Appendix A 255

Appendix A. Drinking water guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization.

Bacteria (number per 100 m!)

Condition

A: Piped water supplies A.I: Treated water entering distribution system

fecal coliforms coliform organisms

A.2: Untreated water entering distribution system fecal coliforms coliform organisms

A.3: Water in distribution system fecal coliforms coliform organisms

B: Unpiped water supplies fecal coliforms coliform organisms

C: Bottled drinking water fecal coliforms coliform organisms

D: Emergency water supply fecal coliforms coliform organisms

Viruses (organisms per 100 ml)

A: Enterovirus

Biological (organisms per 100 m\)

A: Helminths (pathogenic) B: Protozoa (pathogenic) C: Free-living organisms (algae. crustaceans. others)

Inorganic constituents

Guideline Constituent (mgL 1

) Constituent

Arsenic 0.05 Hardness Asbestos under review Lead Barium not warranted Mercury Beryllium not warranted Nickel Cadmium 0.005 Nitrate Chromium 0.05 Selenium Cyanide O. I Silver Fluoride 1.5 Sodium

Guideline value

{)

{)

o o

o o 3 (occasional)

o 10 (occasional)

o o

o o

o

o o o

Guideline (mg L -I)

not warranted 0.05 0.001

not warranted 10.00 0.01

not warranted not warranted

256 10: Water Quality Guidelines and Standards

Appendix A. Continued.

Organic compounds

Guideline Compound (J.l.g L -I) Compound

Aldrin/dieldrin 0.03 1,1-Dichloroethane Benzene 10 Heptachlor + Epoxide Benzo(a)pyrene 0.01 Hexachlorobenzene Carbon tetrachloride 3 (tent.) Lindane Chlordane (all isomers) 0.3 Methoxychlor Chloroform 30 Pentachlorophenol 2,4-D 100 Tetrachloroethene DDT (all isomers) 1 Trichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethane 10 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

Radionuclides

A: Gross alpha activity B: Gross beta activity

0.1 BqL- 1

1 Bq L -I

Source(s): World Health Organization (I984a, b, c). Tentative guideline (tent.)

Guideline (J.l.g L -I)

0.3 0.1 0.01 3

30 10 10 (tent.) 30 (tent.) 10

Appendix B

Appendix B. Drinking water standards and guidelines in the USA.

Microbiological (recommended) (numbers per 100 ml)

Parameter RMCL" Parameter

Total coliforms Giardia lamblia

o o

Viruses

Inorganic constituents (recommended) (mg L -I)

Constituent RMCL Constituent

Arsenic 0.05 Lead Barium 1.5 Mercury Cadmium 0.005 Nitrate Chromium 0.12 Nitrite Copper 1.3 Selenium

Asbestos

Organic chemicals (recommended) (lLgL-')

Chemical RMCL Chemical

Acrylamide 0 Ethylbenzene Alachlor 0 Heptachlor Aldicarb/derivatives 9 Heptachlor epoxide Carbofuran 36 Lindane Chlordane 0 Methoxychlor Chlorobenzene 60 PCB DBCP 0 Pentachlorophenol 0-Dichlorobenzene 620 Styrene I,2-Dichloroethylene 70 Toluene 1,2-Dichloropropane 6 2,4.5-T 2,4-D 70 Toxaphene EDB 0 Xylene Epichlorohydrin 0

Volatile organic chemicals (finalized) (lLg L - ')

Chemical MCL" Chemical

RMCL

o

RMCL

0.02 0.003

10 I 0.045

7.1 million fibers L··'

RMCL

680 0 0 0.2

340 0

220 140

2000 52 0

440

MCL

Benzene 5 I,I-Dichloroethylene 7 Carbon tetrachloride 5 I, I , I-Trichloroethane 200 p-Dichlorobenzene 75 Trichloroethylene 5 1,2-Dichloroethane 5 Vinyl chloride 2

SOl/ree(s): Federal ReRister (1985, (987). aRecommended Maximum Contaminant level (nonenforceable health goal). bMaximum Contaminant level (standard enforced by law).

257

258 10: Water Quality Guidelines and Standards

Appendix C. Surface water criteria for the protection of aquatic and marine life.

