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Building Global Empires:
Imperial ism and Colonization
Definition & Justifications,
India, Scramble for Africa
An Impressive and almost Imperial Power Point by Janet Pareja for AP World History, Signature School,
Evansville, IN
Defining Defining ImperialismImperialism ““Extending control Extending control or authority over foreign or authority over foreign entities”entities”
Direct ImperialismDirect Imperialism Military take over Territorial Conquest
Colonial ismColonial ism Settle / colonize / mercantilism
Indirect ImperialismIndirect Imperialism Exerting control over politics / economy of other societies Trade, investment, business activity… especially when PERVASIVE.
Motives/Justification
1.1. Economic Economic SurvivalSurvival
Mercantilist Industrialized
NEED Low cost raw materials NEED Low cost raw materials from “colonies” for motherland / for industry to thrive: Ores, minerals: copper, tin, iron… Cotton, other fibers Rubber, Oil
MUST employ MUST employ huge population of unskilled city dwellers
Colonies as MARKETS for f inished MARKETS for f inished goodsgoods
Excess European Excess European populationpopulation live in colonies.
Why Imperialism?
Motives Motives /Justification/Justification
2. 2. STRATEGIC STRATEGIC POSITION POSITION Economic/Mil itary Competit ion:
Get, Keep, Deny to Competitors :
Open sea lanesOpen sea lanesPorts Ports Supply l inesSupply l ines .
Motives/JustificatMotives/Justificationion
3.3. Domestic Domestic Polit icsPolit ics
Focus attention away from Focus attention away from domestic problems: domestic problems:
- abuses in factories,- overpopulation and filth of cities, - break-up of family structures, - changing class structure…
Focus attention on GLORIESFocus attention on GLORIES of Imperial ism:of Imperial ism:
-Cecil Rhodes: Imperialism as alternative to civil war
-Frequent international exhibitions such as the Chrystal Palace
Chrystal Palace in Hyde Park, Chrystal Palace in Hyde Park, LondonLondon
First public “conveniences,” the Retiring Rooms, in which sanitary engineer George Jennings installed his “Water Closets.” 827,280 visitors paid one penny each to use them, for which they got a clean seat, a towel, a comb and a shoe shine.
1851 Exhibit ion
GLASS, machinery, fountains, exotic plants animals, foods: all products of British Empire & Industrialization!
GROWING GROWING
NATIONALINATIONALI
STST
FERVORFERVOR
44 . Pride in “Great Power” . Pride in “Great Power” StatusStatus
Important to Rulers, El ite, Merchants, Masses!Masses!
-ColoniesColonies Created Created- ““The sun never sets… “The sun never sets… “- ““Wealthiest” NationWealthiest” Nation
-Use of TechnologyUse of Technology- Steam transport of goods , military, citizens;… FAST… LOTS!- Underwater telegraph cables - Suez Canal – strategic engineering feat- Quinine to cure malaria- Breech-loading rifles and machine guns
-““Game “of “Great Power” Politics Game “of “Great Power” Politics
Motives/JustificatiMotives/Justificationsons
5. 5. Cultural Justif icationsCultural Justif ications ““ Saving” Saving”
Convert to Christianity
““ Civil izing”Civil izing” “Raise the level of Civilization”
to “European Standards”
Defend them against imperialist abuses by “other
imperialists”
Motives/JustificMotives/Justificationation
6. 6. Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Strong survive, Strong survive, And dominate the weakAnd dominate the weak “ “ Nature’s Way” Nature’s Way” (Natural Law)(Natural Law)
“Science” of Eugenics
Mid Mid 1700’s1700’s
Robert CliveRobert Clive (BEIC) Drove French out of India Conquered Bengal area (now
Bangladesh) Corporate troops Knighted! Colonization of India…
INDIAINDIA
- Weak Mughal Emperors - Hindu & Muslim infighting- English-French Rivalry for Indian trade
Sepoy Rebellion, Sepoy Rebellion, 18571857
Sepoy Sepoy Indian nationals working for
British East India Company
Alarmed:Amount of land Brits taking oBritish lack of respect for culture & religious beliefs
(Sati, leather tanning factories…)
Gunbarrel grease made of Gunbarrel grease made of pork fat & beef fat!pork fat & beef fat!
