AP World HistoryAP World HistoryPOD #16 – New Imperialism POD #16 – New Imperialism

In AfricaIn Africa

Africa Before EuropeAfrica Before Europe

Class Discussion Class Discussion NotesNotes

Bulliet et. al. – Bulliet et. al. –

““Changes and Exchanges in Changes and Exchanges in Africa”, pp. 685-692Africa”, pp. 685-692

Historical SettingHistorical Setting

► ““In the century before 1870 Africa underwent In the century before 1870 Africa underwent dynamic political changes and a great dynamic political changes and a great expansion of foreign trade. Indigenous African expansion of foreign trade. Indigenous African leaders and Middle Eastern and European leaders and Middle Eastern and European imperialists built powerful new states and imperialists built powerful new states and expanded old ones. As the slave trade died expanded old ones. As the slave trade died under British pressure, trade in other goods under British pressure, trade in other goods grew sharply. In return Africans imported grew sharply. In return Africans imported large quantities of machine-made textiles and large quantities of machine-made textiles and firearms. These complex changes are best firearms. These complex changes are best understood by looking at African regions understood by looking at African regions separately.” (Bulliet, p. 685)separately.” (Bulliet, p. 685)

Shaka Zulu come to powerShaka Zulu come to power

► The powerful kingdom of the Zulu rose in The powerful kingdom of the Zulu rose in southern Africasouthern Africa

► For many centuries the Nguni peoples had For many centuries the Nguni peoples had farmed and raised cattle in the fertile coast-farmed and raised cattle in the fertile coast-lands of southeastern Africa until a serious lands of southeastern Africa until a serious drought hit the region early in the 19drought hit the region early in the 19thth century century allowing for the upstart military genius Shaka allowing for the upstart military genius Shaka to take control of the region in 1818to take control of the region in 1818

► The Zulu under the direction of Shaka The Zulu under the direction of Shaka established a fierce military employing strict established a fierce military employing strict military drill and close combat tactics featuring military drill and close combat tactics featuring ox-hide shields and lethal stabbing spearsox-hide shields and lethal stabbing spears

Shaka Zulu dominates for a Shaka Zulu dominates for a decadedecade

► Shaka led his kingdom on expeditions of conquest Shaka led his kingdom on expeditions of conquest and expansion against neighbors, seizing their and expansion against neighbors, seizing their cattle and capturing their women and childrencattle and capturing their women and children

► Breakaway military bands spread this system of Breakaway military bands spread this system of warfare and state building inland warfare and state building inland

► As the number of these new powerful states began As the number of these new powerful states began to emerge so to did the number of displaced and to emerge so to did the number of displaced and demoralized refugeesdemoralized refugees

► To protect themselves the rival of the Zulu began to To protect themselves the rival of the Zulu began to create their own states – Lesotho & Swazilandcreate their own states – Lesotho & Swaziland

► At home many festivals were created to honor and At home many festivals were created to honor and glorify Shaka as a means to show off the king’s glorify Shaka as a means to show off the king’s enormous herds of cattle and wealthenormous herds of cattle and wealth

Islamic ReformIslamic Reform

► Islamic reformers were creating a new cluster of Islamic reformers were creating a new cluster of powerful states in the savannas of West Africapowerful states in the savannas of West Africa

► By the 1770’s, Muslim scholars were preaching By the 1770’s, Muslim scholars were preaching the need for religious reform and began calling the need for religious reform and began calling for jihad to add new lands where governments for jihad to add new lands where governments would enforce Islamic lawwould enforce Islamic law

►Hausa under the leadership of Usuman dan Hausa under the leadership of Usuman dan Fodio established this Islamic government with Fodio established this Islamic government with his overthrow of the King of Gobir in 1804his overthrow of the King of Gobir in 1804

Sokoto CaliphateSokoto Caliphate

► 1809-1906 – the largest state in West Africa since the 1809-1906 – the largest state in West Africa since the 1616thth century century

► Conquered the Hausa states and neighboring areas Conquered the Hausa states and neighboring areas under the caliph (sultan)under the caliph (sultan)

► Became a center of Islamic learning and reform as Became a center of Islamic learning and reform as many religious schools and a library were established many religious schools and a library were established

► Non-Muslims could practice their own religion in Non-Muslims could practice their own religion in exchange for payment of a special taxexchange for payment of a special tax

► Those who resisted the jihadist expansion of Islam Those who resisted the jihadist expansion of Islam were killed, enslaved or forced to convertwere killed, enslaved or forced to convert

► Slavery increased within the Sokoto Caliphate as a Slavery increased within the Sokoto Caliphate as a result of thisresult of this

Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali► Modernization in Egypt – Napoleon’s invading army Modernization in Egypt – Napoleon’s invading army

had withdrawn from Egypt by 1801, but the power had withdrawn from Egypt by 1801, but the power and strength of the European army and the weakness and strength of the European army and the weakness of the Egyptians had become apparentof the Egyptians had become apparent

► Muhammad Ali led Egypt from 1805 to 1849 – Muhammad Ali led Egypt from 1805 to 1849 – creating the most powerful Islamic state in the worldcreating the most powerful Islamic state in the world

► Used western technology and methods to modernize Used western technology and methods to modernize the nation the nation

► Positive Impact - population of Egypt doubled, trade Positive Impact - population of Egypt doubled, trade increased by 600%, and an educated class of increased by 600%, and an educated class of Egyptians began to replace the old ruling aristocracyEgyptians began to replace the old ruling aristocracy