Inorganic constituents

Concentration Comment Constituent (mgL- 1

) (residues in mg L -I) (Reference)

Aluminum 0.005 pH < 6.5; Ca++ < 4 (I) 0.1 pH> 6.5; Ca++ > 4 (I)

Arsenic, total 0.05 Freshwater (I) 0.50 Marine (2)

Cadmium 0.0002 Hardness 0-60 (3,4) 0.0008 Hardness 61-120 (3,4) 0.0013 Hardness 121-180 (3,4) 0.00018 Hardness> 180 (3,4) 0.005 Marine (3,4)

Chlorine 0.002-0.004 Freshwater and marine (1,4,5) Chromium, total 0.02 Freshwater (1,6)

0.10 Marine (2,5) Copper 0.002 Hardness 0-120 (1,4)

0.003 Hardness 121-180 (1,4) 0.004 Hardness> 180 (1,4) 0.040 Marine (2)

Cyanide, free 0.005 Freshwater and marine (5) Iron 0.3 Freshwater and marine (I) Lead, inorganic 0.001 Hardness 0-60 (2,4,7)

0.002 Hardness 61-120 (2,4,7) 0.004 Hardness 121-180 (2,4,7) 0.007 Hardness> 180 (2,4,7) 0.008-0.025 Marine (2)

Mercury 0.0001 Freshwater and marine (I) Nickel 0.025 Hardness 0-60 (l,9)

0.065 Hardness 61-120 (1,9) 0.1l0 Hardness 121-180 (1,9) 0.150 Hardness> 180 (1,9) 0.14-0.45 Marine (2)

Nitrogen -Ammonia 2.4 pH 6.5 (1,4)

1.4 pH 8.0 (1,4) -Nitrite 0.06 (I)

Oxygen, dissolved 5-6 Warm water species (8) 6-9.5 Cold water species (8)

pH 6.5-9.0 Freshwater (5) Selenium 0.001 Freshwater (II) Silver 0.0001 Freshwater (I) Zinc 0.03 Freshwater (I)

0.17 Marine (2)

Appendix C 259

Organic compounds (f.Lg VI)

Concentration Concentration Compound (reference) Compound (reference)

Aldrin/dieldrin 0.004 (1) Trichlorophenol 18 (13) Benzene 300 (1) Tetrachlorophenol 1 (13) Chlordane 0.006 (1,5) Pentachlorophenol 0.5 (13) Chlorinated benzenes DDT 0.001 (5)

Chlorobenzene Endosulfan 0.02 (I)

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 2.5 (12) Endrin 0.002 (IO) 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 2.5 (12) Ethylbenzene 700 (I) 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 4.0 (12) Heptachlor 0.01 (1) 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 0.9 (12) Hexachlorobutadiene 0.1 (14) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.5 (12) HCH (all isomers) 0.01 (1,5) 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 0.65 (I2) Phenoxy herbicides 4.0 (I) Tetrachlorobenzene Phthalate esters

(1,2,3,4,-; 1,2,3,5-) 0.1 (12) DBP 4.0 (I) (1,2,4,5-) 0.15 (12) DEHP 0.6 (I)

Pentachlorobenzene 0.03 (12) others 0.2 (I) Chloroethylene (tetra) 260 (I) PCB 0.001 (5) Chlorophenol 7 (13) Toluene 300 (I) Dichlorophenol 0.2 (13) Toxaphene 0.008 (15)

Source(s): (I) Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (1987); (2) Water Research Centre (1984); (3) US Environmental Protection Agency (l985d); (4) Alabaster and Lloyd (1980); (5) US Environmental Protection Agency (1976); (6) US Environmental Protection Agency (l985e); (7) US Environmental Protection Agency (l985f); (8) US Environmental Protection Agency (1986); (9) US Environmental Protection Agency (l980a); (10) US Environmental Protection Agency (l980b); (I \) International Joint Commission (l98\); (12) McCarty et al. (1984); (13) McKee et al. (1983); (14) Environment Canada (1983); (15) International Joint Commission (1985).

260 10: Water Quality Guidelines and Standards

Appendix D. Guidelines for irrigation water quality.