Consequences of Sepoy Consequences of Sepoy Mutiny:Mutiny:
1858- Rebellion crushed by actual Brit ish soldiers British Parliament claimed India as a
““ Crown Crown ColonyColony ” ”
DIRECTDIRECT IMPERIAL RULE IMPERIAL RULE Imperial VICEROY 300 million Indians British subjects
Context: What was going on elsewhere in the world in 1858?
INDIAINDIA
Model Imperial Model Imperial ColonyColony
British British “Raj”“Raj”
The British built “infrastructure”:“infrastructure”: railroads, canals,
telegraphs, harbors, irrigation systems…
New Delhi Metro
14 M riders /day
Iconic Symbol
Upper Class Upper Class “ANGLICIZED”“ANGLICIZED”
Indian culture & institutions eclipsed by British ones…
Easy “acceptance” of British domination more Profit for British Business & Crown.
British education & culture, incl. English universities, sports, & Enlightenment values…
SRKSRK
Brit ish “Raj”Brit ish “Raj”
Indian National Congress Indian National Congress – 1885 Forum for educated Indians to communicate
their views on public affairs to colonial officials
All- Indian Muslim LeagueAll- Indian Muslim League Push for reform became a mass movement
1909- 1909- wealthywealthy Indians given right Indians given right to vote.to vote.
Educated elite learned how to work work
within the power polit ics of within the power polit ics of Western World…Western World…
NationalNational Indian IdentityIndian Identity emerged slowly, which had not existed before…
Indian Independence Indian Independence MovementMovement
Jinnah & GandhiJinnah & Gandhi
StrikesImmediate
Satyagraha AhimsaCivil Disobedience
SatyagrahaSatyagrahasatya 'truth‘ + agraha 'insistence‘
“I have also called it love-force or soul-force. …I discovered in the earliest stages that pursuit of truth did not admit of violence being infl icted on one’s opponent but that he must be weaned from error by patience and compassion .
Civil disobedience, nonviolent protest
Salt March, Home-spun Movement, Fasts to end Violence
AHIMSAAHIMSA
““ The Great The Great Game”Game”
Meanwhile… Russia Meanwhile… Russia
Planned to Planned to
Invade India:Invade India:
Ready for warReady for war : GB & Russia! But… World War I started… 1917- Russian Revolution
““New” Imperialism - 1800New” Imperialism - 1800
MORE “New” MORE “New” ImperialismImperialism
French IndochinaFrench Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos- 1859-1893)
-European schools-Worked with & through local elites
like Brits in India- Conversion to Roman Catholic unlike British in India
Siam – “buffer state”- only areain Southeast Asia NOT part of an Empire (modern Thailand)
““New” New” Imperialism…Imperialism…
DutchDutch - Indonesia- Indonesia Trade: Sugar, coffee, Tea, rubber, Tobacco, tin…
Spanish ( later US) - Phil ippines: Strategic PORT
Brit ishBrit ish - Burma- Burma Teak, ivory, rubies, jade…
Brit ishBrit ish – Singapore – Singapore Strategic Port
Busiest port/trade center in Malaysia Control of seas
Tin, Rubber
Meanwhile, Meanwhile, in AFRICA… in AFRICA… Europeans were curious about “Deepest, Darkest Africa”-Trade-Missions
Dr. Livingston
e, I presume?
Henry Morton Stanley
Mapping African Rivers
Trade Increased!!Trade Increased!!Slave trade ground to a halt: Trade picked upSlave trade ground to a halt: Trade picked up
Exports: Gold, Ivory, Gold, Ivory, Palm OilPalm Oil
Imports:
European textiles, European textiles, GUNS GUNS (older)
Manufactured goodsManufactured goods
African Trade 1830-1875
WHAT WOULD WHAT WOULD YOUYOU DO?DO?
“The Scramble for Africa!”
Nom, nom, nom…
Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference1884, Portugal requested
14 Major European powers 14 Major European powers (no African delegates)(no African delegates)
Rules for colonization of Africa & Rules for colonization of Africa & Oceania:Oceania: Notify others before establishing colony Land must be previously “unclaimed”
Otto Von BismarckOtto Von Bismarck
In 3 decades3 decades Europeans colonized almost the whole continent!
Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium.
By 1904, only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent.
Three types of Colony:Three types of Colony:
1. Concessionary company
India under BEICIndia under BEIC
Company can: tax, recruit labor, mine, plantations, RR construction…even warfare.
