, H. and Melody, J. (2001) Growing Up Girl: Psychosocial

Explorations of Gender and Class . Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Weber, M. (1948) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology . London: Routledge

and Kegan Paul.

Weininger, E. B. (2005) “Foundations of Pierre Bourdieu’s Class Analysis,”

in E. O. Wright (ed.), Approaches to Class Analysis . Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 82–118.

Westwood, R., Leung, A. S. M. and Chiu, R. K. (1999) “The Meaning

of Work: The Reconfiguration of Work and Working in Hong Kong

and Beijing,” in P. Fosh, A. W. Chan, W. W. S. Chow, E. Sanpe and

R. Westwood (eds), Hong Kong Management and Labour: Change and

Continuity . London; New York: Routledge, 127–50.

Wilding, P. (2007) “Social Policy,” in W. M. Lam, P. L. T. Lui, W. Wong

and I. Holliday (eds), Contemporary Hong Kong Politics: Governance in

the Post-1997 Era . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 205–21.

Willis, P. (1977) Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working

Jobs . Farnborough: Saxon House.

Wong, H. and Lee, K. M. (2000) Marginalized Labour: The Development of

Hong Kong’s Marginalized Labour in Recent Years [ Biznyuan Laogong:

Xianggang Biangyuan Laogong Jinnian de Fazhan ]. Hong Kong:

Oxfam.

Wong, H. and Lee, K. M. (2001) Predicament, Exclusion and Lifeline: A

Qualitative Research on Hong Kong’s “Marginalized Labour” [ Kunju,

Paichi yu Chulu: Xianggang “Bianyuan Laogong” Zhixing Yanjiu ].

Hong Kong: Oxfam.

Wong, S. L. (1988) Emigrant Entrepreneurs: Shanghai Industrialists in Hong

Kong . Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.

Wong, T. W. P. (1993) “The New Middle-Class in Hong Kong: Class in

Formation?,” in H. H. M. Hsiao (ed.), Discovery of the Middle Classes in

East Asia. Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 273–306.

Wong, T. W. P. (1995) “Economic Culture and Distributive Justice,” in

S. K. Lau, P. S. Wan, M. K. Lee and S. L. Wong (eds), Indicators of Social

Development: Hong Kong 1993 . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of

Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 367–98.

Wong, T. W. P. and Lui, T. L. (1992a) Reinstating Class: A Structural and

Developmental Study of Hong Kong Society . Hong Kong: Social Sciences

Research Centre, University of Hong Kong.

196 REFERENCES

Wong, T. W. P. and Lui, T. L. (1992b) From One Brand of Politics to One

Brand of Political Culture . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-

Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Wong, T. W. P. and Lui, T. L. (1993) Morality, Class and the Hong Kong Way

of Life . Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The

Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Wong, T. K. Y. and Wan, K. F. (2004) “Observing the Contradictions

and Divisions between Classes in Hong Kong from Attitudes towards

Policies [Cong Zhengce Taidu Kan Xianggang Shehui Jieceng

Zhijian de Maodun Fenhua],” in S. K. Lau, P. S. Wan, M. K. Lee

and S. L. Wong (eds), The Transformation of Classes in the Societies

of Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China [ Xigaggang, Taiwan he

Zhongguo Neidi de Shehui Jieji Bianqian ]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong

Institute of Asia-Pacif ic Studies, The Chinese University of Hong

Kong, 77–107.

Wong, T. K. Y., Wong, C. K. and Mok, B. H. (2006) “Class and Welfare

State: The Experience of Hong Kong [Jieji yu Fulli Guoji: Xianggang de

Jingyan],” in S. K. Lau, P. S. Wan, M. K. Lee and S. L. Wong (eds), The

Trends and Challenges of Development: The Experience of Hong Kong and

Taiwan [Shehui Fazhan de Qushi yu Tiaoqing: Xianggang yu Taiwan de

Jianyan]. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 401–22.

Wong, Y. L. (2004) “A Unified Middle Class or Two Middle Classes? A

Comparison of Career Strategies and Intergenerational Mobility Strategies

between Teachers and Managers in Contemporary Hong Kong,” The

British Journal of Sociology , 55 (2): 167–86.

Wong, Y. L. (2005) “Class and the Educational Attainment of Siblings: An

Explanatory Model of Social Mobility,” Research in Social Stratification

and Mobility , 23: 129–51.