A:

B:

Bacterial (number per 100 ml)

Condition

Animal pathogens fecal coliforms total coliforms

Plant pathogens

Major ions

Ion Guideline

no guideline

Guideline

100 1000

no guideline

A: Bicarbonate B: Chloride C: Sodium

100-700 mg L -, (depending on crop) use SAR (see text)

D: Salinity

Metal/Ion

Aluminum Arsenic Beryllium Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluoride Iron Lead Lithium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Uranium Vanadium Zinc

500-3,500 mg L -, (depending on crop)

Heavy metals/trace ions (mg L -')

Guideline

Neutral to Alkaline All soils Soils

5.0 20.0 0.1 2.0 0.1 0.5

0.5-6.0 no value 0.01 no value 0.1 no value 0.05 5.0 0.2-1.0 5.0 1.0 15.0 5.0 20.0 0.2 2.0 2.5 no value 0.2 10.0 no value no value 0.01-0.05 0.05 0.2 2.0 0.02-0.05 no value 0.01 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0-5.0 no value

Source: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (1987).

Appendix E

Appendix E. Guidelines for livestock drinking water quality.

Biological

Condition Guideline

A: Blue-green algae A void heavy growths B: Bacteria and parasites No specific guideline; water of high

quality should be used

Constituent

Calcium Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrite

Major ions and nutrients (mgL-')

Guideline Constituent

1000 Sulfate 100 Total dissolved

10 solids

Heavy metals/trace ions (mgL··')

Guideline

1000

3000

Aluminum 5.0 Fluoride 2.0 Arsenic 0.5 if feed contains

when not added to feed 5.0 tlouride 1.0 Beryllium 0.1 Iron Boron 5.0 Lead Cadmium 5.0 Managnese Chromium 1.0 Mercury Cobalt 1.0 Molybdenum Copper Nickel

cattle 1.0 Selenium swine and poultry 5.0 Uranium sheep 0.5 Vanadium

Zinc

Source: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (1987).

none 0.1 none 0.003 0.5 1.0 0.05 0.2 0.1

50.0

261

262 10: Water Quality Guidelines and Standards

Appendix F. Common and scientific names of fishes used in this book.

Common name Scientific name

Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus American eel Anguilla rostrata American shad Alosa sapidissima Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus Barb Barbus barbus Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix Bluegill Lepomis machrochirus Brook trout Salve linus fontinalis Brown trout Salmo trutta Burbot Lota Iota Carp Cyprinus carpio Catfish Ictallirus sp. Channel catfish Ictalurlls punctatlls Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta Cutthroat trout Salmo elarki Dogfish Squalus acanthias Drum Aplodinotus grunniens Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Goldeye Hiodon alosoides Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Hake Merluceills sp. Lake trout Salvelinus namaycush Lake whitefish Coregonlls elupeaformis Largemouth bass Mieropterus salmoides Mooneye Hiodon tergislls Pike Esox lucius Rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Red hake Urophycis cirrata Red shiner Notropis lutrensis River carp sucker Carpiodes carpio Rock bass Ambloplites rupestris Sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus Sauger Stizostedion canadense Silver salmon Oncorhynchus kisuteh SmaHmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Steelhead Salmo gairdneri Striped bass Morone saxatilis Threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense White catfish [ctalurus catus White perch Morone americana Windowpane Scophthalmlls aqllosus YeHow perch Perea flavescens

Index

Agriculture, 54-60, 102-122, 260-261 erosion, 112-116 groundwater, 120-122 irrigation, 54-60 microbiological effects, 108-112 mitigation, 109-111, 115-116 nitrogen cycle, 102-107 phosphorus, 107 sedimentation, 112-116 toxic chemicals, 116-122 water quality effects, 102-107 water quality guidelines, 260-261

Albedo, 3 Alum sludge, 211-212 Aquatic weed control, 55-59

Bacterial pathogens, see microbial patho-gens

Balantidiasis, 240 Bay of Fundy, 91-92 Best Available Technology, 137-142 Best Conventional Control Technology,

137 Best Management Practice, 110-111, 137 Best Practicable Technology, 10, 137 Biological control of weeds, 57-58

Cancer risk, 144-145, 198, 218-227 Caspian Sea, 47-48 Channelization, 60-65 Chemobyl, 87-88 Chlorinated organic compounds, 196-

