AP European HistorySeptember 9 – 13 2019

MONDAY Examine the key issues of the Counter-Reformation (OS-2,11) (SP-2,3,11, IS-10)

Materials Strategy/FormatTextbook and questions Review/Lecture discussion

Student SkillsContextCCOT

Introduction The Council of Trent

The protests of Martin Luther (and others) along with the revolt of German princes was a surprising and grave threat to the Vatican. As you know, there had been rebellious priests before but they had been severely quieted (Savonarola and Jan Hus for example). However, this was much more serious because whole regions of Europe were in revolt

In 1545, the leaders of the Catholic Church gathered in the Northern Italian city of Trent for an emergency conference. Their aim was to reclaim the moral high ground, and the superiority of the Church, in the wake of the Protestant challenge. The stakes were high. The Council of Trent would have follow up sessions for the next 20 years. Decrees were issued covering every aspect of Church authority, from the holding of multiple offices (benefices), to the chastity of priests, and monastic reforms such as the selling of indulgences were discussed.

In addition to the discussion of key reforms, the Church also went on the offensive. The “Index of Forbidden Books” was published, declaring over 500 texts to be heretical. These included most translations of the Bible and the works of Erasmus, Calvin and Luther. New churches were ordered, with space for thousands of worshippers, and acoustics designed, for the first time, for vernacular sermons. The Catholic Church used the weapon of reform to entice back its disillusioned congregations.

Some of the most important reforms involved bishops who were now forced to actually live in their diocese and each diocese was mandate to have a seminary school to more effectively train priests.

The Jesuits (The Society of Jesus) The most important leader of the Counter-Reformation was an unlikely hero. Ignatius Loyola was the son

of a Basque nobleman and was born in 1491. He became a soldier who was fond of women and gambling – and he had a typical upbringing for a wealthy son with enjoyment taking a precedence within his life with no obvious professional calling. While serving in the army of Charles V he was hit by a cannonball and badly damaged his left leg. While recovering from this injury, he suffered a crisis believing that his life seemed purposeless. He took to reading about the life of Christ and the Saints. He saw a vision of the Virgin Mary and the baby Jesus and experienced a religious conversion of sorts. If you remember Erasmus’ idea of WWJD (Philsophi Christi) then you could add for the Jesuits WWSD (What would the saints do). It became a cornerstone of Jesuits to teach the history and sacrifices of the saints. Loyola wrote Spiritual Exercises as method of training one’s mind to serve God.

In 1540, Pope Paul III licensed the Society of Jesus for the care of souls in life and for teaching and preaching the faith. Loyola felt that he had to start a fresh order rather than work within an already existing one as existent orders were tainted. In 1541, Loyola was elected as first General of the Society – a position he held until his death in 1556. Training in the Society was long and hard. You were a novice for two years doing theory and practical work in hospitals. You went on pilgrimages and you had to spend time begging. If you ‘passed’ this part, you then spent between 10 and 12 years as a scholar studying Theology, Philosophy and the Humanities. The Jesuit Order became famous for establishing schools (The Loyola system for example).

The Jesuits were held in such high regard that popes sent them into the heart of Protestantism to “win back lost souls”. They went without dissent despite the obvious dangers to their own well—being and liberty. Their commitment, as Loyola had demanded, was fierce possibly even fanatical. Later popes would find the Jesuits to be critical of their actions and in some places Jesuits were banned by civil authorities

Homework MONDAY Night STUDY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Unit Test will be WEDNESDAY MCQ and LEQ essay

TUESDAY Discuss the process of writing an LEQ essay for the coming unit test.

Materials Strategy/FormatRubric Sample and writing samples Writing Strategies

Student Activities/History SkillsI CCOTII ComplexityIII Historical Argument and synthesis

Instructions Today we will review the proper format for writing LEQ essays. I have placed a basic rubric below and

your will have one to look at in class. This same rubric is on the class website. Finally, one will be attached to your graded copy when it is returned.

For your unit test your will have a choice of essays that reflect the basic types on the AP Exam.