Wong, Y. L. (2007a) “How Middle-class Parents Help Their Children

Obtain an Advantaged Qualification: A Study of Strategies of Teachers

and Managers for their Children’s Education in Hong Kong before the

1997 Handover,” Sociological Research Online , 12 (6). Available at http://

www.socresonline.org.uk/12/6/5.html .

Wong, Y. L. (2007b) “Inequality within the Family: Cases of Selective

Parents in Post-war Hong Kong,” Sociological Research Online , 12 (5).

Available at http://wwwsocresonline.org.uk/12/5/15.html .

Wong Y. L. (2010) “Social Mobility and Social Inequality: The Ambivalence

of the Middle Class,” Sociological Research Online , 15 (2). Available at:

http://www.socresonline.org.uk/15/2/2.html

Wong, Y. L. (2011a) Social Mobility in Post-war Hong Kong: Getting Ahead .

New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Wong, Y. L. (2011b) Social Mobility in Post-war Hong Kong: After Getting

Head . New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Wright, E. O. (1997) Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis .

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

REFERENCES 197

Wright, E. O. (2005) “Foundations of a Neo-Marxist Class Analysis,” in

E. O. Wright (ed.), Approaches to Class Analysis . Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 4–30.

Yan, Y. (2010) “The Chinese Path to Individualization,” The British Journal

of Sociology , 61 (3): 489–512.

Yang, D. D. (2007) “Classing Ethnicity: Class, Ethnicity, and Mass Politics

of Taiwan’s Democratic Transition,” World Politics , 59 (4): 503–38.

Yep, R. and Lui, T. L. (2010) “Revisiting the Golden Era of MacLehose and

the Dynamics of Social Reforms,” China Information , 24 (3): 249–72.

Index

academic credentials, 86, 87, 146.

See also cultural capital, and

work

age

and class identity, 112–20

and politics, 106

anti-welfare attitude, 103, 112,

114–15, 120–1, 143–4, 152

Article 45 Concern Group, 100

Asian financial crisis, 4, 8, 71

Atkinson, Will, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22,

23, 88, 89, 149

Bauman, Zygmunt, 12–13, 119, 149

Beck, Ulrich, 11–12, 13, 14, 149,

150

Bourdieu, Pierre, 20–4, 28, 31, 89,

105, 146, 152

casualization of work, 77, 80, 133–5

Chief Executive elections, 92

China-Hong Kong integration. See

regional integration

Chinese culture, 51

Chinese government, 100, 103

Civic Party, 102

class

and consumption, 11, 12, 23, 26,

27–8, 153, 175

and culture, 19–20

and democratization, 90–1,

106–7

and politics, 27, 89 (see also

neoliberalism, and class

politics; see also under lower

class; middle class)

and work, 87–8 (see also under

lower class; middle class)