► Negative Impact – demands on peasant families for Negative Impact – demands on peasant families for labor and military service became disruptivelabor and military service became disruptive

IsmailIsmail

► Grandson to Muhammad AliGrandson to Muhammad Ali► Greater emphasis on modernization and Greater emphasis on modernization and

westernization in Egypt – although this did lead to westernization in Egypt – although this did lead to greater debt to Great Britain and France ultimately greater debt to Great Britain and France ultimately leading to partial occupation of the country by leading to partial occupation of the country by these European powersthese European powers

► ““MY COUNTRY IS NO LONGER IN AFRICA, IT IS IN MY COUNTRY IS NO LONGER IN AFRICA, IT IS IN EUROPE”EUROPE”

► Under his leadership revenues increased thirtyfold, Under his leadership revenues increased thirtyfold, exports double (largely as a result of the US Civil exports double (largely as a result of the US Civil War and the cotton trade)War and the cotton trade)

► Built new irrigation canals, 800 miles of railroad, Built new irrigation canals, 800 miles of railroad, established a modern postal service and established a modern postal service and constructed a new capital city at Cairoconstructed a new capital city at Cairo

EthiopiaEthiopia

► State building and reform were also under State building and reform were also under way in Ethiopia, whose rulers had been way in Ethiopia, whose rulers had been Christian for fifteen hundred years. Christian for fifteen hundred years. Beginning in the 1840s, Ethiopian rulers Beginning in the 1840s, Ethiopian rulers purchased modern weapons from European purchased modern weapons from European sources and created strong armies loyal to sources and created strong armies loyal to the ruler.the ruler.

► Emperor Tweodros attempted to coerce more Emperor Tweodros attempted to coerce more technical aid from the British by holding technical aid from the British by holding some of their officials hostage – this however, some of their officials hostage – this however, backfired and led to a British invasion instead backfired and led to a British invasion instead resulting in the Tweodros committing suicideresulting in the Tweodros committing suicide

ExplorersExplorers

► Small expeditions of self-funded explorers Small expeditions of self-funded explorers began to arrive on the African continent to began to arrive on the African continent to search for the inner mysteries of the land search for the inner mysteries of the land and evaluate the mineral wealth of the land and evaluate the mineral wealth of the land while converting the locals to Christianitywhile converting the locals to Christianity

►Quinine to treat malaria, steamboat to Quinine to treat malaria, steamboat to conquer the strong river currents, guns used conquer the strong river currents, guns used to subjugate the native populationsto subjugate the native populations

►What role does Social Darwinism and White What role does Social Darwinism and White Man’s Burden play in motivating these Man’s Burden play in motivating these individual explorers?individual explorers?

David LivingstoneDavid Livingstone

► ““The Scottish missionary doctor David Livingston The Scottish missionary doctor David Livingston (1813-1873) explored southern and central Africa. (1813-1873) explored southern and central Africa. His primary goal was to scout out locations for His primary goal was to scout out locations for Christian missions, but he also traced the course of Christian missions, but he also traced the course of the Zambezi River between 1853 and 1856, naming the Zambezi River between 1853 and 1856, naming its greatest waterfall for the British Queen Victoria. its greatest waterfall for the British Queen Victoria. In 1871 while tracing the course of the upper Congo In 1871 while tracing the course of the upper Congo River, he encountered the journalist Henry Morton River, he encountered the journalist Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904) on a publicity-motivated search Stanley (1841-1904) on a publicity-motivated search for the “lost” missionary doctor. Stanley’s large for the “lost” missionary doctor. Stanley’s large expedition fought their way across the continent but expedition fought their way across the continent but Livingstone’s modest expeditions, which posed no Livingstone’s modest expeditions, which posed no threat to anyone, regularly received warm threat to anyone, regularly received warm hospitality.” (Bulliet, p. 690)hospitality.” (Bulliet, p. 690)

AbolitionAbolition► ““The successful slave revolt in Saint Domingue in the The successful slave revolt in Saint Domingue in the

1790s ended slavery in the largest plantation colony in 1790s ended slavery in the largest plantation colony in the West Indies. Elsewhere in the Americas slave the West Indies. Elsewhere in the Americas slave revolts were brutally repressed. As news of the slave revolts were brutally repressed. As news of the slave revolts and their repression spread, humanitarians and revolts and their repression spread, humanitarians and religious reformers called for an end to the trade. religious reformers called for an end to the trade. Support for abolition of the trade was found even Support for abolition of the trade was found even among Americans wanting to preserve slavery. In 1807 among Americans wanting to preserve slavery. In 1807 both Great Britain and the United States made both Great Britain and the United States made importing slaves from Africa illegal for their citizens. importing slaves from Africa illegal for their citizens. Most other Western countries followed suit by 1850, but Most other Western countries followed suit by 1850, but few enforced abolition with the vigor of the British.” few enforced abolition with the vigor of the British.” (Bulliet, 690)(Bulliet, 690)

► Recaptives – Africans rescued by Britain’s Royal Navy Recaptives – Africans rescued by Britain’s Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the 19from the illegal slave trade of the 19thth century and century and restored to free statusrestored to free status

Legitimate TradeLegitimate Trade

►Trade with Africa consisting of items Trade with Africa consisting of items other than slavesother than slaves

►Palm oil for use in soap, candles and Palm oil for use in soap, candles and lubricantslubricants

►African merchants and traders became African merchants and traders became the new purchasers of slaves to paddle the new purchasers of slaves to paddle the canoes that carried much of the the canoes that carried much of the palm oilpalm oil