197, 199,202-203,232-234 Chlorination, 77-79, 196-197,227-234 Chlorine, 196-198 Climatic change, 79 Coal mining, 84-85 Combined sewer overflow, 168-170 Conservation, 14

Dams, 20-26, see also reservoirs Deicing salt, 179-180 Detention storage, 170-172 Disinfection, 227-234 Dredging, 155-160

bioaccumulation, 159 chemical impacts, 158-159 ecological effects, 159-160 physical impacts, 156-157

Drilling fluids, 80-82 Drinking water, 217-240

animal studies, 218-219 epidemiological studies. 218, 226-227

264

guidelines/standards, 255-257 microbiological contamination, 234-

240 radon, 222-225 ranking hazards, 217-218 risk analysis, 219-222 treatment, 227-234 trichloroethylene, 222-223 trihalomethanes, 232-234

Effluents, industrial, 135 Energy production, 69-101 Entamoeba histolytica, 240 Environmental fate processes, 83-84 Epidemiological studies, 218, 226--

227 Erosion, 32,33,112-116 Eutrophication, 31-35, 187-196

municipal waste effects, 187-196 reservoirs, 31-35

Evaporation, 2 Evapotranspiration, 2

Fecal indicators, see microbial pathogens Fish entrainment, 75-77 Fish impingement, 75-77 Fish migration, 39--40, 93 Fish toxicology, 56--57, 77-79, 197-

198 Fisheries, 8-11, 35--40, 62-63, 73-75,

125-128, 159-160 dredging effects, 159-160 flow requirements, 38--40 forestry effects, 125-128 reservoir, 35--40 sport, 8-11, 38 thermal effects, 73-75 wetlands, 62-63

Flocculants, 86 Forestry, 122-128

effects on fish, 125-128 nutrient export, 125 water quality, 124--128 water yield, 122-124

Fossil fuel industry, 79-87, 89-91

Giardiasis, 206, 238-240 Grass carp, 57-58 Groundwater, 120-122

Heavy metals, 84--85,174,199-200 Helminths, 27, 206--208 Herbicides, 55-57

toxic effects, 55-57 usage, 55-56

Hydroelectricity, 22-23 Hydrologic cycle, 1-3

Index

Industrial wastewater, 133-160, 198-200 control scenarios, 137-139 economic considerations, 139-140 effluents, 135 mixing zone, 134 municipal sources, 198-200 offshore wastes, 145-160 policy, 133-134 regulated discharges, 136--145 spills, 141-145 variances, 14~141

water basin standards, 135-136 Invertebrates, 33-34, 71-73, 81-82 Irrigation, 54-60

aquatic weed control, 55-59 drought, 54 grass carp, 57-59 herbicide use, 55-57 salination, 59-60 toxic substances, 60 water use, 54

Jonglei Canal, 50-52

Lead, 180-183 Livestock waste, 108 Logging, 125-128 London Dumping Convention, 145-147

Malaria, 26-27 Mechanical control of weeds, 58-59

Index

Mercury accumulation, 38 Microbial pathogens, 108-112, 175-176,

197, 203-206, 234-238 Mixing zone, 134 Municipal water, 15-16, 186-212

nutrient enrichment, 187-196 public opinion survey, 15-16 sludge management, 200-203 toxic chemicals, 196-203

New source performance standards, 137 Nile River, 50-52 Nitrates, 120-121 Nitrogen cycle, 102-107, 118-119, 175-

176 Nonpoint discharges, 103-111 Nuclear power cycle, 87-89 Nutrient enrichment, 187-196

Australian lakes, 193 Great Lakes, 189-192 Lake Fuschl, 193-194 Lake Mjosa, 194-196 nutrient loading, 187-189 Onondaga Lake, 192-193 sediments, 188-189

Ocean incineration, 154-155 Ocean thermal energy conversion, 95-96 Oceans, 2, 145-160

economic value, 150 volume, 2 waste disposal, 145-160

Off-flavors, 89-91 Offshore waste disposal, 145-160

control, 153-154 dredging, 155-160 incineration, 154-155 London Dumping Convention, 145-

147 pollutant transport, 150--153 radioactive waste, 148-150 waste characteristics, 147