Long Essay Question Rubric for AP US History & AP European History A. THESIS (1 POINT) Targeted Skill: Argumentation

1 point: Presents a thesis that makes a historically defensible claim that responds to all parts of the question. The thesis must consist of one or more sentences located in one place, either in the introduction or the conclusion.Example: If the prompt asked you to write on the positives and negatives of the Columbian Exchange, your thesis should be something like, “While there were certainly some benefits to the Columbian Exchange, the negatives far

outweighed the positives.” Then, you’d go ahead and elaborate in your introductory paragraph and again throughout the body.

B. USING EVIDENCE (2 POINTS) Targeted Skill: Argumentation 1 point: Contextualization: The thesis is supported with appropriate background information usually in the intro or the first body paragraph. It must be explained and directly related.1 point: Utilizes specific evidence that is relevant to the topic of the question AND clearly supports the stated thesis or relevant argument. The response uses a sufficiently broad range of evidence to fully support the argument. You cannot just write it, you must explain and elaborate.

C: USING THE TARGETED HISTORICAL THINKING SKILL (2 POINTS) Targeted Skill: Argumentation and Targeted Skill The essay structure that you will write will fall into the categories below based upon the promptsCOMPARISON: 1 point: Describes similarities AND differences among historical individuals, events or developments.

1 point: Explains the reasons for their similarities AND differences. OR, DEPENDING ON THE PROMPT Evaluates the relative significance of historical individuals, events, developments or processes.

CAUSATION: 1 point: Describes causes AND/OR effects of a historical event, development, or process. 1 point: Explains the reasons for the causes AND/OR effects of a historical development.

Scoring Note: If the prompt requires discussion of both causes and effects, responses must address both causes and effects in order to earn either point.

CCOT: 1 point: Describes historical continuity AND change over time. 1 point: Explains the reasons for historical continuity AND change over time.

Scoring Note: If the prompt requires evaluation of a turning point then responses must discuss developments that preceded AND followed in order to earn either point. If the prompt requires evaluation of the characteristics of an era, then responses can discuss developments that EITHER preceded OR followed in order to earn either point.

D: Complexity (1 POINT) Targeted Skill: Synthesis

1 point: Extends the argument by explaining the connections between the argument and one of the following:a) A development in a different historical period, situation, era or geographical area. b) A course theme and/or approach to history that is not the focus of the essay (such as political, economic,

social, cultural, or intellectual history). c) A different discipline or field of inquiry (such as economics, government and politics, art history, or

anthropology).Scoring Note: The synthesis point requires an explanation of the connections to different historical period, situation, era, or geographical area, and is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference.

TOTAL POINTS (out of 6):_____ 6=93 5=90 4=85 3=80 2=70 1=BelowGRADE:______

HomeworkStudy for the MC part of the unit test tomorrowYou can go to https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/ for some practice materials. These are MC practice quizzes.

WEDNESDAY (Unit Test) Unit Test on the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation(OS-2,11) (SP-2,3,11, IS-10)

Materials Strategy/FormatTest Forms Assessment and Review

Instruction The MC section will cover the following topics

1. The early Reformation and arguments against Church abuses (Notes and Quiz)2. The theories and ideas of Martin Luther3. The Marburg Colloquy and Zwingli4. Theories and ideas of Calvinism and Anabaptism5. The Counter-Reformation 6. Textbook sections Chapter 13 pp: 390 -407 pp: 410-417 (You can omit any material on England)

HomeworkWrite the LEQ essay Blue or Black Pen Only NO TYPING and NO PENCIL it is due FRIDAY

THURSDAY Examine the causes and effects of the French Religious War(OS-2,11) (SP-2,3,11, IS-10)

Materials FormatQuiz and PPT Lecture/Discussion/Documents

Intro

As we say last week, the Reformation while certainly a religious movement swiftly adopted Political overtones. The German princes saw Luther as a rallying point for their designs against both the Catholic Church and the HRE Charles V.

In Switzerland, civil wars erupted claiming thousands of lives including Ulrich Zwingli. Not only were regions and kingdoms dividing over religion.

In England, the protest against Catholicism took on dynastic overtones as Henry VIII broke from the Church and created Anglicanism. His son Edward VI under the influence of John Knox and John Calvin allied with the Puritans only to have some of this alliance undone when Mary I briefly returned England to Catholicism. England will be left swinging between Anglicanism and the more radical offshoot Puritanism. It will be left to Queen Elizabeth I to create something of a balance. But generally speaking, religious turmoil in England will be far less grave.