2. 2. Direct Direct RuleRule
French colonies:French colonies: Divide into Administrative Divide into Administrative
distr icts: distr icts: • Tax collection, labor, military
recruitment, law and order
Divide & weaken potentially powerful indigenous groups.
Replace leaders w/ easy to control people.
Boundaries drawn to INTENTIONALLY CUT ACROSS existing political & ethnic boundaries.
Three types of Colony:Three types of Colony:
3.3. Indirect Indirect RuleRule
♦ Used indigenous Used indigenous institutions: institutions:
Moral & f inancial Moral & f inancial advantages advantages
Ie: use tribal authorities & customary laws
Problems:-British misunderstanding -Artificial tribal boundaries imposed
-European boundaries remained to cause civil wars in 20th century
Three types of Colony:Three types of Colony:
LaterLater British colonies, ie: AfricaBritish colonies, ie: Africa
Based on European bargaining with each other, not on any input from Africans, African history or African culture
Boundaries Boundaries served British / served British / European European designs:designs:
Thwarted native African attempts to organize resistance
Disrupted traditional culture
Replaced traditional culture with European schools, Christian missionaries, western business & government practices
Legacy of European Colonization
Rwandan Rwandan GenocideGenocide
Modern states entrenched around European colonial arbitrary national borders.
Hutu against Tutsi – Arbitrary groupings and “ethnic” hatred, revenge... Genocide.
Also in Burundi, 1972
1. King Leopold of Belgium: 1. King Leopold of Belgium:
(r.1865 – 1909)
King’s Personal colony of King’s Personal colony of rubber plantationsrubber plantations Forced labor, high taxes, abuse,
horrible punishment… International Humanitarian
pressure
Belgian government took over ->
“Belgian Congo”Belgian Congo”
“Congo Free State”
2. 2. EgyptEgypt
Defeated Napoleon & Ottomans
Began industrial ization of Egypt – cotton, l inen industries
Expanded Agriculture: cotton production for export to Britain with huge profits
Borrowed heavily from European countries
- Ottomans ruled Egypt 1517 – 1882- Local Egyptian “pashas” claimed more influence than Ottoman sultans in Istanbul
Joint project proposed byFrench engineer.
Paid for with stock purchases:½ French, ¼ Ottoman/Egyptian,rest – “other”
Connected Mediterranean Connected Mediterranean Sea & Indian OceanSea & Indian Ocean
Suez Canal - 1869Suez Canal - 1869
Heavy Debt: 1869
To repay Debt: Raised Taxes Sold some stock to Britain
18821882 – Social Unrest – Social Unrest in Egypt in Egypt British military arrived to “protect” “protect” British interests, including Suez Canal…
Egypt Egypt British British Protectorate! Protectorate! (colony)(colony)
Suez Canal
3. 3. Boers Boers /Afrikaners/Afrikaners
1652: 1652: DutchDutch Shipping supply posts Economically & Militarily strategic Farming, Mercantilism
By 1800 : Dutch, By 1800 : Dutch, German, Huguenots.German, Huguenots. Farmers = “Boers” / “Boers” /
Afr ikanersAfrikaners Indigenous people
“under-uti l izing” land… Messianic Mission to subdue the land.
Spread farms – encroached on Khoi encroached on Khoi khoi & Xhosa khoi & Xhosa territory.
Enslaved Africans. Enslaved Africans.
British seized Cape British seized Cape Town Town 1795 (Napoleonic Wars)
““ Great Trek” Great Trek” – Afrikaners moved into interior:
TransvaalTransvaal Why did the
AfrikanersAfrikaners leave when the Brit ish arrived? Language & laws disrupted Afrikaner economy -
slavery i l legal by Brit ish law
Boer War
Africans displaced: Ie.: Zulu So where did they go???
DIAMONDS and GOLD DIAMONDS and GOLD discovered on new “Afrikaner” land!!!
British won Brit ish won (1899 – 1902) & annexed annexed South South Africa: Africa: 1910 – Own constitution1910 – Own constitution Infrastructure builtInfrastructure built Self-ruleSelf-rule ““ UnionUnion of South Africa” of South Africa” Whites al lowed to dominate society Whites al lowed to dominate society (African National Congress - 1912(African National Congress - 1912 )
Boer War
Cecil Rhodes"I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race…
...If there be a God, I think that what He would like me to do is paint as much of the map of Africa British Red as possible..."
Imperialist Extraordinaire!Imperialist Extraordinaire!
Imperialist Twins?