class analysis

Bourdieu’s approach, 20–5

conventional approach, 19–20

class consciousness, 19–20. See SCA

model

class habitus. See habitus

class identity, 13, 24, 27, 109,

119–20

and ambivalence, 115–18, 144

class processes, 14

in Hong Kong, 141–7

class reproduction, 145–7

class research in Hong Kong, 14–16

Closer Economic Partnership

Arrangement, 103, 123

Commission on Poverty, 1

Comprehensive Social Security

Assistance (CSSA), 93, 103,

116

see also anti-welfare attitude

Confederation of Trade Unions, 28–9

construction industry, 131–2

Construction Industry Council, 132

consumption, 138

and class, 11, 12, 23, 16, 27–8,

153, 175

Continuing Education Fund, 136

continuous education. See further

education

cultural capital, 23, 24, 32

and education, 142, 144

and work, 85

culture and class. See class, and

culture

200 INDEX

death of class thesis, 10–14

debt, 136–7

Democratic Alliance for the

Betterment and Progress of

Hong Kong (DAB), 96

Democratic Party, 100

disciplinary forces, 132–3

Distinction, 89

economic capital, 23, 39, 43–4,

45–6, 142

educational stratification, 31–3

in Hong Kong, 51–2, 145–6

Election Committee, 92, 100, 107

employment. See people’s livelihood

Extended Non-means-tested Loan

Scheme, 137

external efficacy, 97–8, 147

and middle class, 102–3

Federation of Trade Unions, 95

field, 21–2

Financial Assistance Scheme for

Post-secondary Students,

137

flexible employment, 9. See also

casualization of work

free education, 33, 45, 52

functional constituencies, 107

further education, 74–5, 79, 82,

130–1, 136

gender

and habitus, 147

and politics, 104–5

and work, 78–80, 88

generation, 154

and politics, 106

Giddens, Anthony, 10–11, 13, 149

Gini coefficient, 1

global city, 5, 9, 87

and class, 151–2

and inequality, 1, 7, 153–4

see also Hong Kong, as a global

city

globalization, 10, 12, 14, 149

Goldthorpe, John, 13, 14, 15, 19,

29, 70

Guangdong Province, 2, 4, 6

habitus, 20–1, 24, 31, 87, 150

and education, 44

and gender (see gender, and

habitus)

see also lower class habitus; middle

class habitus

homeownership and middle class,

117–18, 152–3

Hong Kong

deindustrialization, 4, 5, 16, 61,

64, 86, 142

educational system, 33

free market, 7–8

as a global city, 5–6, 151

industrialization, 3–4

and neoliberalism (see

neoliberalism, in Hong

Kong)

welfare policy, 7, 8–9

hotel industry, 129–31

immigrants, 9, 116, 153–4

Individual Visit Scheme, 124,

125–6, 138

individualization, 10–14, 55,

147–50

and education, 52–3

inferiority, 111, 146

internal efficacy, 93–4, 142, 147

job orientation, 55, 75, 81–4, 143

instrumental, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67,

70, 81, 86, 142, 143

July 1st protest, 91, 101

June 4th crackdown, 99

knowledge economy, 87

Labor Department, 76

labor movement, 16, 28–9, 92, 93,

147, 152

Legislative Council, 92

INDEX 201

liberal values, 98, 99, 101

life course, 118–20

lifestyle and class. See class, and

consumption

local identity, 98, 99–101, 138–9

lower class

lower class habitus, 142, 147

lower class identity, 111–12, 142

old lower class

and politics, 92–8

and work, 56–70

young lower class

and politics, 97–8

and work, 75–81, 125–36

Lui, Tai-lok, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

14, 15, 90, 103, 120, 146,

175, 177

Marxist approach to class analysis,

19–20

middle class

middle class habitus, 143, 145

middle class identity, 103,

113–15, 143–4

old middle class

and work, 70–5

and politics, 15, 99–105

young middle class

and work, 81–5

National People’s Congress, 91

National Security Bill, 91, 101

neoliberalism

and class identity, 120

and class politics, 120–1, 152

in Hong Kong, 8–9, 12, 139, 152

Non-means-tested Loan Scheme for

Full-time Tertiary Students,

137

Non-means-tested Loan Scheme

for Post-secondary Students,

137

Office of the Ombudsman, 137

ordinariness, 113, 117

organizational assets, 82

parents

and educational support, 39–41,

46–7, 49, 51, 143, 144–5

people’s livelihood, 92–3

political cynicism, 143

political efficacy, 89. See also

external efficacy; internal

efficacy

poverty, 1, 9

pro-democracy camp, 98, 99, 102

progressive politics, 151–2

reflexivity, 88, 149–50

reflexivity losers, 150

reflexivity winners, 150

regional integration, 123, 124–5,

138–9

respectability, 109, 112, 142

restaurant industry, 128–9, 131, 135

retail industry, 125–7, 131, 135

SARS epidemic, 4, 71, 123, 134

Savage, Mike, 13, 19, 22, 26, 27,

109, 146, 175, 177

SCA model, 19, 24, 89, 90–1

service class, 14, 15, 29, 70, 176. See

also middle class

Skeggs, Beverley, 13, 24, 109, 149

social capital, 153

social mobility, 26

in Hong Kong, 14–15

social polarization in global

cities. See global city, and

inequality

Student Finance Office, 137

Tertiary Student Finance Scheme,

137

trade union. See labor movement

Tsang, Donald, 91

Tung, Chee-hwa, 91, 98, 136

Umbrella Movement, 123

universal suffrage, 91, 123

attitudes towards universal

suffrage, 94–6, 98, 99–104

202 INDEX

Weber and class, 20

Wong, Thomas, 8, 14, 15, 90

Wong, Yi-lee, 32, 52, 113

work. See class, and work;

job orientation;

workplace relationship.

See under lower class;

middle class;

workplace relationship

working class. See under lower class

workplace relationship, 77, 78, 80,

126–7

xenophobia, 124