Europe was quickly developing a bipolarity not unlike we will see in the Post-WWII Cold War. Today we will examine how the reformation developed in France. Not surprisingly the same trends

will be recognizable. Here papal support was in the hands of one dynasty while another supported the teachings of John Calvin (Huguenots). In the middle was the ruling dynasty in the hands of a female regent.

ProcedureI Preconditions of Instability

The Early Reformation in Francea. The Huguenots of France and the Catholic Majority were often at odds. b. The suppression of Huguenots by King Francis I to appease Charles V in 1525c. King Henry II of France commanded that Huguenots be subject to potential tortured. A Pivotal Moment: The death of Henry II in a jousting match creates a succession issue.e. A familiar trend in France is set up: regency

II The Regency of Catherine de Medicis (Valois)

a. King Francis II (Valois) is only a child (see caption)b. A three-way power struggle ensues: The Guises, the Bourbons, and Montmorency-Chatillionsc. Each of these had bases of strength and support both regionally and religiouslyd. The Guise were Ultra-Catholics, the Montmorency-Chatillions were Huguenots and finally

the Bourbon were Huguenot but not staunchly so.e. Catherine and her son represented the Valois Dynasty and her main objective was to hold on

to power for her son

III The Impact of Calvinisma. Huguenots were a branch of Calvinism but aristocrats (about 1/3 were Huguenots) were at

Attracted for political reasons: Guise were Catholic and nearest the throne and they wereattempting to centralize power hoping to be in position if the Valois stumbled.

b. The Huguenot princes hoped to decentralize and control their own realms w/ total authority

IV The Plot Thickensa. Francis II died in 1560 already a sickly child leaving Charles IX as king. But it’s the same old

problem: he too is young and now all sides are growing more tense. Catherine, fearing the growing influence of the Guise makes allegiances among the Huguenots.

b. The January Edict 1562 allowed Huguenots to worship in private.c. The Guise attacked and killed Huguenots at a service and the Huguenots basically did nothing, a move

which could only embolden the Guise.d. The Effects: open warfare starts and the two Huguenots join forces along w/ troops from parts of the

HRE that had adopted Protestant views. At end of this phase the Huguenots were victories and were granted more freedoms. Now Catherine is worried about what the Huguenots might try to pull.

V Catherine’s Secret Plan

a. Catherine feared the Bourbons now just as much as the Guise. Admiral Coligny had the ear of young Charles IX and he was planning an invasion of the Netherlands to aid Protestant forces thereb. Catherine knew this would be a disaster as France would be surrounded on all sides by Catholic forces (Spain controlled Holland and was Ultra-Catholic).c. The assassination plot against Coligny failed and Catherine was afraid that Colginy would

know that she was behind it!d. The St. Bartholomew Day Massacre 20,000 Huguenots murdered in Paris 1572e. International implications: Pope and Philip II rejoiced but Beza began a campaign to

Not only overthrow Catholic power in France but the right of all people to overthrow a sovereign who harms his people!!!!

VI Religious Toleration for Protestantsa. King Henry III now is on the throne and he fears the development of the new Catholic League

and the inherent threat to his power. b. Factions square off with a twist. A new player entered the game: Henry of Navarre who had

married into the Valois line and had a claim to the thronec. Henry III and Henry of Navarre make an alliance and attack the Catholics.d. Henry of Navarre becomes King Henry IV after an assassin killed Henry III (ending the

Valois line and inaugurating the Bourbon)

Conclusion

Henry IV stuck a bargain. He became a Catholic to pacify the Guise sympathizers but the then issued the important Edict of Nantes in 1598 making

Huguenots protected. Henry IV will be assassinated as a result by an Ultra-Catholic Monk

HomeworkDon’t forget to submit your LEQ on Friday

FRIDAY Examine the development of the English Reformation (continued next week) (OS-2,11) (SP-2,3,11, IS-10)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT and documents discussion

Intro/SetThe English Reformation is a classic case of what we have been seeing in Europe during this period. Secular political leadership will essentially hijack the ideals of the Reformation for their own gains. How did these ideas manifest themselves in Germany and Switzerland?