Oil and gas production, 80-84 drilling fluids, 80--82 petroleum toxicity, 83-84

Oscillating water column, 95

265

Pesticides, 116-117 Petroleum hydrocarbons, 83-84, 173, see

also oil and gas production Phosphorus cycle, 30, 107, 118-119,

175-176 Phytoplankton, 33-34, 70-71 Polar ice, 2 Policy 1-19, 133-136 Potable water, see drinking water Pretreatment standards for existing

sources, 137 Pretreatment standards for new sources,

137 Primary production, 33-35 Privatization of water supply, 15 Protozoa, 206, see also giardiasis and

Entamoeba histolytica

Radioactive waste, 87-89, 148-150 Radon, 222-225 Rational method, 166-167 Recreation, 8-9 Reservoirs, 20-45

drawdowns, 35 fish migration, 39-40 fisheries, 35-38 growth in numbers, 22 health effects, 26-28 hydroelectricity, 22-23 irrigation, 23 management, 24-26 mercury accumulation, 38 primary production, 33-35 resettlement, 28-29 secondary production, 33-35 size, 20-24 storage, 23-24 water quality, 30-33 wildlife, 40-41

Resettlement, 28-29 Rhine River, industrial spills, 141-143 Riparian rights, 7 Runoff processes, 118-119, 168

Salination, 59-60 Salinity gradients, 96

266

Sanitation, 16-17 third world, 16-17

Schistosomiasis, 26-28 Secondary production, 33-35 Sedimentation, 25-26, 32-33, 112-116,

156-158 agricultural sources, 112-116 dredging effects, 156-158 economic damage, 114-115 mitigation, 115-116 reservoirs, 25-26, 32-33

Severn Estuary, 91-92 Siberian river diversion, 47-50 Sleeping sickness, 27-28 Sludge management, 200-212

alum sludges, 211-212 disposal, 208-211 heavy metals, 200-202 organic compounds, 202-203 pathogens, 203-212

Spills, 141-145 Storm water quality, 172

Tainting substances, 89-91 Tapered channel power, 95 Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, 52-54 Thermal discharges, 69-79

chlorination, 77-79 climatic change, 79 entrainment and impingement, 75-77 fish , 73-75 primary production , 69-72 secondary production , 71-73

Tidal power, 91-94 Total human exposure, 225-226 Trichloroethylene, 222

United Nations Water Decade , 16-17 Urban hydrology, 165-183

combined sewer overflow, 168-170 deicing salts, 179-180 detention storage, 170-172 lead, \80-183 physical processes, 165-168 receiving water effects, 176-179

runoff, 168 stormwater quality , 172-176

User fees , 136

Velocity barriers, 39--40

Index

Viral pathogens, see microbial pathogens

Water allocation , 5-10 benefits, 9 recreation, 8-10 systems, 7-8

Water availability, 3--4 Water Decade, 16-17 Water demand

agriculture, 4-6 industry, 5-6 domestic, 5-6 global comparisons, 4-6

Water basin standards, 135-136 Water conservation, 14 Water cost, 12-14

methods of estimating, 13-14 national comparisons, 12-13

Water demand, 4-5 Water ownership, 7 Water quality, 30-33, 102-107, 124-

128, 180, 244-261 agricultural effects, 102-107 drawdowns, 35 forestry effects, 124-128 guidelines/standards, 244-261 reservoirs , 30-33 urbanization effects , 180 wetlands, 61-62

Water quality guidelines , 244-261 agriculture, 250-251, 260-261 aquatic and marine life, 249-250, 258-

259 derivation of guidelines, 245 drinking water, 246, 255-257 industrial water, 251-252 surface water, 249-250, 258-259

Water storage , 20--45 Water supply , 3--4, 16-17

per capita, 4 continental, 3

Index

privatization, 15-16 runoff, 3 third world , 16-17

Water transfer, 46-54 Nile River, 50-52 Siberian rivers, 47-50 Tennessee-Tombigbee waterway, 52-

54 Water value, II

Wetlands, 60-65 loss, 62-64 mitigation , 64-65 productivity, 60 USA,63 value, 60-61 water quality, 61-62

Wildlife, 40-41, 52

267