Last week we discussed a story that many of you are already somewhat familiar: the rise of Henry VIII and his many dalliances and marriages. Most importantly we should note a couple of important treads

The changes that made England accept Protestantism so readily. The political impact of Anglicanism The long-range implications

Today we will look more deeply at the Anglican church and the last-ditch attempt to return to Catholicism under Mary Tudor

ProcedureI “A Tale of Two Englands”

a. Henry VIII and Sir Thomas More (Defenders of the Faith) were both staunch Catholics though More did point toward reformsb. Lollardy was a movement of very early Catholic reformers in England. Many felt that the English should break with the Church simply because it controlled so much land. So, there was a history of resisting the Catholic Churchc. The Tyndale Bible was the first English version Bible.

II The Threat to the Tudor Line of Successiona. For our purposes, you certainly do not need to remember the wives of Henry VIII but they are listed in

the text. However, a couple of them are important enough to mention.b. Catherine of Aragon and the dispensation from Pope Julius II that allowed the marriagec. Anne Boleyn and the desired annulment of marriage (Why Pope Clement VII couldn’t say yes.)d. A shift towards Lutheranism: Cardinal Wolsey is out: Thomas Cramner and Thomas Cromwell are in

as Anglican advisors

III The Birth of the Anglican Church (1531)a. The “Reformation Parliament” is called into session b. A new Church: The Church of England or Anglican Church (Episcopal in America)c. King and Parliament to meet and discuss any religious changes (why important)d. Many of the same complaints as those leveled by Luther and Calvin: excessive holidays, ignoring the

people, tithing, the importance of Biblical scholarship.e. The Act of Secession established the line of succession through Anne Boleyn (and of course this will

change as she gave no male heir) and Act of Supremacy placing the monarchy over the Church

IV Anglicanism: The More Things Change, the more they stay the same!a. The new Anglican Church: Not very radical and seemed like Catholicismb. Episcopal System of organization Archbishop of Canterbury leads w/royal appointment

c. From 1539 to 1539 Henry VIII allowed only minor changes from Catholicism (See Six Articles). For example, Anglican ministers could not marry back then, Lutheran view on Eucharist and Communion, and confession (together in church and not private and individual as Catholics do.

d. The Coverdale Bible and Book of Common Prayer (completed when Edward VI was on the throne) were established and are still used today

The Short Reign of Edward VI (I know, he looks like a girl)a. When Henry VIII died, he did, at long last have a male heir by Jane Seymour but he

was far too young to rule. So, a regency was established under the Duke of Somerset andthe Duke of Northumberland These men, along with an executive council ran the kingdom.

b. One of the most important aspects of Edward’s reign was the growing unrest in theAnglican Church between the Puritans and Anglicans.

c. The Puritans wanted to reorder the Anglican Church along the lines of Calvinism andRemove any vestige of Catholicism (which they would of course identify).

d. By 1553 Edward VI was dying a succession crisis was brewing because there wasno male heir and thus a new Tudor had to be found.

e. The Duke of Northumberland supported Lady Jane Gray as did many in the Parliament. Meanwhile Mary Tudor was supported by Tudor nobles. After nine days, the privy council of Parliament reversed itself and proclaimed Mary Tudor queen. The 9-day reign of Lady Jane Gray was over

The Reign of Mary Tudor a. Mary Tudor attempted to return Catholicism in England and undo the more Calvinist reforms

of her successor. At the behest of Charles V HRE she wed Philip II of Spain and together they traveled to see the Pope.

b. This angered Englishmen on two accounts: first the return of Catholicism angered Puritans and non-Puritans and the combination of the throne made many believe that Spain was now in charge of the destiny of England

c. Several hundred English Anglicans and Puritans were executed and many were exiled. Many of these leading Puritans went to Geneva. These “Marian exiles” returned even more radical than before after Mary’s death.

ConclusionSo, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church going from defender of the faith to destroyer of it in England. This will start a virtual rollercoaster ride of religion in England. The only son of Henry VIII was Edward VI (Jane Seymour’s son). He will move England far more into line with Calvinism and the Anglican Church will finally only recognize 2 sacraments. Following a brief return to Catholicism under Mary Tudor, Queen Elizabeth will be named queen. We will return to her in a later unit

HomeworkNone take a Break